肩胛部超比例筋膜皮瓣治疗腋窝重度瘢痕挛缩

目的 探讨肩胛部超比例筋膜皮瓣在治疗烧伤后腋窝重度瘢痕挛缩畸形的整复效果.方法 根据腋窝挛缩瘢痕松解后其皮肤及软组织的缺损面积,设计以旋肩胛动脉为轴心血管蒂的比例为3∶1～4∶1的肩胛部超比例筋膜皮瓣,带蒂局部转移修复腋窝创面.皮瓣面积为18 cm×5 cm～24 cm×8 cm.结果 本组15例患者,皮瓣全部成活;供区创面联合植皮修复者4例,直接拉拢缝合者11例.术后经3～18个月的随访,12例患者上肢及肩关节的功能基本恢复;3例患者因挛缩畸形较重,但上肢及肩关节的功能也较术前明显改善.结论 肩胛部筋膜皮瓣具有供区隐蔽、血管蒂解剖位置恒定、管径粗和筋膜血管网丰富等优点,同时具有耐感染、耐压、适应性强及不易发生挛缩等特点.应用肩胛部超比例筋膜皮瓣整复烧伤后腋窝重度瘢痕挛缩畸形,可取得满意的疗效.     

旋肩胛血管横支岛状皮瓣修复严重腋窝瘢痕挛缩畸形

目的 探讨应用旋肩胛血管横支岛状皮瓣修复严重腋窝瘢痕挛缩畸形的可行性.方法 对12例患者共15侧严重腋窝瘢痕挛缩畸形采用旋肩胛血管横支为蒂的岛状皮瓣修复,皮瓣面积12 cm×5 cm至20 cm×10 cm,旋转180°覆盖创面,供瓣区直接拉拢缝合.结果 所有皮瓣全部成活,挛缩腋窝得到了基本纠正,8例患者随访1～3年,腋窝外观满意,肩关节功能良好.结论 旋肩胛血管横支岛状皮瓣是修复严重腋窝瘢痕挛缩的良好方法,特别适合于女性或不适宜选用旋肩胛血管降支或升支形成旋肩胛皮瓣的患者.     

应用肩胛皮瓣游离移植修复小儿颈部烧伤瘢痕挛缩

目的：介绍应用肩胛皮瓣游离移植修复小儿颈部烧伤瘢痕挛缩畸形的体会。方法：自1993年来，用吻合血管的肩胛皮瓣游离移植，治疗2－10岁儿童的颌颈胸部烧伤后瘢痕挛缩畸形15例。结果：全部皮瓣均100％成活，其中8例在术后6－18个月复诊。患儿的皮瓣与周围组织颜色近似，无皮瓣臃肿，对颌颈部的发育无影响，结论：用肩皮瓣游离移植血管吻合术修复儿童颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形是一个较理想的方法。     

儿童肢体瘢痕挛缩畸形的整复治疗

目的　探讨儿童肢体瘢痕挛缩畸形的理想的治疗方法。方法　应用旋肩胛皮瓣 ,背阔肌肌皮瓣 ,股前外侧皮瓣 ,腹股沟皮瓣单独或联合移植修复腋窝、肘关节、膝关节的严重瘢痕挛缩畸形 9例 ,患者年龄 1岁到 15岁 ,皮瓣面积 6cm× 9cm～ 11cm× 2 0cm。结果　除 2例皮瓣远端静脉回流障碍坏死外 ,其余全部成活 ,关节功能改善满意 ,供区无明显并发症。结论　皮瓣修复是治疗儿童关节部位严重瘢痕挛缩畸形的首选方法。常规皮瓣的灵活设计可取得良好效果。     

中国修复重建外科杂志(2006年)第20卷文题索引

B瘢痕瘢痕跟腱瓣修复瘢痕挛缩性足下垂(王成刚等)3：300利用抑制消减杂交筛选瘢痕疙瘩差异表达基因(罗勇等)5：495锁胸部扩张皮瓣与逆行皮瓣联合修复烧伤后颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形(吴焱秋等)9：887联合肩胛／肩胛旁分叶皮瓣修复严重颌颈部瘢痕挛缩(章一新等)9：890烧伤后手指瘢痕挛缩畸形综合治疗的临床研究(许学文等)9：902 C创面愈合复合缓释微球的胶原膜促创面愈合的实验研究(黄沙等)2：161人组织工程全层皮肤在烧伤创面中厚供皮区的应用(刘亚玲等)2：169创面愈合过程中创缘表皮干细胞的异位(李建福等)3：264α-黑素细胞刺激素在自体移植皮片…     

肩胛皮瓣在腋窝严重瘢痕挛缩畸形整复治疗中的临床应用经验

目的:观察总结应用肩胛部皮瓣修复腋窝严重瘢痕挛缩畸形中的临床应用经验。方法:2009年2月-2015年12月,收治腋窝重度瘢痕挛缩畸形15例。术前及术中应用多普勒血流探测仪探查肩胛动脉位置,术中充分切开、松解挛缩瘢痕,转移肩胛部皮瓣修复创面,供区直接缝合,术后上肢佩带外固定架。结果:本组15例患者16侧肩胛皮瓣均成活,肩关节活动明显改善。术后随访6月~3年,腋部均无再次瘢痕挛缩。结论:肩胛皮瓣是修复腋窝瘢痕挛缩畸形的理想选择。     

一期开窗的肩胛旁游离皮瓣移植

目的颜面部严重烧伤后,瘢痕组织挛缩导致颜面部组织器官严重移位,在儿童还阻碍面部组织的生长发育,应用带丰富血运的游离皮瓣修复是最佳选择.方法应用肩胛旁游离皮瓣一期开窗形成眼裂、口裂、外耳门和鼻孔,已为5～17岁颜面部严重烧伤的患者6例完成治疗.结果肩胛旁游离皮瓣最大面积为17cm×17cm,即时开窗形成眼裂、口裂及鼻外形,全部成功.结论肩胛背部由于旋肩胛动脉皮支、胸背动脉肌皮穿支、颈横动脉浅皮支等相互吻合,构成丰富的血供,一期开窗不影响移植皮瓣的血运,适用于修复颜面部瘢痕挛缩.     

应用邻近皮瓣修复颈部瘢痕畸形

颈前瘢痕挛缩严重影响头颈部功能及外形。１９８０年以来，应用胸三角等邻近皮瓣修复颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形６２例，采用带蒂胸三角皮瓣２６例，颈胸皮瓣２５例，颈肩皮瓣６例，带蒂与吻合血管联合移植超长胸三角皮瓣４例，游离肩胛旁皮瓣１例。６０例全部成活，２例部分感染坏死。经１年～１０年随访，颈部外形及功能恢复满意。应用邻近皮瓣修复颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形成功率高，皮瓣质地、颜色与颈部相似，修复后皮瓣无臃肿，是一种比较理想的手术方法。带蒂与吻合血管超长的胸三角皮瓣联合移植，是修复面颌颈部大范围软组织缺损的良好方法。     

锁胸部扩张皮瓣与逆行皮瓣联合修复烧伤后颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形

目的探讨采用锁胸部扩张皮瓣与逆行皮瓣联合修复烧伤后颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形的方法及临床意义。方法2001年4月~2003年5月,收治16例颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形患者。其中男10例,女6例,年龄4~52岁。病程6个月~17年。伴有不同程度颈部活动障碍和面部组织牵拉,牵拉部位包括下唇、口角、鼻翼以及眼部组织等。一期手术在颈横动脉颈段皮支和胸廓内动脉第2、3穿支部位埋置扩张器,定期注水。二期手术彻底松解或切除颈部瘢痕,纠正挛缩畸形,锁胸部扩张皮瓣与胸廓内动脉穿支逆行皮瓣修复颈部创面,皮瓣切取范围为9cm×5cm~15cm×7cm。结果术中1例出现胸廓内动脉穿支逆行皮瓣静脉回流障碍,经对症处理后皮瓣血运改善。术后16例皮瓣均成活。获随访6~30个月,平均9个月。颈部后仰45°,侧屈旋转自如,外观改善满意,颏颈角明显,无下唇牵拉和乳头移位等。结论采用锁胸部扩张皮瓣与胸廓内动脉穿支逆行皮瓣联合修复颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形具有较好的临床效果,后期瘢痕少,发生再次挛缩的可能性减少。     

颈肩胛皮瓣的临床应用

颈部中、重度烧伤后瘢痕挛缩畸形 ,严重影响功能和外观 ,处于生长发育期的儿童及青少年如用皮片移植、斜方肌肌皮瓣等修复 ,均存在不同程度问题 ,影响手术效果。 1984年Ｎａｋａｊｉｍａ等[1 ] 报道了颈背皮瓣 ,其供瓣区主要位于脊柱和肩胛骨内侧缘之间 ,但因皮瓣血供未能阐明 ,远端常出现坏死 ,故临床未能广泛应用。 1990年Ｈｙａｋｕｓｏｋｕ[2 ] 改进皮瓣设计方向 ,将皮瓣远端向肩胛下角方向延伸 ,命名为颈肩胛皮瓣 ,临床应用效果较颈背皮瓣为好 ,但国内临床应用报告文献尚少。 1992年以来 ,我们应用颈肩胛皮瓣修复面颈部软组织缺损 5例 …     

Microsurgical combined scapular/parascapular flap for reconstruction of severe neck contracture: case report and literature review

OBJECTIVE: The reconstruction for severe neck contracture is difficult, because it may include not only the necessity the use of a large flap but also the ability for three-dimensional movement of the neck. METHODS: A 41-year-old woman sustained a severe neck contracture with retraction of the lower lip and limited range of neck motion after a chemical burn. We used the combined scapular/parascapular flap to reconstruct the soft-tissue defect in the neck after excision of hypertrophic scar and release of contracture. The scapular portion was transferred to cover the defect vertically, and the parascapular portion was transferred to cover the transverse portion of the neck. This kind of design would allow the patient to move her neck more easily. RESULTS: Postoperatively, the range of motion of the neck was full in the vertical and horizontal directions after 6 months of rehabilitation. Also, the patient was satisfied with the final aesthetic results. CONCLUSION: The microsurgical combined scapular/parascapular flap, providing a large area of tissue for coverage in three dimensions with a reliable blood supply by only one pedicle anastomosis during surgery, is a good option for reconstruction of the severe neck contracture. We classify the inset of the combined scapular/parascapular flap into three types with six subtypes, according to the location of defects and the relation of the parascapular flap to the scapular flap.     

The scapular/parascapular flap in reconstruction of distal lower extremity soft tissue defects over the Achilles tendon

Combined defects of soft tissue and Achilles tendon are rare and are usually seen following repair of the tendon. Large size defects frequently cannot be reconstructed with local tissue. Various free flaps such as the radial forearm flap and the temporoparietal fascia flap have been described for reconstruction. In selected cases with concomitant Achilles tendon defect or loss of gliding tissue, the fasciocutaneous scapular/parascapular flap with an axial fascial extension offers considerable advantages. Three cases with soft tissue and Achilles tendon defects have been treated with a scapular/parascapular flap during an 18 months period. The defect size ranged from 8×9 or 6×15 cm. All flaps survived, donor site morbidity was not significant and primary donor site closure was possible in all cases. Achilles tendon function was good in two cases and fair in one case. One flap had to be revised to produce better contour, but the other flaps were aesthetically pleasing. The scapular/parascapular flap with fascial extension is a useful addition in reconstruction of combined soft tissue and Achilles tendon defects. The axial fascial part is versatile and can be wrapped around the tendon to provide tendon reinforcement, gliding tissue or both. The thickness of the flap is uniform and a custom tailored flap is possible. Received: 7 July 1997 / Accepted: 25 May 1998     

Die Deckung von Weichteildefekten und instabilen Narben über der Achillessehne durch freie mikrochirurgische Lappenplastiken

INTRODUCTION: Coverage of the exposed Achilles tendon requires thin, supple tissue to provide adequate range of motion and a satisfying aesthetic result for the distal lower extremity. Various local flaps and free flaps have been described for reconstruction of small and large defects. Small defects can be closed with local tissue, whereas free flap coverage may be necessary for coverage of large defects. METHODS: From July 1993 to September 1998 14 patients between the age of 15 and 74 years (mean 47 years; 3 female, 11 male) underwent free flap coverage for the exposed Achilles tendon due to primary trauma, chronic wounds or tumors. The mean duration of follow-up was 33.3 months. The defect size ranged from 8 x 8 to 25 x 28 cm. RESULTS: Six parascapular flaps (three with a vascularized scapular fascial extension), four radial forearm flaps and four latissimus dorsi flaps (one combined with free serratus fascia) were used for soft tissue coverage over the Achilles tendon. Thirteen flaps survived. In one case a parascapular flap had to be removed due to venous thrombosis and a free latissimus dorsi flap was used as secondary salvage procedure. The donor site morbidity was acceptable for most patients after flap harvesting in the subscapular region and also satisfactory in the forearm region. Average active range of motion in the upper ankle joint was 15-0-40 degrees for extension/flexion. All patients were satisfied with the functional and aesthetic result. CONCLUSION: Soft tissue coverage over the exposed Achilles tendon requires an optimal solution for each patient to achieve an aesthetically pleasing result and acceptable function. Microvascular free flaps can be used to reconstruct medium and large defects and to provide gliding tissue for the Achilles tendon. The complication rate of microvascular flaps is comparable with that of local flaps.     

小儿游离肩胛皮瓣移植

OBJECTIVE: To improve surgical results we have applied the free parascapular flap in children for facial or cervical burn scar contracture. METHOD: Eight children aged from 6 to 9 years received free flap transfer. Based on the defect and the distribution of the cutaneous branches of the circumflex scapular vessels, the flap was designed with its size ranging from 15 cm x 8 cm to 22 cm x 6.5 cm. RESULT: Free flap transferring with microvascular anastomosis was successful in all cases. The average operation time was 5 hours with average blood loss being about 100 ml. CONCLUSION: Free flap transplantation is safe and beneficial in children when the technique and skill of microsurgery and plastic and reconstructive surgery are mastered and intraoperative blood loss is controlled under 1% of the total blood volume. The vertically oriented parascapular flap can not only provide proper tissue for reconstraction but also minimise the donor site morbidity.     

应用斜向乳房下皱襞的肩胛旁游离皮瓣治疗面颈部瘢痕挛缩

目的 探讨如何获取较大面积的肩胛游离皮瓣,并使之更好地应用于临床,同时改善供瓣区切口瘢痕的形成。方法 以旋肩胛动脉降支及其前分支为主轴血管,皮瓣轴线通过侧胸壁斜向前方越过同侧腋前线,达乳内线水平,治疗面部颈部瘢痕挛缩4例。结果 4全完全成活,但有1例因一期行皮瓣取薄时,远端切口出现表皮血运障碍。结论 由于肩胛区血供的交叉性及丰富的吻合支血管存在,以斜向同侧乳房下皱襞的肩胛旁游离皮瓣,尽管皮瓣的长度超过了不同侧腋前线而仍能成活良好,轴型游离皮瓣移植时,其远端携带一个任意皮瓣应属可行。     

Free scapular flap and platysmaplasty for severe neck scar contractures

Background

Anterior cervical hypertrophic scars caused by severe burn are prone to contracture deformation. Even after multiple skin graft procedures, limitation of neck motion still occurs, especially in patients with hypertrophic scarring. This study examines the feasibility of associating the free scapular flap and platysmaplasty for reconstruction of recurrent neck contracture.

Methods

Patients with severe scar contracture after multiple skin grafting and with hypertrophic scarring were under investigation. After complete release of the anterior cervical scar, a transection of platysma combined with suture fixation of platysma muscle flap to the surface of chin bone was performed, and the vascular anastomotic free scapular flap was covered. Functional exercise was strengthened postoperatively.

Results

All flaps (12 cases) survived well with obvious improvement of neck motion and satisfactory appearance.

Conclusions

Free scapular flap associated to platysmaplasty is one of the preferred alternatives for scar reconstruction in patients with recurrent neck contracture or severe hypertrophic scarring. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study.     

Scapular free flap for repair of massive lower facial composite defects

The scapular osteocutaneous free flap provides excellent tissue for reconstruction of massive lower facial defects. Five cases of full-thickness cheek and lip defects associated with mandibular loss were successfully repaired with sandwiched osteocutaneous scapular flaps plus a parascapular or latissimus dorsi flap. In two instances the osteocutaneous scapular flap was harvested along with a parascapular skin paddle. The other three patients had latissimus dorsi myocutaneous units taken with the scapular osteocutaneous flap from the same subscapular pedicle.     

Parascapular free flaps for head and neck reconstruction

We report our experience with single-stage, primary reconstruction of the head and neck in 29 consecutive patients using parascapular free flaps. The commonest indications were for craniofacial defects (9), oropharyngeal soft tissue defects (10), and combined mandibular and soft tissue losses (4). Ablative surgery was performed for squamous carcinoma (22), melanoma (2), and malignant fibrous histiocytoma (2). Seven patients died of recurrent disease during a 3 1/2 year follow-up. Seven patients are alive with recurrence. Flap complications included total loss (2) due to unsalvageable microvascular thrombosis, wound breakdown with oropharyngeal fistula (2), mandibular osteomyelitis (1), trismus (2), neck contracture (1), and donor site wound dehiscence (1). The overall success of this reconstruction was 93%. Primary wound healing was the general rule with lower morbidity than with other reconstructive techniques. The flap is thin, pliable, and conforms well to three-dimensional defects. The lateral border of the scapula can be incorporated on the same vascular pedicle for single-stage mandibular reconstruction. No muscle is sacrificed, and the posterior donor defect is an added advantage. The parascapular flap is our first choice for reconstruction of major defects in the head and neck.     

Severe neck scar contracture reconstructed with a ninth dorsal intercostal perforator augmented "Super-Thin Flap"

The authors have reconstructed neck scar contractures with "super-thin flaps" (subdermal vascular network [SVN] flaps) since 1994 and have used the circumflex scapular artery and veins (CSAV) and dorsal intercostal perforators (DICPs) to augment the blood flow in the distal portion of the flaps. These free microvascular augmentations enlarge the flap survival area. In this report, the authors describe a severe neck scar contracture reconstructed with a ninth DICP augmented "super-thin flap." The patient was a 51-year-old woman with severe flame burns on 44% of her total body surface area, resulting from a cooking accident. After emergency skin grafting, the patient had a severe scar contracture and intractable ulcer of the anterior neck. CSAV and a ninth DICP augmented occipito-cervico-dorsal (OCD) "super-thin flap" transfer were used to reconstruct the anterior neck. The flap size was 28 x 15 cm, and it survived completely. The cervico-mental angle was clear and esthetically pleasing, and not only the aesthetic results but also the functional results were excellent.