“达维”台风作用下连云港海域台风浪数值模拟

为准确模拟"达维"台风过境期间连云港海域波浪场分布,采用Jelesnianski风场模式模拟的海面10m风速作为波浪模式MIKE-SW的驱动风场,再现1210号"达维"台风登陆连云港海域波浪变化过程。模拟计算结果表明,Jelesnianski风场模式成功复演了"达维"台风过境期间风动力变化过程,1210号"达维"台风与1209号"苏拉"台风形成明显的双台风效应;"达维"台风风暴潮期间,连云港海洋站最大风暴增水1.78m,连云港海域风暴增水现象十分明显;利用三重网格嵌套技术,考虑实时风暴潮增水效应的台风浪模型能够较好地模拟连云港近海波浪成长过程,台风过境期间徐圩海洋站处H1/3波高最大值为3.86m,近岸海域波高等值线分布较为密集,分布趋势与水下地形等深线基本一致,破波带以内水域衰减速度明显加快,与连云港海域属于淤泥质海岸类型的性质相吻合。     

基于Holland风场的台风浪数值计算

在海岸工程中,台风浪的影响较大。为了提高台风风场模拟精度,基于Holland台风风场模型,选取不同的最大风速半径参数和B参数进行组合,将模型构造风场与实测浮标风速资料进行比较分析,误差统计表明,Willoughby风速半径公式和Vickery的Holland B参数公式组合之后的计算误差最小,对风场的模拟效果最好。然后采用SWAN近岸波浪模型,选取最优风场参数,模拟了1323号“菲特”台风过境期间浙南地区的台风浪。模拟结果表明,最优组合参数生成的台风风场,对台风浪的模拟结果较好。当台风登陆时,温州地区的有效波高超过了10 m,明显高于其他区域,近岸波高等值线分布较为密集,台风移动方向右侧有效波高相对较大。台风进入内陆以后,波高迅速减小至4 m左右。     

基于台风参数模型的江苏海域风暴增减水研究

以正面袭击江苏的"达维"台风为例,运用台风参数模型、第三代波浪模型和基于浅水方程水动力模型对台风期间江苏沿海的风暴增减水进行模拟研究。首先,运用Je氏台风参数模型模拟了台风的梯度风场,并与NECP再分析风场数据对"达维"台风场进行合成,与观测值进行比较,拟合结果良好;然后,以模拟的台风风场为驱动,模拟台风经过期间江苏海域的波浪场,同时计算台风期间江苏海域的天文潮;最后,运用浅水方程计算江苏海域的增减水,并研究了沿海增减水分布情况。研究结果表明:灌河口附近最大风暴增水达1.9 m左右,由于台风中心位置的影响,江苏沿海最大增水从北往南呈先增大后递减的趋势。     

ASSIMILATION OF ALTIMETER WIND DATA IN MESOSCALE NUMERICAL MODEL (MM5)

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极端风场对郑东新区人工湖水动力特性影响分析

该文采用数值模拟的方法,研究了龙湖在极端风场下的风生流场和风生浪场,讨论了对龙湖所产生的影响。研究结果表明,当遇极端风况(10级风力,风速27.7 m/s)时,龙湖表层流速大于底层流速,表层流向与风向一致,最大流速为70.90 cm/s–96.12 cm/s;龙湖全水域有风生浪,有效波高随着水深和风区长度的增大而增大,最大值约为0.77 m。较大的流速和波高可能会对龙湖堤岸和周边设施造成破坏,明确了较不利风向、主频、次频风向下需要提前防护的周岸位置;通过计算不同风速下的龙湖有效波高,建议安全风速预警值约为19 m/s(8级风力)。研究对于龙湖的规划建设和建成后的调度运行具有一定的借鉴意义。     

ERA-Interim和ERA-5再分析资料中台风模拟精度评估

针对海洋水动力模拟中常用的10 m高度风速和海平面气压参数,通过对欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）的ERA-Interim（ERA-I）和其最新开发的ERA-5两套再分析风资料中的台风中心、最大风速和中心气压等要素进行识别,分析了2013—2015年两套资料对西北太平洋台风的模拟精度。结果表明:ECMWF再分析风资料对台风中心位置的反映存在一定偏差,台风强度越低,台风中心位置模拟的偏差越大;再分析资料中的台风最大风速较实测偏低,中心低压较实测偏高;ERA-5资料对台风的模拟精度显著优于ERA-I资料,但在西北太平洋仍低估了台风的强度,且台风强度越高,低估越明显。基于ERA-5资料建立了台风风场再分析最大风速与实测最大风速的相关关系,提出了在不具备实测台风数据的情况下直接修正ERA-5资料的方法。通过与实测资料比较,修正后风场显著优于修正前。     

波浪对渤海近岸海冰冲击作用的数值模拟

海冰在波浪冲击作用下可能会发生断裂,通过数值模拟定量地描述波浪引起的海冰断裂对海工结构的运行安全以及分析海冰断裂处海水与大气之间的热交换有重要作用。该文利用建立的三维数值波浪水池,将海冰视为刚性平板,结合渤海冬季海冰、波浪的相关参数,研究海冰受波浪冲击的垂向冲击力、水平冲击力、弯矩和最大弯曲正应力随波高、冰长及冰厚的变化规律;并结合渤海海冰的弯曲强度,推断海冰发生断裂的极限参数,结果表明:在渤海海域某些特定条件下,海冰断裂极限波高、冰长和最小冰厚分别为0.504 m、4.273 m和0.098 m。     

气旋生浪的数值模拟研究及其特征分析

利用Holland模型、Jelesnianski模型构造飓风风场,并针对快速移行气旋其风场不对称性明显的特征构造一种基于实测数据的风场,驱动第三代海浪模式WAVE WATCHⅢ,对飓风Juan影响下北大西洋的海浪进行数值模拟。通过对比试验结果与观测数据的误差,比较3种方法对于合成高速移行飓风风场的适用性,并选择最优模拟结果对海浪组成特征进行分析。结果表明:基于实测数据的合成风场与真实风场最接近,海浪模拟效果最优;飓风中心海域有大片的风浪大值区,风浪4 m波高等值线内基本无涌浪,涌浪主要分布在风浪大值区外围左侧海域;风浪波高比涌浪波高大,涌浪影响范围广。     

台州湾近海海域波浪要素特征分析

波浪要素的观测及分析对港口码头设计、航道建设、围垦工程等都尤为重要。为研究台州东部新区临时航道疏浚工程对周边涉水工程的影响,采用SZF型波浪浮标,在工程海域进行为期一年的波浪观测,并对实测的波浪要素进行统计分析。结果表明:台州湾全年以东北向波浪居多,东向浪最大,可高达5 m。波高主要集中在0.5 m~1.0 m范围,波周期集中在3.0 s~4.0 s范围。春季浪向分散,夏季浪向集中在S向,秋冬季浪向相似,N为主波向。受台风影响,夏秋季有大浪出现。     

Optimization of multi-model ensemble forecasting of typhoon waves

Accurately forecasting ocean waves during typhoon events is extremely important in aiding the mitigation and minimization of their potential damage to the coastal infrastructure, and the protection of coastal communities. However, due to the complex hydrological and meteorological interaction and uncertainties arising from different modeling systems, quantifying the uncertainties and improving the forecasting accuracy of modeled typhoon-induced waves remain challenging. This paper presents a practical approach to optimizing model-ensemble wave heights in an attempt to improve the accuracy of real-time typhoon wave forecasting. A locally weighted learning algorithm is used to obtain the weights for the wave heights computed by the WAVEWATCH III wave model driven by winds from four different weather models(model-ensembles). The optimized weights are subsequently used to calculate the resulting wave heights from the model-ensembles. The results show that the optimization is capable of capturing the different behavioral effects of the different weather models on wave generation. Comparison with the measurements at the selected wave buoy locations shows that the optimized weights, obtained through a training process, can significantly improve the accuracy of the forecasted wave heights over the standard mean values, particularly for typhoon-induced peak waves. The results also indicate that the algorithm is easy to implement and practical for real-time wave forecasting.     

Responses of thermal structure and vertical dynamic structure of South China Sea to Typhoon Chanchu

The response of the South China Sea (SCS) to Typhoon Chanchu (2006) was examined using the MM5 and POM model. In the POM model, sea surface boundary conditions were forced by the simulation wind field from MM5, the velocity forcing was introduced in the eastern boundary and the computational schemes of heat fluxes at the surface were introduced. Comparison with the observation data shows that the simulated results are reliable. In the response process of the SCS to Typhoon Chanchu, the influence of the heat fluxes on thermal structure of the SCS was regionally different. Strong wind forcing would lead to upwelling phenomenon in the lateral boundary of deep water basin. Furthermore, the Ekman pumping theory was used to discuss subsurface upwelling and downwelling phenomenon in typhoon forced stage.     

Detection of wave groups from the motion behaviour of a discus buoy

A scale modeled discus data buoy was tested for its motion characteristics under the action of wave groups of different frequencies in a wave tank. The wave groups were theoretically simulated based on the methodology of Xu et al., (1993, Statistical simulation of wave groups, Applied Ocean Research, 15, 217–226) and then converted to paddle displacement signals to drive the wave maker. The motion responses of the buoy model were measured using potentiometers as well as with a non-contact motion tracking camera system. The details of the model, instrumentation, testing conditions and the analysis are presented. The displacement and wave elevation time histories were analysed through statistical, envelope, wavelet transform and phase-time approaches to detect the wave groupiness. The effect of groupiness parameters on the surge, heave and pitch motions of the buoy are detailed in this paper.     

Detection of wave groups from the motion behaviour of a discus buoy

A scale modeled discus data buoy was tested for its motion characteristics under the action of wave groups of different frequencies in a wave tank. The wave groups were theoretically simulated based on the methodology of Xu et al., (1993, Statistical simulation of wave groups, Applied Ocean Research, 15, 217–226) and then converted to paddle displacement signals to drive the wave maker. The motion responses of the buoy model were measured using potentiometers as well as with a non-contact motion tracking camera system. The details of the model, instrumentation, testing conditions and the analysis are presented. The displacement and wave elevation time histories were analysed through statistical, envelope, wavelet transform and phase-time approaches to detect the wave groupiness. The effect of groupiness parameters on the surge, heave and pitch motions of the buoy are detailed in this paper.     

A Statistical Representation of Wind Events in the Great Lakes

We have analyzed hourly observations of overtake wind speed obtained from the eight National Data Buoy Center buoys deployed in the Great Lakes to determine the long-term (10 to 12 year) statistical characteristics of wind events over the lakes. We find that a generalized double-exponential model accurately describes both the return period and the duration of the wind events observed at each buoy, with only slight spatial variations in the model parameters. Wind observations made at several shore stations on Lake Michigan and filtered through a simple overland-overlake wind model confirm the model parameter values determined from the buoy measurements. The generalized function will be useful for engineering and climatological studies of the effects of winds on the Great Lakes.     

The effect of Lake Erie water level variations on sediment resuspension

Variability in Lake Erie water levels results in variations of the fluid forces applied to the lake bed by free-surface gravity wind-waves. An increase in the bed stress may re-suspend sediment deposited years earlier. This study identifies areas of possible non-cohesive sediment mobilization in response to the forcing conditions and water levels present in Lake Erie. Observations from NOAA buoy 45005 were used to identify wave events generated by a variety of atmospheric forcing conditions. For each event, numerical predictions of significant wave height, wave period, and water level from the Great Lakes Forecasting System (GLFS) were used to characterize the wave event variability over the lake. The Shields parameter was estimated at each 2 km × 2 km grid cell with the local wave forcing as predicted by GLFS assuming an estimate of the wave-induced friction factor. In the Cleveland harbor region of the central basin, the Shields parameter was also estimated by assuming uniform wave conditions as observed by NOAA buoy 45005. The “contour of incipient motion” for both variable and uniform wave events was defined as the offshore contour where the Shields parameter exceeds the critical limit for motion. Comparisons with a radiometrically corrected image from Landsat-7 showed that the spatially varying wave events from GLFS were in qualitative agreement with the satellite observations. A sensitivity analysis of wave height, wave period, and grain size showed the contour of incipient motion to be the most sensitive to wave period. Calculations performed for record high and low water levels showed that the incipient motion of non-cohesive sediments in the relatively flat central basin to be the most sensitive to the historic hydrologic variability present in Lake Erie.     

不同风场数据集对台风期间海浪模拟的影响

风场资料的精度和适用性对海浪的准确模拟至关重要。选取ERA5、CCMP和CFSv2等3个常用的风场数据集,以2106号“烟花”台风为例对比不同数据集在台风浪模拟方面的表现。结果表明,采用3个风场的模拟结果均很好地再现了台风期间海浪的增长和衰减过程,其中ERA5和CCMP风场计算的波高较为一致,而采用CFSv2风场的模拟结果明显大于另2个风场。选取4个外海浮标站,对比3个风场的模拟结果与实测波高的差异。统计发现,ERA5风场的模拟结果最优,CCMP风场的模拟结果次之,而CFSv2风场的模拟结果较实测值偏大。在过程最大波高的模拟精度方面,CCMP风场的模拟结果最优,ERA5风场的模拟结果在台州外站明显偏小,而CFSv2风场计算的4个浮标站的过程最大波高均高于实测值。     

Evaluation of numerical wave model for typhoon wave simulation in South China Sea

The simulating waves nearshore (SWAN) model has typically been designed for wave simulations in near-shore regions. In this study, the model's applicability to the simulation of typhoon waves in the South China Sea (SCS) was evaluated. A blended wind field, consisting of an interior domain based on Fujita's model and an exterior domain based on Takahashi's model, was used as the driving wind field. The waves driven by Typhoon Kai-tak over the SCS that occurred in 2012 were selected for the numerical simulation research. Sensitivity analyses of time step, grid resolution, and angle resolution were performed in order to obtain optimal model settings. Through sensitivity analyses, it can be found that the time step has a large influence on the results, while grid resolution and angle resolution have a little effect on the results.     

地下式水电站调压室交通洞过渡过程中的风速模拟

在考虑气体可压缩性的基础上,建立了地下式水电站调压室交通洞过渡过程中的气体运动数学模型,依据气体管道瞬变流的特征线法,提出了风速模拟的方法并编制了完整的模拟程序,通过与试验结果的对比验证了所提求解方法与模拟程序的适用性与合理性。然后分析了交通洞的体型(长度、断面积、倾角)对风速发展、分布及波动过程的影响,并从波动叠加的角度揭示了各因素的作用机理。结果表明:对于地下式水电站调压室交通洞在过渡过程中的风速的模拟,考虑气体可压缩性是必要的。交通洞断面的风速波动过程由低频质量波(基波)与高频弹性波(谐波)叠加而成。通气洞长度影响谐波的振幅和周期、断面积影响基波和谐波的振幅、倾角则仅影响谐波的振幅。     

冬季结冰海域的抗冰海洋观测浮标系统设计

基于冰与锥体的作用规律和现有的海洋浮标观测技术对抗冰浮标标体和系泊系统、太阳能风能互补发电系统、海洋观测传感器系统、观测数据实时远程传输系统等进行了研究。最终对该系统进行了组装调试和海试，获得了该海域冬季的气温、海水温盐深、溶解氧、叶绿素、浊度和ｐＨ值等观测数据。数据分析结果表明，渤海辽东湾海域的冬季海水参数变化显著，对海洋生物影响较大。     

风对二维极值波作用的数值研究

实际海域中风浪往往共存,当极值波浪出现时,风会对其特性产生很大影响。为了研究风对极值波浪特性的影响规律,该文基于势流理论建立自由水面满足完全非线性边界条件的风浪混合作用数值水槽模型,通过实时模拟造波板运动产生入射波,并基于波群聚焦原理定点产生极值波浪,利用改进的杰弗里斯遮蔽原理(Jeffreys'sheltering mechanism)将风压引入到自由水面动力边界条件中。在时域模拟中,采用混合欧拉-拉格朗日方法追踪瞬时水面,利用格林第二定理建立了边界积分方程,采用高阶边界元方法进行离散求解。通过与已发表实验结果对比验证模型的准确性,进而开展数值实验研究风对极值波浪水动力特性的影响,包括聚焦幅值、聚焦位置和极值波高随风速的变化以及波群聚焦和解焦过程波浪演变特性等。