含铝温压炸药的爆炸能量结构研究

为了研究黑索今（RDX）基含铝温压炸药的爆炸能量释放规律及爆炸能量输出结构，对5种含铝温压炸药的爆热和爆速进行了测试，利用绝热式爆热量热计测量了铝粉质量分数为30%的RDX基含铝温压炸药在真空、0.1 MPa氮气、0.1 MPa空气和1.0 MPa氧气环境下的爆炸能量，结合测试数据对试样的爆轰热、爆热和燃烧热进行理论计算。结果表明，RDX基含铝温压炸药的爆速随铝粉含量的增加而线性减小；爆热随铝粉含量的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势，在铝粉质量分数为40%时，爆热达到最大值。试样在真空、0.1 MPa氮气、0.1 MPa空气、1.0 MPa氧气环境下的爆炸能量逐渐增加，环境压力的增大和气氛环境中氧含量的增加都会提高炸药的爆炸能量，富氧环境下的爆炸能量可以定量地表征炸药的燃烧热。样品的爆轰热占燃烧热的9.8%~26.4%，爆热占燃烧热的34.5%~50.0%，且这两个参数都随铝粉含量的增加而降低。     

泄压与隔爆联用的粉尘爆炸压力特性

作为目前市场上运用最广泛的隔爆产品,隔爆翻板阀一般与泄压板联用,以防止粉尘爆炸传播。为了探究粉尘爆炸时泄压与隔爆联用对容器内压力及隔爆效果的影响,进行了工业规模的粉尘爆炸实验。实验结果表明:由于隔爆翻板阀的影响,容器内部出现了二次峰值压力;随着隔爆翻板阀安装距离的增加,容器内两个峰值压力的时间间隔从28.2 ms增加到62.3 ms,且到达隔爆翻板阀前的峰值压力从0.067 MPa上升至0.101 MPa;泄压面积的增大会导致容器内部和隔爆翻板阀前端峰值压力降低,并可能导致隔爆失败。     

浅析影响工业炸药爆炸后有毒气体含量的因素

文章从化学反应平衡机理出发,分析了影响工业炸药爆炸后有毒气体含量的几个因素,指出了爆温、爆压以及炸药含水量对炸药爆炸后有毒气体含量有显著影响,并针对生产过程及测试过程,提出了相应的改进措施。     

煤矿炸药爆温的计算与炸药安全性的关系

文章对煤矿许用炸药的爆温进行了计算，通过误差分析认为利用卡斯特热容法计算爆温简便可行，并进行了爆温与煤矿炸药安全性方面的理论分析，得到一些降低爆温的方法。     

水下爆炸载荷作用下加筋圆柱壳的响应分析

运用MSC．DYTRAN软件，首先比较了网格划分密度的改变，耦合法的选取及边界条件对计算的影响。并在合理的网格划分和耦合方法选用的基础上，设置符合实际的边界条件，在壳体的迎爆面，侧爆面和背爆面各选取一个点，在分析光壳的响应的基础上，详细计算了加筋圆柱壳对水下爆炸冲击波的响应。比较分析了不同的尺寸参数对结构抗爆性能的影响，并做了综合讨论，计算中考虑了材料的应变率强化效应。在此基础上验证了增加壳体厚度，减小加筋间距和增加加筋高度等有利于提高加筋圆柱壳抗爆性能的方法，同时得到了一个适合本例计算的较优化模型。     

不同气氛对TATB基含铝炸药爆热的影响

为了测定三氨基三硝基苯(TATB)基含铝炸药在不同气氛中的爆热,使用绝热式量热弹对其压装药在真空、0.1 MPa氮气、0.1 MPa空气、0.1 MPa氧气和1.5 MPa氧气条件下的爆热进行了测量,研究了其能量释放规律,并使用X射线衍射(XRD)对固相产物成分进行了分析。结果表明:TATB基含铝炸药在真空、0.1 MPa氮气、0.1 MPa空气、0.1 MPa氧气和1.5 MPa氧气条件下的爆热依次增加;环境中压力的增加会导致爆热值增大,在0.1MPa氮气中,TATB基含铝炸药的爆热值比真空中增加了15.7%。环境中氧气量的增加也使爆热值增大:0.1 MPa空气中的爆热值比0.1 MPa氮气中增加了7.8%,0.1 MPa氧气中的爆热值比0.1 MPa氮气中高出49.7%,1.5MPa氧气中的爆热值比0.1 MPa氮气中高出146.1%。在富氧气氛下测试TATB基含铝炸药的爆热时,所测爆热接近于炸药的燃烧热,且爆炸产物的XRD结果也表明Al粉已基本氧化完全。同时,在0.1 MPa氮气气氛下没有检测到氮化物Al N的存在。该方法可对不同气氛下含铝炸药的爆热进行测量,并对爆炸产物中Al的存在形式进行分析。     

水下爆炸中压力载荷测量与分析

对水下爆炸中自由场压力的水面截断效应及冲击载荷与船体相互作用的船体壁压进行了分析,得出了自由场压力的水面截断效应及早期的船体壁压计算近似公式,并与实际水下爆炸试验测量结果进行了对比.从试验测量中还可以看出,在迎爆面上同一点的舰体壁压峰值约为自由场压力峰值的1.4到1.8倍,舰体壁压反射系数与冲击波的入射角度有关.     

爆坑尺寸的计算与试验研究

为了研究爆坑尺寸与爆炸位置和爆炸当量的函数关系,归纳了国内外炸药近地面爆炸成坑效应研究情况,分析了爆炸形成的爆坑尺寸计算公式和适用条件,并将野外爆炸试验的数据与计算公式及相关文献给出的试验结果进行对比,分析了结果偏差所产生的原因。结果表明:爆坑尺寸计算公式需考虑爆炸高度的影响,还应结合一定次数的场地试验来得到不同场地上爆炸成坑尺寸与爆炸当量和爆炸高度的函数关系,并且考虑炸药种类;同时爆坑试验结果离散性大,爆坑尺寸计算公式应采用上下限的形式。     

近场水下爆炸气泡与目标尺寸匹配关系研究

为了探究不同尺寸结构与气泡的相互作用机理，开展了2.5 g TNT在边长为20 cm、40 cm和70 cm固支方板底部15 cm处起爆的水下爆炸实验，通过观察实验高速录像以及传感器测得的压力数据结果得到：板的尺寸过小时，气泡在膨胀过程中会与空气接触，使得气泡脉动过程终止。为进一步探究爆炸气泡与目标尺寸的匹配关系，采用Abaqus软件中的CEL算法，固支方板以拉格朗日网格建立，其余部分以欧拉网格建立，对近场水下爆炸气泡的动力学行为以及压力数据进行数值模拟，通过将仿真结果与实验拍摄到的气泡现象与测得的压力时程曲线做对比验证了仿真方法的可行性。以爆炸深度除以最大气泡半径为比深度，以板的边长除以最大气泡半径为边长，接着开展了板边长为0.455到3.182倍最大理论气泡半径、爆距为0.455到1.136倍最大理论气泡半径的系列仿真。仿真结果表明：随着板尺寸的减小，气泡越容易提前溃散；以无量纲板尺寸和无量纲爆深为变量给出能否形成一个完成气泡脉动的分界函数；爆距与板尺寸距离分界线越近，气泡脉动结束时间越早。     

条形药包泥面爆炸爆坑发展过程的X光摄影研究

用Ｘ光摄影技术研究了导爆索在泥面爆炸时爆坑的发展过程，得到的各瞬时爆坑轮廓线可用椭圆方程描述。瞬时最大爆坑深度约为７０～８０倍药芯半径，瞬时最大爆坑宽度约为２００倍药芯半径。爆坑深度随时间成对数关系增长，未见临空面对其有明显影响。临空面对爆坑的影响出现在爆坑宽度为６０～８０倍药芯半径之后，爆坑有回缩现象。     

高温爆破中不可逆起爆网路的应用研究

为了避免高温爆破早爆事故的扩大升级,对不可逆起爆网路进行了研究和分析。首先,分析高温爆破作业安全对起爆网路的功能要求,提出并定义了不可逆起爆网路;其次,通过起爆网路器材选型和起爆网路传爆属性分析,优选并推荐使用"四通连接大把抓复式起爆网路"和"雷管孔外接力逐孔起爆网路"两种不可逆起爆网路;最后,合理应用不可逆起爆网路,将爆破工艺流程中的警戒和联网工序前置,缩短爆破器材在高温炮孔中的留置时间。实践表明:不可逆起爆网路能够有效避免高温爆破早爆事故的扩大升级,有利于灾后盲炮的处理。     

Analysis of a bridge collapsed by an accidental blast loads

Analysis of the structural failure of a bridge caused by an accidental fireworks explosion is presented in this paper. The equivalent mass of TNT due to the fireworks explosion and the structural response of the bridge due to the dynamic load imposed by the explosion are modeled by engineering algorithms and numerical simulations. Analysis confirmed that bridge failure occurred due to the blast load and there was no inherent design defect. The results of this investigation are relevant towards understanding future events wherein a dynamic load might be accidentally applied to fixed structures.     

Performance of composite structural insulated panel with metal skin subjected to blast loading

Structural insulated panel (SIP) is a lightweight composite panel widely used in commercial, industrial and residential building industry. It consists of insulating polymer foam sandwiched by two layers of structural skins. The composite structural insulated panel is considered as a sustainable, economical, thermal insulated, moisture resistant, acoustic insulated and flame retardant panel, which has been more and more commonly used in building industry, and also in petrochemical industry for construction of office buildings, control rooms, store rooms and residential structures. These structures might be subjected to far field explosion loads caused by accidental gas explosion in residential areas and vapor cloud explosion (VCE) in petroleum and chemical processing industries. The performance of composite structural insulated panel against accidental explosions has yet been investigated. In this study, the blast resistant performance of the composite panel is numerically investigated by using software LS-DYNA with the calibrated numerical model. Its blast resistance capacity and energy absorption capacity are quantitatively examined. Parametric studies are also carried out to investigate the effect of panel configurations on its blast resistance capacity.     

岩体中空腔对爆炸振动的解耦效应

为分析岩体中空腔对爆炸振动的解耦效应,采用数值模拟方法,分析炸药耦合程度和岩体等级对岩体中空腔内爆炸振速解耦的影响规律。结果表明:岩体中振速随炸药耦合程度的降低而减小。数值模拟得到:I级岩体中空腔比例半径为1.0 m/kg^1/3时,岩体中各测点峰值振速与填实爆炸峰值振速之比的平均值为0.112;I级到IV级岩体对应的爆炸振速衰减指数逐渐增大,代表振速衰减变快;坚硬完整的岩体对爆炸振速的解耦效果较好,I级到IV级岩体对应的解耦系数中的指数分别为0.259、0.258、0.246、0.219。可为城市地下空间内偶然性爆炸效应分析和城市地下工程结构的隔振设计提供参考。     

Damage prediction of concrete gravity dams subjected to underwater explosion shock loading

The damage prediction of concrete gravity dams under blast loads has gained importance in recent years due to the great number of accidental events and terrorist bombing attacks that affected engineering safety. It has long been known that an underwater explosion can cause significantly more damage to the targets in water than the same amount of explosive in air. While the physical processes during an underwater explosion and the subsequent response of structures are extremely complex, which involve lots of complex issues such as the explosion, shock wave propagation, shock wave-structure interaction and structural response. Hence a sophisticated numerical model for the loading and material responses would be required to enable more realistic reproduction of the underlying physical processes. In this paper, a fully coupled numerical approach with combined Lagrangian and Eulerian methods, incorporating the explosion processes, is performed. The RHT (Riedel–Hiermaier–Thoma) model including the strain rate effect is employed to model the concrete material behavior subjected to blast loading. Detailed numerical simulation and analysis of a typical concrete gravity dam subjected to underwater explosion are presented in this study. In terms of different TNT charge weights, the structural response and damage characteristics of the dam at different standoff distances are investigated. Based on the numerical results, critical curves related to different damage levels are derived.     

固体火箭发动机结构意外爆炸的数值模拟与风险评估

针对固体火箭发动机装配作业过程中可能发生的意外爆炸事故,只考虑冲击波对人的伤害作用,利用显式动力学软件AUTODYN分别对单发产品与双发产品的爆炸过程进行了数值模拟研究。模拟过程中得到了三维空间压力与监测点压力随时间的变化规律。研究结果表明:单发产品爆炸时在X方向上与Y方向上的死亡半径分别为20.5 m和22.0 m,双发产品爆炸时在X方向上与Y方向上的死亡半径分别为24.0 m和32.0 m;死亡半径和冲击波超压的增长与爆炸产品数量的增长呈现非线性关系。     

Characteristic overpressure-impulse-distance curves for vapour cloud explosions using the TNO Multi-Energy model

A number of models have been proposed to calculate overpressure and impulse from accidental industrial explosions. When the blast is produced by ignition of a vapour cloud, the TNO Multi-Energy model is widely used. From the curves given by this model, data are fitted to obtain equations showing the relationship between overpressure, impulse and distance. These equations, referred herein as characteristic curves, can be fitted by means of power equations, which depend on explosion energy and charge strength. Characteristic curves allow the determination of overpressure and impulse at each distance.     

汽车安全气囊爆炸威力的确定方法

安全气囊是一种汽车被动安全性保护系统,其中充填的化学物质能在车辆撞击事故中瞬间引爆并释放大量气体。安全气囊在制造、集中运输、集中存储、使用过程中经常发生意外爆炸事故,造成人员伤亡和设施破坏。为了准确计算汽车安全气囊的爆炸威力,基于典型气囊气体发生器的化学组成和爆热能量相似理论,提出了汽车安全气囊爆炸等效TNT当量的一种理论确定方法。结合安全气囊的三种爆炸反应方程式,确定了三种小型汽车典型安全气囊的等效TNT当量分别为32.6 g,37.3 g和31.6 g,平均TNT当量为33.8 g。基于计算结果,建立了等效的安全气囊爆炸有限元模型,通过将有限元计算结果与已有安全气囊爆炸试验结果进行对比分析,验证了该计算方法的可靠性和计算结果的准确性。     

地下爆炸波作用下基底滑移隔震建筑-土-隧道相互作用的动力分析

采用子结构耦合法对由隧道及其周围的有限土体、远场半无限土体以及上部基底滑移隔震建筑等三部分构成的体系在隧道内发生意外爆炸时的弹塑性动力响应进行了数值分析;在基底滑移隔震分析中,提出了修正的连续摩擦力模型以取代传统的库仑摩擦力模型,避免了计算过程中跟踪啮合滑移的过渡边界从而可降低计算误差。通过与 Lysmer 透射边界法和修正阻尼透射边界法的数值结果对比分析,验证了本文方法的有效性,其数值结果揭示了在遭受地下爆炸波作用并考虑土-结构相互作用的基底滑移隔震建筑动力响应的内在规律,从而为深入的理论研究与工程实践提供了重要的依据。     

Large vapour cloud explosions, with particular reference to that at Buncefield

This paper first briefly surveys the energy releases in some major accidents. It then examines the analyses of the explosion at the Buncefield fuel storage site in the UK, one of the most intense accidental explosions in recent times. This followed the release of approximately 300 tonnes of winter-grade gasoline, when a 15 m high storage tank was overfilled for about 40 min before ignition of the resulting flammable mixture. The ensuing explosion was of a severity that had not been identified previously in a major hazard assessment of this type of facility. It was therefore imperative to investigate the event thoroughly and develop an understanding of the underlying mechanisms to inform future prevention, mitigation and land-use planning issues. The investigation of the incident was overseen by the Buncefield Major Incident Investigation Board. A separate Explosion Mechanism Advisory Group examined the evidence and reported on the severity of the explosion. It concluded that additional work was necessary and recommended that a two-stage project be initiated, phase 1 of which has been completed. The analyses of the damage and the derivation of explosion over-pressures are described. Possible explosion mechanisms and the evidence for them at Buncefield are discussed, in the light of other major incidents. Mechanisms that are reviewed include high-speed turbulent combustion, quasi-detonations, fully developed detonations, the generation of fireballs, flame instabilites, radiative heat transfer and aspects of two-phase burning. Of particular importance is the acceleration of turbulent flames along the line of trees and hedgerows. A number of conclusions are drawn and suggestions made for further research.