海洋动物适应性演化与多样性研究进展

海洋生物多样性是海洋生态系统的重要组成部分,了解海洋生物多样性的形成演化过程不仅是生命科学的本质问题,而且对海洋生物资源的保护和开发利用具有重要的指导意义。目前海洋生物多样性的形成演化机制尚不明确,而性状多样性的起源和适应性演化为回答海洋生物多样性的内源性机制提供了重要突破口。本文从演化发育生物学的角度综述了海洋动物适应性性状、其研究方法和新兴模式生物的研究进展,重点阐述了印太交汇区的海洋动物适应性演化研究进展,探讨了该区域生物多样中心形成的驱动力,并就未来海洋生物多样性与适应性演化研究提出了建议。     

印太交汇区海洋软体动物生物多样性研究进展

印太交汇区珊瑚礁大三角是全球海洋生物多样性最高的区域,孕育了印度-西太平洋海域接近60%的软体动物种类,同时也有很高比例的特有物种。该海域是全球软体动物生物多样性研究的热点区域。已有不同国家的学者相继对印太交汇区软体动物的多样性、分类与系统演化等方面开展了研究,并取得了一系列重要的成果。基于此,本文从软体动物的生物多样性格局、成因、以及其影响因素等角度出发,对印太交汇区软体动物研究的主要方面进展进行了综述。先后有物种起源中心、积累中心、重叠中心、幸存中心等多种假说被提出以解释其多样性的成因。印太交汇区软体动物生物多样性分布格局与板块构造作用、海平面的变化、海洋环流以及暖池等密切相关。本文也指出了目前研究中存在的主要问题,分析了未来的发展趋势及面临的挑战,以期为今后的相关研究提供参考和思路。     

印太交汇区海洋鱼类多样性格局与演化研究进展

印太交汇区不仅是热带物理海洋海气能量汇聚中心、地质板块活跃中心以及生物多样性中心,而且也是用于开展地球系统物质能量交换与全球气候变化以及海洋生物多样性起源研究的理想靶区,因此一直受到世界科学家们的广泛关注。作为全球34个生物多样性热点区域之一,印太交汇区的珊瑚礁三角区孕育了全球76%的造礁珊瑚、75%的红树林、50%的珊瑚礁鱼类和45%的海草物种数。鱼类是珊瑚礁生态系统中最重要的组成部分之一,在整个印度-太平洋海域中珊瑚礁群落的组成和维持中起到重要作用。过去,生物学家们围绕热带珊瑚礁鱼类多样性格局与演化做了大量工作,提出了许多生物地理学假说模型,如中心物种形成模型、汇聚中心模型、重叠中心模型和华莱氏线假说等,这些假说在一些珊瑚礁鱼类类群得到验证。但是,相对于印太交汇区的热带珊瑚礁鱼类多样性研究,深海的鱼类区系和生物多样性研究起步较晚,仍缺乏时间序列的观测数据和系统研究。目前对于印太交汇区深海与浅海生物多样性中心形成演化机制以及深浅海生物之间的源汇关系认知方面仍存在分歧。本文梳理了过去国内外学者在印太交汇区鱼类多样性方面的研究工作,综述了该地区浅海热带珊瑚礁和深海鱼类多样性格局演化研究最新进展,提出在深海极端环境和生命过程研究对策,以期为探讨印太交汇区海洋生物多样性中心形成演化过程及证实/证伪各种生物地理学假说提出科学论据,并为战略生物资源开发利用提供新视角。     

印太交汇区海洋生物多样性中心形成演化机制研究进展与展望

印太交汇区是当前全球海洋生物多样性的中心,中心的形成演化是地质历史、气候、海洋环境和生命过程协同作用的结果。本文从印太交汇区海洋生物多样性分布格局、形成演化、成因假说与环境驱动机制等角度,概述了相关研究进展,并梳理了研究存在的问题。迄今对印太交汇区多样性中心形成的关键过程和机制的认识仍相当有限。基于近岸浅海研究判定的全球海洋生物多样性中心,是否可推及深海仍然未知,对深海生物多样性分布格局及源汇机制依然不明。未来近海研究应避免对已有研究的重复,关注深海,实现重点突破。对于诸多假说的验证和科学问题的解释,需打破常规,基于今古结合和多学科交叉开展研究。通过古生物与气候环境演化记录,揭示驱动生物演化的环境要素;通过现生生物地理及分子证据,揭示生物适应演化机制与扩布路径;通过生物与海洋流体结构及动力学耦合,揭示相关生物-物理-生态过程。基于多圈层视角的研究可望系统阐释印太交汇区海洋生物多样性中心形成演化过程与机制,取得理论上的突破。     

国际海洋浮游动物研究进展

综述了国际上有关海洋浮游动物种群、群落结构、多样性及浮游动物对全球气候变化响应等方面研究进展。海洋浮游动物种类繁多, 数量丰富, 分布广泛, 是海洋生态系统中最重要的生物类群。在海洋食物网中, 浮游动物通过摄食浮游植物控制初级生产力, 同时, 又被更高营养阶层的动物(鱼、虾、鲸、海鸟等)捕食, 充当次级生产者的角色, 其群落结构、种群动态和物种多样性影响鱼类和其他海洋动物资源量, 浮游动物是海洋食物网中关键环节。海洋生态系统动力学过程的关键环节是浮游生物的生物学和生态学过程, 多项国际研究计划以生物多样性和年际变化趋势为研究重点并联系全球变化及响应, 因此, 浮游动物的研究已成为海洋生态研究的核心内容之一。国际上对浮游动物的研究主要集中在以下6个方向:(1)浮游动物生境、种群的分布和扩散动力学研究;(2)浮游动物的群落结构和多样性;(3)浮游动物的实验生态和现场受控生态研究;(4)浮游动物对全球气候变化的响应;(5)深海、南北极、低氧区等极端生境的浮游动物生态学研究;(6)浮游动物研究新技术和方法。     

海洋异养浮游细菌生物量及生产力的制约因素

根据海洋异养浮游细菌既是分解者，又是生产者的特点，从生态学方面探讨了海洋异养浮游细菌在海洋生态系统中的作用、研究现状及细菌生物量和生产力的制约因素。认为具有重要生态学意义的海洋异养浮游细菌生物量和生产力的主要影响因素有溶解性有机碳的性质及含量、无机营养盐浓度、海水温度、微量金属元素(如铁)含量、海洋异养浮游动物的摄食能力和噬菌体的感染等。     

南海深海生物多样性国际研究态势与热点分析

南海是西太平洋边缘海,有陆架、陆坡、岛礁、深海平原、海山、冷泉等多种生境,近10年来南海逐渐成为世界深海研究的热点。南海是中国海洋生物多样性最高的区域,与作为海洋生物多样性中心的印太珊瑚大三角区具有一定的环境与生物连通性,对南海的深海生物探测研究可丰富对西太平洋及印太交汇区生物多样性及地理分布格局的认知。目前有关南海的生物多样性研究主要集中在北部陆架浅海及岛礁,对于深海生物多样性认知明显不足。本研究梳理了全球深海生物多样性的主要国际战略布局,并对南海深海生物多样性SCIE论文发表情况进行了综合分析,探讨了南海深海生物多样性研究态势,对未来南海深海生物多样性调查与研究提出了研究展望和建议。     

鄂霍次克海冷泉沉积物真核生物多样性的初步研究

从鄂霍次克海沉积物样品中提取总基因组DNA,进行核糖体rRNA基因内转录间隔区(ITS)的扩增,构建克隆文库并进行测序,对该环境下真核生物的多样性进行了初步研究。结果发现,该环境下的真核生物具有较高的多样性,主要为3大类,真核藻类、真菌和微型浮游动物。藻类和微型浮游动物的组成与前人在该海域浮游生物生态学的研究相吻合,而真菌群落具有较高的多样性,这为该区域真核生物多样性、所参与的生物地球化学过程及生态学意义的研究奠定了基础。     

海洋浮游桡足类种群动力学研究方法

“全球海洋生态系统动力学”(CLOBEC)研究计划目前已被国际地圈与生物圈计划(IGBP)接纳为核心计划之一,并且可能成为今后10a内最大的国际海洋学研究计划。其主要目的是要了解海洋生态系统对全球变化特别是物理环境变化的响应。浮游动物是研究海洋环境变化对生态系统胁迫反应理想的研究对象,其数量变动是监测海洋生态系统动态的理想指标,因此GLOBEC计划特别强调对浮游动物的研究。海洋浮游桡足类的种类多、数量大、分布广,在繁殖盛季往往超过其他种类而在浮游动物中占据优势[1],因此海洋浮游桡足类的研究是浮游动物研究的重要组成部分…     

对虾池混养滤食性动物对浮游生物的影响

于１９９７年５～８月在山东海阳养虾场运用陆基围隔实验生态学方法,研究了罗非鱼—对虾、海湾扇贝—对虾、缢蛏—对虾、罗非鱼—缢蛏—对虾４种混养系统中滤食性动物对浮游生物群落的影响。结果表明：滤食性动物的滤食作用降低了浮游植物生物量和甲藻在浮游植物中的比例;混养罗非鱼和扇贝使浮游植物群落的多样性增加,而混养缢蛏却使它下降;罗非鱼优先滤食大型桡足类,使小型浮游动物增加,从而提高了浮游动物的总生物量,而扇贝则优先滤食浮游动物的小型种类;由于罗非鱼和缢蛏生态灶的互补性,罗非鱼—缢蛏—对虾混养能更全面、有效地利用浮游生物资源,促进生态平稳     

海洋中碱性磷酸酶及其活性的研究进展

为加深对海洋生物地球化学循环过程和海洋生态系统功能的认知,并为相关研究提供科学依据,文章综述海洋中碱性磷酸酶及其活性的研究进展,并提出展望。研究结果表明：碱性磷酸酶主要来源于浮游植物、浮游动物和细菌,通常根据滤膜孔径等进行分类,对于海洋碳、氮、磷循环和调节生物群落组成具有重要意义;碱性磷酸酶活性通常采用水解荧光模拟底物法定量研究,并在全球海洋范围具有一定的水平、垂直和季节分布特征,影响碱性磷酸酶活性的典型环境因子包括太阳辐射、海水温度、河流输入、上升流、溶解态有机磷、溶解态无机磷、溶解态无机氮、金属离子以及病毒裂解、浮游动物捕食和排遗作用等。     

现代海洋环境监测体系和海洋管理背景下的浮游生物监测

浮游生物在海洋生态系统中处于基础性地位,为促进我国浮游生物监测工作的发展,文章在现代海洋环境监测体系和海洋管理的背景下,从海洋生态系统保护、全球变化研究和现代海洋管理3个方面,系统梳理和分析浮游生物监测的意义和价值,并对我国相关领域的工作提出启示和展望。研究结果表明:浮游生物的恶性暴发和入侵对海洋生态系统造成严重影响,各类国际公约和政府间协议都将浮游生物监测作为保护海洋生物多样性的重要内容;浮游生物的分类信息以及其分布区和物候学特征对气候变化和海水温度的指示信息,可作为全球变化研究的重要指标;浮游生物监测已被广泛应用于国内外现代海洋管理中,主要包括海洋生态系统服务评价、海洋环境影响评价和海洋生物资源评价3个方面;我国浮游生物监测工作在浮游生物分类和鉴定以及大数据应用方面存在不足,未来应加强相关能力考核、标准化计量认证、数据整合共享和新技术手段运用。     

Effects of daily nitrogen and phosphorus input on planktonic community metabolism in a semi-enclosed bay by mesocosm experiment

Planktonic metabolism plays an important role in affecting the energy transportation and carbon cycle of the marine ecosystem. However, its regulation mechanism remains unclear under the continuously exogenous nutrient inputs in nearshore waters. In this study, a mesocosm experiment was conducted in a semi-enclosed bay, the Daya Bay, to explore the responses of plankton metabolic balance and community structure to a concentration gradient of daily nitrogen and phosphorus inputs. The results showed that nutrient enrichments promoted phytoplankton biomass, total primary production, and community respiration, and the promoting effect enhanced alongwith the increase of nutrient concentration. However, the net community production fluctuated more violently between autotrophic and heterotrophic with the increase of nutrient inputs and tended to be more heterotrophic from the 5th day to the 10th day of the experiment. In addition, the daily flux of nitrogen and phosphorus, 2 μmol/(L·d) and 0.066 μmol/(L·d), respectively, could be regarded as a potential threshold for ecosystem stability and health, since most of the ecological characteristics related to plankton structure and function have undergone significant changes when the nutrient level is higher than that. In the nearshore enclosed or semi-enclosed waters, nutrient from continuous terrigenous input is likely to be concentrated and exceed this level, indicating the ecological risks due to the metabolic unbalance and the deterioration of plankton community structure.     

Box model analysis on phytoplankton production and grazing pressure in a eutrophic estuary

To determine the quantitative relationship between phytoplankton production and zooplankton grazing pressure in Atsumi Bay, a eutrophic and partially-mixed estuary, a series of investigations, including measurements of hydrographic conditions, dissolved oxygen, dissolved total nitrogen, particulate organic nitrogen, and phyto- and zooplankton biomass were conducted 13 times at intervals of 2–7 days in June and July 1984. Continuous measurements of water flow and salinity were also carried out to examine transverse flow and horizontal diffusivity. The supply of freshwater and nitrogen was estimated from given data. The changes of hydrographic condition, net photosynthetic rate and community primary production were calculated by a two-layered box model analysis. The grazing rate on phytoplankton obtained as the difference between net photosynthetic rate and community primary production was compared to the one estimated from zooplankton biomass and sardine,Sardinops melanosticta, biomass. The agreement between the data was remarkable in the upper layer, showing the grazing pressure on phytoplankton followed phytoplankton production, suggesting that a large part of produced phytoplankton was immediately grazed by zooplankton. Consequently, the community primary production was depressed to a fairly lower level. An important role of nutrient supply and water circulation, to limit phytoplankton production, was also confirmed. Dynamic response observed between the calculated grazing pressure and the biomass of phytoplankton and protozoa was also analyzed.     

Ecohydrographic constraints on biodiversity and distribution of phytoplankton and zooplankton in coral reefs of the Red Sea,Saudi Arabia

An integral concept of ecological research is the constraint of biodiversity along latitudinal and environmental gradients. The Red Sea features a natural example of a latitudinal gradient of salinity, temperature and nutrient richness. Coral reefs along the Red Sea coasts are supported with allochthonous resources such as oceanic and neritic phytoplankton and zooplankton; however, relatively little is known about how the ecohydrography correlates with plankton biodiversity and abundance. In this article we present the biodiversity of phytoplankton and zooplankton in Red Sea coral reefs. Oceanographic data (temperature, salinity), water samples for nutrient analysis, particulate organic matter, phytoplankton and zooplankton, the latter with special reference to Copepoda (Crustacea), were collected at nine coral reefs over ~1500 km distance along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. The trophic state of ambient waters [as indicated by chlorophyll a (Chl a)] changed from strong oligotrophy in the north to mesotrophy in the south and was associated with increasing biomasses of Bacillariophyceae, picoeukaryotes and Synechococcus as indicated by pigment fingerprinting (CHEMTAX) and flow cytometry. Net‐phytoplankton microscopy revealed a Trichodesmium erythraeum (Cyanobacteria) bloom north of the Farasan Islands. Several potentially harmful algae, including Dinophysis miles and Gonyaulax spinifera (Dinophyceae), were encountered in larger numbers in the vicinity of the aquaculture facilities at Al Lith. Changes in zooplankton abundance were mainly correlated to the phytoplankton biomass following the latitudinal gradient. The largest zooplankton abundance was observed at the Farasan Archipelago, despite high abundances of copepodites, veligers (Gastropoda larvae) and Chaetognatha at Al Lith. Although the community composition changed over latitude, biodiversity indices of phytoplankton and zooplankton did not exhibit a systematic pattern. As this study constitutes the first current account of the plankton biodiversity in Red Sea coral reefs at a large spatial scale, the results will be informative for ecosystem‐based management along the coastline of Saudi Arabia.     

Structure and function of contemporary food webs on Arctic shelves: A panarctic comparison: The pelagic system of the Kara Sea – Communities and components of carbon flow

After a short introduction to the physical setting and the history of biological research the pelagic ecosystem of the Kara Sea is described. Main emphasis is on regional aspects of the plankton communities and their seasonal dynamics using mostly data collected between 1996 and 2001. In the zooplankton, for which most data were available, four regional aggregations were separated: (1) the rivers and estuaries of the Southern Kara Sea, (2) the south-western and (3) the central Kara Sea, and (4) the northern troughs and slope. The phytoplankton communities had a similar distribution. To provide components for detailed carbon budgets the regional dynamics of bacterial, phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass and production are described and carbon requirements of bacteria and zooplankton are estimated. For completeness a short literature review on higher trophic levels is included. Finally, recent observations of the pelago-benthic coupling are considered. Estimates of the carbon requirements from the plankton and benthos reveal a large underestimation of primary production, which to date, together with seasonal aspects, shows the largest gap in our knowledge.     

上层海洋浮游生物地理分布

确定海洋浮游生物的分布区域是海洋浮游生态学研究的首要任务之一,本文总结了上层海洋(0—200m)浮游生物地理分布的研究历史、已有的认知及全球变化的影响。对浮游生物地理分布的研究可以分为19世纪末期至20世纪70年代、20世纪80年代至2000年,以及2000年以后三个时期。根据分布区资料的时间长短,浮游生物分布区分为瞬时分布区和时段分布区。大洋浮游生物地理分布呈按纬度平行分布的九带式格局:赤道条带、2个中心区条带、2个亚极区条带、位于中心区和亚极区之间的2个过渡区条带及位于南北极海区的2个极区条带。洋流和水团是除过渡区条带之外的生物分布格局决定因素,而过渡区条带的可能调控机制为中尺度涡。在核心区内生物的构成相对稳定,但在不同位置生物的丰度比例可能不同,在环流中心可能有演替顶极。在分布区的外围,洋流和中尺度涡使得生物远离核心区,繁殖能力下降不足以维持种群,从而处于流放状态。相同分布格局的生物扩散能力不同,扩散能力最差的生物是核心种,最强的为先锋种。相邻水团中核心种和先锋种的交汇可以有不同的情形,交汇的位置也会经常发生周期性的变化。由于纬度的不同和陆地的阻隔,南北半球和不同大洋的相同条带之间有不同的种类。人类活动使得有些近岸种类发生了生物入侵,而全球变暖使得大洋浮游生物分布区向极区移动。随着分子生物学技术的普及发展,微食物网生物的生物地理分布研究也逐渐开展。我国的海洋生态学研究正在走向大洋深海,对全球尺度的海洋浮游生物地理分布的关注逐渐增加,也必将有所贡献。     

A preliminary study on the response of marine primary production to monsoon variations in the South China Sea Basic characteristics

Seasonal, interannual and interdecadal variations of monsoon over the South China Sea （SCS） directly influence the ocean circulation and the mass transport process, etc. , especially the changes of horizontal circulation pattern and upwelling area. These changes directly influence the nutrient transport and the photosynthesis of phytoplankton, which induce the change of the marine ecosystem in the SCS, including the change of marine primary production in this sea area. On the basis of climatic data for long-time series and primary production estimated by remote sensing, the multi-time scale variations of monsoon, seasonal and interannual variations of primary production, and the response of primary production to monsoon variations were analyzed. Furthermore, the spatio-temporal variations of primary production in different sea areas of the SCS and their relations to the monsoon variations were given. The results showed that the strong southwesterly prevailed over the SCS in summer whereas the vigorous northeasterly in winter. The seasonal primary production in the entire sea area of the SCS also produced a strong peak in winter and a suhpeak in summer. And the seasonal primary production distributions displayed different characteristics in every typical sea area. The variations of the annual and summer averaged primary production in the entire sea area of the SCS showed almost the same rising trend as the intensity of the summer monsoon. Especially for 1998, the summer monsoon reached almost the minimum in the past 54 a when the primary production was also found much lower than any other year （ 1999--2005 ）. The responses of annual primary production to monsoon variation were displayed to different extent in different sea areas of the SCS ; especially it was better in the deep sea basin. Such research activities could be very important for revealing the response of marine ecosystem to the monsoon variations in the SCS.