城市污泥电渗脱水实验研究

电渗脱水是一种能有效去除污泥中水分以实现减量的处理方法.本文采用自制电渗脱水装置进行了城市污泥的电渗脱水实验.通过监测脱水过程中电渗流量、电压梯度与剩余含水率的变化,考察了电压梯度、电极间距和处理时间的影响,并进一步分析了电渗处理过程中脱水效果变化的原因.处理中随着脱水效果由阳极向阴极发展,污泥可划分为已脱水污泥与未脱水污泥,已脱水污泥内电渗停止,电渗与水分的脱除发生在未脱水污泥内,并由未脱水污泥的电压梯度决定.已脱水污泥阻值上升,使未脱水污泥电压梯度逐渐降低,造成了电渗流量与脱水效果的衰减,并使得污泥剩余含水率由阳极至阴极逐渐增加.电渗脱水的整体效果随加载电压的增加而提高,脱水能耗亦随之增加,选取较小的电极间距时电渗脱水能效较高.     

Effects of different sludge disintegration methods on sludge moisture distribution and dewatering performance

A key step in sludge treatment is sludge dewatering. However, activated sludge is generally very difficult to be dewatered. Sludge dewatering performance is largely affected by the sludge moisture distribution. Sludge disintegration can destroy the sludge structure and cell wall, so as change the sludge floc structure and moisture distribution, thus affecting the dewatering performance of sludge. In this article, the disintegration methods were ultrasound treatment, K₂FeO₄ oxidation and KMnO₄ oxidation. The degree of disintegration (DDCOD), sludge moisture distribution and the final water content of sludge cake after centrifuging were measured. Results showed that three disintegration methods were all effective, and K₂FeO₄ oxidation was more efficient than KMnO₄ oxidation. The content of free water increased obviously with K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidations, while it decreased with ultrasound treatment. The changes of free water and interstitial water were in the opposite trend. The content of bounding water decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and increased slightly with KMnO₄ oxidation, while it increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. The water content of sludge cake after centrifuging decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and did not changed with KMnO₄ oxidation, but increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. In summary, ultrasound treatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, while K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidation improved the sludge dewaterability.     

Effects of different sludge disintegration methods on sludge moisture distribution and dewatering performance

A key step in sludge treatment is sludge dewatering. However, activated sludge is generally very difficult to be dewatered. Sludge dewatering performance is largely affected by the sludge moisture distribution. Sludge disintegration can destroy the sludge structure and cell wall, so as change the sludge floc structure and moisture distribution, thus affecting the dewatering performance of sludge. In this article, the disintegration methods were ultrasound treatment, K₂FeO₄ oxidation and KMnO₄ oxidation. The degree of disintegration (DD_COD), sludge moisture distribution and the final water content of sludge cake after centrifuging were measured. Results showed that three disintegration methods were all effective, and K₂FeO₄ oxidation was more efficient than KMnO₄ oxidation. The content of free water increased obviously with K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidations, while it decreased with ultrasound treatment. The changes of free water and interstitial water were in the opposite trend. The content of bounding water decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and increased slightly with KMnO₄ oxidation, while it increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. The water content of sludge cake after centrifuging decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and did not changed with KMnO₄ oxidation, but increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. In summary, ultrasound treatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, while K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidation improved the sludge dewaterability.     

基于泥质的污泥脱水策略与数学模型构建研究

本研究以无锡市A~2O-MBR(Anaeroxic Anoxic Oxic-Membrane Bio-Reactor,A~2O-MBR)工艺、CAST(Cyclic Activated Sludge System,CAST)工艺和氧化沟工艺3种不同工艺的污泥泥质为对象,通过试验测定7种污泥泥质参数,分析不同污泥泥质参数间相关性.并通过主成分分析发现含固率、胞外聚合物(Extracellular Polymeric Substances,EPS)蛋白质和多糖是影响污泥脱水性能的主要因素.通过均匀设计实验探究不同药剂投配比对污泥毛细吸水时间及有机物含量的影响,并采用统计分析软件(Statistical Product and Service Solutions,SPSS)构建污泥脱水药剂线性回归模型,得到线性方程:含固率=2.5049-0.0261X_1-2.28×10~(-3)X_2;有机物=40.5728-0.1894X_1+0.2264X_2.通过验证试验发现,此线性方程残差低于3.0,可用于指导实际工程中药剂投配比.     

Effects of different sludge disintegration methods on sludge moisture distribution and dewatering performance

A key step in sludge treatment is sludge dewatering. However, activated sludge is generally very difficult to be dewatered. Sludge dewatering performance is largely affected by the sludge moisture distribution. Sludge disintegration can destroy the sludge structure and cell wall, so as change the sludge floc structure and moisture distribution, thus affecting the dewatering performance of sludge. In this article, the disintegration methods were ultrasound treatment, K2 Fe O4oxidation and KMn O4 oxidation. The degree of disintegration(DDCOD), sludge moisture distribution and the final water content of sludge cake after centrifuging were measured. Results showed that three disintegration methods were all effective, and K2 Fe O4oxidation was more efficient than KMn O4 oxidation. The content of free water increased obviously with K2 Fe O4and KMn O4 oxidations, while it decreased with ultrasound treatment. The changes of free water and interstitial water were in the opposite trend. The content of bounding water decreased with K2 Fe O4oxidation, and increased slightly with KMn O4 oxidation, while it increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. The water content of sludge cake after centrifuging decreased with K2 Fe O4oxidation, and did not changed with KMn O4 oxidation, but increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. In summary, ultrasound treatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, while K2 Fe O4and KMn O4 oxidation improved the sludge dewaterability.     

高铁酸钾调理改善活性污泥脱水性能的反应机制研究

研究了高铁酸钾(K_2FeO_4)对处理活性污泥脱水性的效果,重点考察了不同pH和剂量条件下,K_2FeO_4调理对污泥过滤脱水特性和胞外聚合物(EPS)分布和组成的影响,以深入认识K_2FeO_4调理污泥的反应机制.研究表明,K_2FeO_4调理效果随pH值的降低而改善,其不仅有氧化裂解作用导致结合型EPS(BEPS)释放,同时其还原产物三价铁离子兼具混凝功效,能够通过电中和与界面吸附去除部分溶解性EPS(SEPS),同时压缩EPS结构,增强污泥絮体结构.此外,当pH值为3,K_2FeO_4投加量为0.1 g·g~(-1)(以TSS计)时,污泥过滤脱水速率和程度均达到最佳.过量投加K_2FeO_4(0.2 g·g~(-1),以TSS计)后,BEPS大量释放,污泥过滤阻力增加,脱水性能恶化.     

Fenton氧化联合氧化钙调理对污泥脱水的机理研究

探讨了使用Fenton氧化联合氧化钙全过程(第一阶段:使用硫酸调节污泥p H值;第二阶段:投加Fe2+;第三阶段:投加H2O2;第四阶段:投加氧化钙)对污泥脱水效果及物理化学性质的影响.结果表明,酸化处理可以改变絮体的大小,降低Zeta电位,分散絮体,同时去除部分胞外聚合物(EPS),进而改善了污泥脱水性能.此外,在Fenton氧化的过程中,污泥颗粒、Zeta电位、EPS和比阻(SRF)均呈现逐渐减少的趋势,同时生成氢氧化铁胶体会覆盖在污泥颗粒表面,形成保护性的硬壳,进而使污泥的脱水性能大幅提高.当加入氧化钙时,形成稳定的刚性的结构使污泥颗粒重新聚合,促使生成多孔的脱水通道.中试结果阐明,Fenton氧化过程是实现污泥的深度脱水的关键,并表明各个阶段污泥脱水过程中产生的滤液水质状况.总的来说,本研究提供了在高压下实现污泥深度脱水的新思路,包括:絮体酸溶分散与重聚-保护性氧化-骨架构建.由此看来,Fenton氧化联合氧化钙是一种相对温和且有效的污泥调理方法.     

超声波联合PAM对污泥脱水性能的影响

以污泥脱水性能与沉降性能为指标,研究了超声波调理联合PAM对污泥脱水性能的影响。实验结果表明,单独使用超声波调理的最佳调理时间为20 s,此时污泥比阻为0.68×109s2/g;采用PAM对污泥进行调理时,在浓度为0.1%,投加量为100 mg/L时污泥比阻最小,为0.32×109s2/g;采用超声波与PAM联合调理时,利用正交试验得到最适合的组合条件为:调理时间20s、PAM投加量100 mg/L、浓度0.15%。     

生物裂解效应对污泥脱水减量的作用研究

从市政污水处理厂活性污泥中筛选培养出噬菌型细菌,并通过噬菌型细菌的富集与投加,探讨其对市政污泥生物裂解预处理的有效性及其所受环境影响因素与作用规律.研究结果显示,市政污泥中存在具有污泥裂解作用的广谱性噬菌型细菌,宿主菌的投加量可影响噬菌型细菌的富集浓度,但培养基营养物组成浓度对噬菌型细菌的生长增殖无明显影响.当筛选出的噬菌型细菌以10⁶ pfu/mL（污泥）与中性市政污泥在室温下共存培养24h即可有效裂解污泥细胞,污泥比阻与污泥体积较未投加任何菌剂的参照污泥降低了36%和15%.并可导致胞内营养物的释放,污泥液相中总氮与总磷浓度较参照污泥分别上升了245%和242%,溶解性COD与总COD比值（SCOD/TCOD）则提高了195%,但生物裂解作用效果并不与裂解时间始终保持正相关性,最佳污泥生物裂解时间为24h.     

农村污水设施车载式剩余污泥脱水技术与设备研究

日益增长的农村污水设施剩余污泥已成为农村污水治理工作开展面临的新难题,农村剩余污泥适合采用多台污水设施共用车载式剩余污泥脱水设备进行脱水后收运集中处理,而农村道路的宽度和限高以及污水设施与道路间的距离等是主要的限制因素,因此急需研发适合农村作业环境的小型车载式剩余污泥脱水关键技术与设备.本研究的车载式剩余污泥脱水通过主要脱水设备负压运行方式,有效减小设备的尺寸,设备外观尺寸为5.995 m×1.905 m×2.56 m,吸污管道50 m.结果表明：可适应农村的作业环境,满足90%以上的农村小型污水处理设施使用.该设备行驶油耗7.2 L·h^-1,工作油耗1.88 L·h^-1;脱水后的污泥含水率80%左右.模拟案例表明,车载式剩余污泥脱水设备脱水收运方式比不脱水直接收运方式每台户用小型设施每年可节省污泥收运费103.3元,在一个安装了4400台小型污水设施的农村区域,每年可节省污泥收运费约45.5万元.     

2450MHz电磁波污泥脱水过程中的温度效应

采用2450MHz电磁波进行污泥脱水,研究电磁波加载过程中污泥温度变化对于剩余污泥性质和溶出效应的影响.研究发现,经电磁波加载后,污泥的容积指数（SVI）随着温度的升高而降低,在温度为80℃时由原泥的130.73mL/g降至最低值95.25mL/g,污泥沉降性能得到改善;经电磁波加载后,污泥离心含水率也随着温度的升高持续降低,最低降到80℃时的93.52%;污泥的毛细吸水时间（CST）在60℃时由原泥的29.4s降至最低值23.2s,污泥比阻（SRF）始终高于初始值,说明电磁波的加载一定程度上可以改善剩余污泥的离心脱水和板框压滤脱水效果,但不利于剩余污泥的真空抽滤.在电磁波加载过程中,检测污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）及上清液中可溶性化学需氧量（SCOD）的含量,发现污泥温度升高有利于污泥胞内物质的溶出.在80℃时,污泥上清液中SCOD含量由初始的124.1mg/L增大到883.4mg/L;同时也发现,温度高于60℃后,污泥中微生物细胞破壁更明显,污泥EPS含量随之发生变化,对污泥脱水性能的影响更加显著.     

丝状真菌Talaromyces flavus S1在污泥中的成球特性及改善脱水性能的研究

从市政污泥中分离出一株丝状真菌Talaromyces flavus S1,分析了该株菌分别在纯培养和污泥环境中的成球特性及对污泥脱水性能的影响.研究结果表明:Talaromyces flavus S1在马铃薯葡萄糖培养液中培养时,在转速150 r·min-1及pH值为3.0~6.5的酸性环境下更容易形成大量的菌丝球.将真菌孢子接种至原始污泥中无法形成明显的污泥颗粒,而将其接种至灭菌污泥中培养,当pH值为6.8时,能够形成大而稳定的真菌污泥颗粒.在原始污泥中,真菌处理使污泥毛细吸水时间最多可降低36.42%,在灭菌污泥中相比对照组下降了78.68%,这主要是由于真菌的生长利用了污泥中的有机物及真菌污泥颗粒的形成使得污泥粒径变大等因素所导致的,本文结果对于未来以该菌为基础开发生物脱水工艺具有重要的意义.     

Application of organic polymeric fiocculants in centrifugal dewatering of oil refinery sludge

In order to evaluate the applicability of the organic polymeric floeculants(OPF) in the treatment of oil refinery sludge, experimentswere conducted to show that OPF have better performance of flocculation than inorganic flocculants. Both the anionic and cationic OPF havesatisfactory flocculation efficiency in oil sludge treatment, but the latter are more cost-efficient. Among the over 20 types of flocculants tested,2OPF(CPAM-2 and HPAM-2) were selected as the treatment agents, based on their good treatment performances, oil-resistance and economicfeasibility. It was demonstrated in the industrial-scale centrifugal dewatering experiments that the application of either CPAM-2 or HPAM-2could achieve high treatment efficiency of the oil sludge dewatering and reduce the COD of centrifugal liquid to less than 1000 mg/L.     

采用移动电极法提高机械脱水污泥电动脱水能效的试验研究

采用一种能移动阳极的电动脱水模型试验装置,对机械脱水污泥开展了固定间距电极和移动电极的电动脱水试验,比较分析了这2种方法的脱水效果及对应的能耗.试验结果表明:固定间距电极法脱水处理过程中,阳极附近已脱水污泥的阻抗增加,消耗的电压和电能上升;而后面未脱水污泥分得的电压下降,导致其脱水效果从阳极至阴极衰减.移动电极法通过移动阳极逐步越过已脱水污泥部分,将电压作用在未脱水的污泥,避免了电能消耗在高阻抗的脱水污泥,显著提高了能效,脱水过程中电渗流量稳定,脱水效果均匀.采用移动电极法进行脱水处理时能耗随加载电压梯度的增加而上升,随试样长度的缩短而降低.当采用8 V·cm-1电压梯度的移动电极处理5 cm长度的污泥时,污泥含水率可由初始的82.1％降至62.2％,所需要的能耗约为89.8 kW·h·m-3.     

污泥干化过程中苯系物(BTEX)的释放及其致癌风险评价

在模拟污泥干化的条件下,研究了4种类型污水污泥苯系物(BTEX)的释放特征及其影响因素.结果表明,在50-300℃的干化温度范围内,4种污泥的BTEX释放总置在4.20～161.90μg·m-3之间;在温度高于150℃之后,各类污泥中的BTEX释放量大幅增加;而低于150℃的情况下,污泥中BTEX的释放量仅占总BTEX释放量的5.09%.不同温度下污泥的BTEX释放量与其在污泥中的含量之间存在显著的线性关系.不同类型的污泥其所释放的BTEX组分之间具有较大的差别,污泥中BTEX的含量决定其所释放的数量,而其释放强度则取决于干化温度.对污泥释放BTEX进行健康风险评价表明,各类污泥在150～300℃下所释放的苯对暴露人员存在一定的致癌风险,其中女性相对于男性致癌风险更高.控制污泥干化温度可以最大限度地减少BTEX释放,进而降低致癌风险.     

Nitrogen removal from sludge dewatering effluent through anaerobic ammonia oxidation process

Anaerobic ammonia oxidation（Anammox） process is a novel and promising wastewater nitrogen removal process. The feasibility of transition of Anammox from denitrification and the performance of lab-scale Anammox biofilm reactor were investigated with sludge dewatering effluent. The results showed that Anammox process could be successfully started up after cultivation of denitrification biofilm and using it as inoculum. The transition of Anammox from denitrification was accomplished within 85 d. Anammox process was found suitable to remove ammonia from sludge dewatering effluent. The effluent ammonia concentration was detected to be 23.11 mgN/L at HRT of 28 h when influent ammonia concentration was fed 245 mgN/L, which was less than that for the national discharge standard Ⅱ （25 rngN/L） of China. Volumetric total nitrogen loading rate was up to 584.99 mg TN/（L. d） at HRT of 17 h, while influent concentrations were kept 243.25 mg NH4＊ -N/L and 288.31 mg NO2^- -N/L.     

磁性壳聚糖改善污泥脱水性能的研究

采用天然壳聚糖为原料,戊二醛为交联剂,Fe₃O₄为磁核制备磁性壳聚糖,以改善污泥脱水性能.考察了磁性壳聚糖投加量、污泥pH值、调理时间对磁性壳聚糖改善污泥脱水性能的影响,探讨了磁性壳聚糖的作用机理,并通过响应面法研究了磁性壳聚糖和CPAM复配处理污泥对污泥脱水性能的影响.结果表明,保持污泥pH值为6.8时,经20mg/L的磁性壳聚糖调理30min后,污泥比阻（SRF）和含水率（MC）分别由原污泥的13.8×10¹²m/kg和98.7%降低至4.8×10¹²m/kg和75.5%,说明磁性壳聚糖明显改善了污泥脱水性能.响应面实验所拟合的响应值为污泥SRF的二次模型P（Prob>F）<0.05、R²=0.98>0.90,响应值为污泥MC的二次模型P（Prob>F）<0.05、R²=0.95>0.90,表明模型显著,且实验设定变量之间的相关性较好.根据响应值的分布情况,确定污泥脱水的最佳条件为磁性壳聚糖18mg/L、CPAM26mg/L、调理时间27min,相应SRF和MC分别为3.3×10¹²m/kg和59.5%,污泥脱水效果较单独采用磁性壳聚糖或CPAM时得到了明显的提高.     

堆存市政污泥深度脱水及其重金属稳定化效果研究

堆存污泥具有高含水率和潜在重金属污染特征,对堆存填埋场及周边环境可能产生潜在生态风险。以秸秆（SP）、粉煤灰（FA）、磷石膏（PG）3种固体废物材料搭配2种常用脱水剂氧化钙（CaO）、聚合氯化铝（PAC）组成联合调理剂,对堆存污泥进行脱水以及对其中重金属进行稳定化效果研究,并通过电镜-能谱探究加入调理剂后污泥的微观结构及物质构成。结果表明：添加固体废物材料的联合调理剂对污泥脱水及重金属稳定化效果显著,其中添加PG的组合最优。当CaO、PAC、PG添加量（干基比）分别为20%、25%、23%时,毛细吸水时间为42.1 s,泥饼含水率为49.00%;PG中丰富的孔隙结构及磷酸盐物质对重金属有很好的吸附和沉淀作用;微观结构分析显示,经过调理后CaSO₄或Al₂(SO₄)₃构建了污泥的骨架结构。

     

丝状真菌调理对柠檬酸污泥脱水性能的影响

利用实验室分离的丝状真菌Aspergillus niger SS5对柠檬酸污泥进行了污泥脱水前的生物调理.结果表明,菌液浓度和调理时间是影响污泥脱水性能的主要因素,调理后污泥的脱水性能、沉降性能均有明显改善,调理后的污泥负电荷减少,粒径显著增大,结合水含量比未投加菌液的空白对照降低了近40%.同时,真菌调理显著降低了上清液COD及污泥各EPS层的蛋白质和多糖含量,EPS中蛋白质的降解与污泥结合水含量、D₅₀和Zeta电位显著相关,是影响柠檬酸污泥脱水性能改善的重要因素,且有机物的降解并未导致污泥pH值的显著变化,这和柠檬酸污泥拥有较大的酸碱缓冲容量有关.采用20mL/g DS的Aspergillus niger SS5调理柠檬酸污泥,调理3d可使泥饼含水率降至71.98%,且调理过程无化学药剂加入,更有利于柠檬酸等食品发酵类工业污泥的后续资源化综合利用.     

鼠李糖脂-热对污泥厌氧发酵中脱水性能的影响

为了探究鼠李糖脂以及低温热水解预处理污泥厌氧发酵过程对污泥脱水性能的改变,利用毛细吸水时间（CST）表征脱水性能指标,有机物溶出、粒径分布以及三维荧光光谱分析阐明脱水性能变化机制.研究发现在厌氧发酵之前,预处理后污泥脱水性能均会降低;厌氧发酵之后原污泥脱水性能降低,经过热水解的污泥脱水性能改善;粒径分布变化表明粒径减小是预处理污泥脱水性能变差的部分原因,发酵之后粒径增大对于污泥脱水性能改善不明显.溶解性有机物（SCOD）、溶解性碳水化合物（SC）以及溶解性蛋白质（SP）的溶出情况发现粒径的减小是由于预处理手段对污泥的有效破解.三维荧光平行因子分析（PARAFAC）表明,污泥预处理且厌氧发酵前后溶解性有机质（DOM）均包含类腐殖酸C1（386nm/462nm）和C3（342nm/438nm）、酪氨酸类蛋白C2（278nm/306nm）以及色氨酸类蛋白C4（290nm/358nm）.其中,类腐殖酸的增多是热水解污泥脱水性能变差的主要原因,厌氧发酵之后酪氨酸蛋白的积累是原污泥脱水性能变差的原因,类腐殖酸的分解是热水解污泥发酵后改善的原因.