The Enhanced Even and Pitting Corrosion Resistances of Bulk Nanocrystalline Steel in HCl Solution

We studied the corrosion properties of bulk nanocrystalline 304 stainless steel (BN‐SS304) produced by severe rolling technique and conventional polycrystalline 304 stainless steel (CP‐SS304) with immersion test, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultra‐violet photoelectron spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer, and scanning electron microscope. Immersion test was carried out in 0.5 mol L^?1 HCl solution for 30 days immersion interval at room temperature. It is well known that the pitting corrosion of stainless steel could be inevitable in solution containing Cl^?. However, BN‐SS304 can scarcely suffer from pitting corrosion with the compact oxide film on its corrosion surface and less corrosion rate in comparison with CP‐SS304. The less corrosion rate of BN‐SS304 was attributed to the stronger O₂ adsorption and compact oxide film on its corrosion surface, its less weight of 4s–4s valence electrons and its larger work function in comparison with CP‐SS304. The improved pitting corrosion resistance of BN‐SS304 resulted from the compact oxide film, weaker Cl^? adsorption and less Cl^? chemical activity on its corrosion surface.     

Analysis of Electrochemical Current Noise From Metastable Pitting of SS304L in NaCl Solutions

Electrochemical noise emanating from a corrosion situation gives indication about the nature and form of corrosion. An attempt has been made to analyse electrochemical current noise signal generated under potentiostatic condition (for metastable pitting) for SS304L–NaCl system. To begin with polarisation plots of SS304L were obtained in various test solutions to precisely know pitting potential of SS304L. It is found that E_pit and i_pass increase on increasing chloride content. The electrochemical current noise was measured at potentials 20–30 mV below the pitting potentials. The current time record shows two types of current transients; (i) slow rise and rapid decay and (ii) rapid rise and slow decay. Power spectral density analysis of current noise shows that the power (A²/Hz) of the signal measured at metastable pitting range increases with increasing chloride. Sampling frequency has to be properly selected otherwise some of the spikes are not recorded and as a result, size and shape of few current transients is altered.     

304L不锈钢焊缝在混凝土模拟孔隙液中的点蚀行为

采用动电位极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱、Mott-Schottky曲线等电化学方法研究了以308 L为焊丝的304 L不锈钢焊接接头在不同氯离子含量的混凝土模拟孔隙液中腐蚀行为和电化学规律.随Cl-增加,304 L不锈钢焊接接头的三个区域(母材、焊缝和热影响区)在混凝土模拟孔隙液中的自腐蚀电位、点蚀电位及电荷转移电阻降低,钝化膜中载流子密度和焊接接头的点蚀坑数量增加.在同浓度的腐蚀溶液中,308 L的焊缝区域耐蚀性最佳,热影响区次之,304 L基体表现出低的电荷转移电阻和高的掺杂浓度使得母材的耐蚀性最差.      

7075铝合金在不同pH值NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为

用Tafel曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究7075铝合金在不同pH值(pH=3、5、7、9、11) 的0.6 mol/L NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为.结果表明,溶液pH值在3~7时,腐蚀电位正移,pH值在7~11时,腐蚀电位负移,pH值为11时腐蚀电位最负. pH值在3~11时,腐蚀速度呈现先降低后增大的过程,pH值为11时腐蚀速度最大,达到2.122 2 mm/a.在强酸溶液中,电化学阻抗谱中出现明显的感抗弧,表明存在不均匀点蚀现象. pH值为7和9时,电化学阻抗谱中只出现1个容抗弧,表明铝合金腐蚀属于金属基体溶解过程. pH值为11时,阻抗谱中出现2个容抗弧,表明铝合金腐蚀伴随铝合金的自溶解行为.      

Effect of Microstructure of 304L SS and Thermal Aging of 304L SS Weld on the Corrosion Behavior in Simulated High Level Waste

The effect of oxidizing ions present in simulated high level liquid waste (HLW) on the corrosion behaviour of solution annealed, sensitized 304L SS and 304L SS weld was investigated by potentiodynamic anodic polarization technique. Potentiodynamic anodic polarization studies showed a higher passivation current density and increased corrosion potential (E_corr) in simulated HLW when compared to 3 M HNO₃ in all the specimen mentioned above. In addition, the effect of microstructure of thermally aged 304L SS weld on the corrosion behavior was investigated in simulated HLW medium. Thermal ageing of 304L SS weld was carried out at 1023 K/100 h. Optical microscopy confirmed step microstructure for solution annealed and ditch microstructure for the sensitized specimens. The weld region was found to possess delta-ferrite distributed in austenite matrix. Thermal ageing resulted in fragmentation/dissolution of delta-ferrite and transformation of delta-ferrite to carbides and sigma phases. The thermally aged 304L SS weld specimen showed only a marginal decrease in corrosion resistance in simulated HLW when compared to the 304L SS weld.     

NaCl+HCl溶液中Ce对双相不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响

为了研究酸性NaCl溶液中双相不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能,以含微量稀土Ce的UNS S31803双相不锈钢为研究对象,采用电化学阳极极化和交流阻抗相结合的方法测试其在NaCl + HCl混合溶液中的耐腐蚀性能。利用扫描电镜(SEM)观测腐蚀后的形貌特征,采用电子探针(EPMA)检测合金元素与杂质元素的分布特征,分析Ce元素的加入对双相不锈钢电化学腐蚀行为的影响机制。结果表明,钢中存在两相的选择性腐蚀并伴有局部点蚀,其中铁素体相是腐蚀较严重的相;阳极极化测试与交流阻抗测试结果相吻合,Ce拓宽了试验钢的钝化区间;Ce通过净化钢液、降低S和P元素在相界的偏聚及使Cr、Ni和Mo等合金元素在两相中的分布更均匀等作用,提高了钢的耐腐蚀性能。     

Corrosion Performance of High Strength 15Cr Martensitic Stainless Steel in Severe Environments

High pressure and high temperature corrosion performance of high strength 15 Cr martensitic stainless steel was studied in different severe environments—live acid(10%HCl+1.5%HF+3%HAc+5.1% corrosion inhibitor),spent acid and formation water containing CO2.The results show that the corrosion of high strength 15 Cr martensitic stainless steel in live acid is most serious,and the uniform corrosion rate is far greater than those in spent acid and formation water containing CO2 corrosion environments,but all of them can be acceptable for oilfield.Acidizing corrosion inhibitor displays a good matching ability with the high strength 15 Cr martensitic stainless steel in terms of decreasing the uniform corrosion rate,which changes mainly the anodic process of high strength 15 Cr martensitic stainless steel.The corrosion potential moves to the positive direction,thus the corrosion current density decreases significantly.There are some different degrees of pitting of high strength 15 Cr martensitic stainless steel after corrosion tests in live acid,spent acid and formation water containing CO2,and the pitting density aggravates significantly and the maximum pit depth decreases in the corrosion sequence.     

Prediction of Pitting Corrosion Mass Loss for 304 Stainless Steel by Image Processing and BP Neural Network

Pittingcorrosionisafrequentphenomenonen counteredinchemical,petroleumandmechanicalen gineeringandmanyotherindustrialapplication processes.Itcancauseinnumerableenergycon sumptionandeconomicdamage.Inordertoprevent ordecreasethepittingcorrosionofmetallicmate…     

Role of fluoride on corrodability of dental amalgams

The role of fluoride ions on the corrosion behavior of some commercial dental amalgam in artificial saliva solution at pH level 7.1 was studied by using impedance and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. It was found that, the presence of F- ions in an artificial saliva solution at pH 7.1 increases the corrodability of different types of dental amalgam. Sever pitting corrosion occurred at level of 100 mM F- ions. The formulation of amalgam alloys greatly affect the resistance to pitting corrosion; the resistance of the amalgam to pitting follows the order: Dispersalloy > Phasealloy > Oralloy > Tytin > Valiant-pH.D. It is recommended to avoid oral treatment involving high F- ions concentration in the presence of amalgam restorations.     

超级13Cr在H2S和CO2共存环境下的腐蚀行为影响研究

对CO2和H2S共存环境中95 ksi钢级超级13Cr钢的腐蚀行为进行了研究,发现常温条件下H2S和CO2共存环境中,无论是采用恒载荷的方法还是四点弯曲的方法,都在试样的表面出现了局部腐蚀,而在高温条件下未发生点蚀和应力腐蚀现象。分析结果表明,95 ksi钢级的超级马氏体不锈钢在常温H2S和CO2共存环境中出现的局部腐蚀主要是因为夹杂物在应力集中和酸性溶液的作用下形成点蚀,并沿着相同应力水平的区域扩展,局部腐蚀增加了应力腐蚀开裂的敏感性。     

溶剂含水量对430不锈钢表面PFDS自组装膜缓蚀性能的影响

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、极化曲线、交流阻抗、接触角测试和原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了全氟癸基三乙氧基硅烷(PFDS)自组装膜的结构、自组装溶液中含水量对组装膜吸附行为及缓蚀性能的影响。结果表明:通过浸泡法可以在430不锈钢表面形成PFDS自组装膜,吸附PFDS分子后,430不锈钢表面由亲水性变为疏水性;自组装溶液中含水量对膜的耐蚀性有较大的影响,且自组装膜的缓蚀效率随着自组装溶液中含水量的增大,先增大后减小。当水的体积分数为40%时,组装膜的缓蚀效率达到最大值89%。     

B443超低碳氮铁素体不锈钢的研究

为开发价格昂贵的SUS304奥氏体不锈钢的替代产品,试验研究了不同含量C N和Nb,Ti稳定化对B443系列铁素体不锈钢再结晶组织、力学性能、点蚀电位的影响.试验结果表明,Nb,Ti双稳定化提高了B443铁素体不锈钢的再结晶温度和点蚀电位.在试验室研究基础上,宝钢不锈钢分公司试制了B443NT超低碳氮铁素体不锈钢.该产品不仅具有与SUS304相当的耐腐蚀性能,而且具有优良的深拉伸性能和满意的焊接性能,可用于运输、建筑、厨具等众多行业.     

Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)对CO_2环境中点蚀形貌的影响

研究了 CO2 环境下 P110油管钢在不同介质中的点蚀形貌。结果表明 :点蚀形貌与腐蚀介质组成密切相关。在不含可生成难溶性碳酸盐的金属阳离子的介质中 ,P110油管钢的点蚀形貌为典型的 V形点蚀坑 ;在含 Ca2 +或 Mg2 +的介质中 ,点蚀则表现为 V形、半球形和闭口圆球形 3种形貌并存。蚀坑腐蚀产物的 SEM分析证实 ,Ca2 +、Mg2 +影响点蚀形貌的重要原因是 :这些离子的难溶性碳酸盐在点蚀坑上部优先沉积 ,有效地抑制了点蚀坑上部的金属溶解速度。试验中还发现 ,Cl-的存在并不是 CO2 环境中发生点蚀的必要条件 ,但 Cl-会加速点蚀的发展     

铜对19Cr-1.6Mo铁素体不锈钢力学性能和腐蚀行为的影响

 采用力学性能测试、时效处理、电化学测试、显微硬度以及TEM微观分析等分析手段,研究了19Cr-1.6Mo和19Cr-1.6Mo-0.5Cu两种超纯铁素体不锈钢的力学性能和在3.5%NaCl腐蚀介质中的耐腐蚀性能。试验结果表明：合金元素铜的添加,提高了试验用钢的强度,同时降低了Δr值;随着时效时间的增加,铜析出相尺寸在不断的增加且均匀分布,基体的显微硬度由HV148增加到HV162;合金元素铜的添加降低了试验用钢在氯离子溶液下的耐点蚀能力,尤其是随着时效时间的增加,点蚀电位值由390mV降低到290mV,耐点蚀能力呈明显的下降趋势。     

Pitting corrosion behavior of cerium treated HSLA steel induced by sulfide inclusions in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution

Pitting corrosion behavior of Ce treated HSLA steels induced by sulfide inclusions in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was investigated with potentiodynamic polarization and immersion corrosion test.The results show that Ce added steels exhibit better pitting corrosion resistance with lower corrosion current density and bigger pitting potential compared with steel without Ce,which is mainly attributed to optimized characteristics of spherical Ce-oxysulfide inclusions with less number density,smaller average size and lower pitting corrosion susceptibility.The spherical Ce₂O₂ S inclusions precipitated on the surface of CeAlO₃ inclusions in the Ce added steels induce pits with bigger opening mouth and shallow depth,reducing their tendency of extension to go deeper due to occlusion corrosion battery in the pitting holes.Furthermore,corrosion inhibitor Ce(OH)₃ generated by Ce₂O₂ S hydration can weaken electrochemical corrosion of the matrix micro-region around the pits.To avoid harmful bigger inclusions,Ce content in steels should be regulated within reasonable range,0.015 wt% Ce in present steels effectively modified inclusions to acquire the best pitting corrosion resistance of the steels.     

Review on corrosion resistance properties of Inconel 718 alloy used in the oil and gas industry

This paper summarizes the corrosion behavior of Inconel 718 alloy,which is used in the oil and gas fields,including its uniform corrosion,pitting,intergranular corrosion,galvanic corrosion,stress corrosion,and hydrogen embrittlement.It also analyzes the main reasons for the good corrosion resistance of Inconel 718 alloy.This paper focuses on the effects of the heat-treatment process on corrosive behavior and provides guidelines for reasonable heat treatments in security service environments.Finally,this paper recommends further studies and applications of Inconel 718 in corrosion environments with high-temperature,high-pressure,and wet H2S.     

交流电流密度对X65钢在碳酸盐/碳酸氢盐溶液中腐蚀行为的影响

通过极化曲线测试、浸泡实验和表面分析技术研究了不同交流电流密度对X65钢在碳酸盐/碳酸氢盐溶液中腐蚀行为的影响.随交流电流密度的增加,钝化区宽度明显变窄,点蚀击破电位负移,维钝电流密度增大,腐蚀速率增加.在低交流电流密度下（<100 A·m-2）,维钝电流密度、点蚀程度和腐蚀速率均略增加;在高交流电流密度下（≥100 A·m-2）,维钝电流密度、点蚀程度和腐蚀速率均快速增加.      

Influence of Inclusion on Corrosion Behavior of E36 Grade Low-alloy Steel in Cargo Oil Tank Bottom Plate Environment

Corrosion behavior of low-alloy steel was investigated in simulated cargo oil tank （COT） bottom plate service environment （10% NaCl solution, pH = 0.85）. The corrosion behavior of inclusion was studied by in-situ scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS）. It was found that pitting corrosion was inclined to occur around the place where inclusions exist. After initial corrosion, an area of 10-20μm in diameter was formed as a cireinate cathode around the edge of inclusion. MnS inclusion dissolved in the simulated COT corrosion solution before low-alloy steel matrix, and pitting was formed at the place where MnS dissolved. TiO2 inclusion dissolved in the simulated COT corrosion solution after low alloy steel matrix, and pitting was formed at the place where steel matrix dissolved. The corrosion tended to occur at the area where the curvature radius of inclusion is smaller. The size of round TiO2 inclusions had little influence on corrosion behavior in this certain environment.     

热处理对0Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢孔蚀的影响

采用电化学测试技术研究了0Cr18Ni9Ti在不同的热处理条件下对孔蚀的敏感性，结论是固溶处理后所得到的均匀组织具有良好的耐孔蚀性，而敏化处理后所得到的组织对孔蚀最敏感。稳定化处理虽然抑制了晶问腐蚀的倾向，但对耐孔蚀性而言是不利的。     

Corrosion Behaviour of Chrome–Manganese Austenitic Stainless Steels and AISI 304 Stainless Steel in Chloride Environment

Electrochemical behaviour of chrome–manganese austenitic stainless steels (Cr–Mn ASS) and AISI 304 stainless steel (SS) is evaluated in various chloride (Cl^?) concentrations (Cl^? free to 20,000 ppm) to simulate rural, industrial and marine environment. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has clearly shown that with increase in Cl^? concentration, the corrosion rate of both Cr–Mn ASS and AISI 304 SS increases and polarization resistance decreases. Comparatively, Cr–Mn ASS is more affected by Cl^? concentration than AISI 304 SS. This is attributed to relatively low Cr content and lack of Ni. The findings have been explained with the help of point defect model. However, in less aggressive environment of up to 100 ppm Cl^? concentration, Cr–Mn ASS may be a candidate material as a cheaper substitute of AISI 304 SS. Ways of improving corrosion resistance of Cr–Mn ASS by alloying with various elements have also been discussed. It is argued that a dedicated effort is needed to improve corrosion resistance of Ni-free or low-Ni Cr–Mn ASS.