烘焙中药渣的热解与燃烧特性及其动力学分析

中药废渣经过烘焙后是一种具有应用潜力的固体燃料。采用热重分析仪对烘焙中药渣的热解及燃烧特性进行了研究,利用Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS)法及Coats-Redfern法对热解及燃烧的动力学进行求解,评估了烘焙中药渣的燃烧特性。研究发现烘焙中药渣的热分解分为2个阶段,第一阶段的活化能为76.1～94.0 kJ/mol,第二阶段的活化能为26.8～38.8 kJ/mol。烘焙中药渣的燃烧分为3段反应过程,第一阶段主要是挥发分的析出及燃烧,活化能为80.5～97.3 kJ/mol;第二阶段属于挥发分及部分焦炭的燃烧,活化能为18.3～28.5 kJ/mol;第三阶段的主要反应为残余焦炭的燃烧,活化能为41.8～50.6 kJ/mol。不同烘焙条件下制得的中药渣都较易着火燃烧,着火温度在280.3～294.8℃。经O_2烘焙的中药渣前期可燃性以及综合燃烧特性最好,最易燃尽,表明燃烧烟气烘焙中药渣是可行的。     

五种甘蔗渣分离木质素热解特性及动力学

木质素是自然界中最丰富的芳香类化合物,也是制浆造纸和木质纤维素生物炼制过程的主要副产物。热解是将木质素资源化、能源化利用的一个有效途径。但由于分离方法不同,所得的木质素产品具有不同的热解特性。本文通过有机酸处理、碱处理和氧化处理从甘蔗渣中分离得到5种木质素,即乙酸木质素(AAL)、Acetosolv木质素(As L)、Milox木质素(ML)、过氧乙酸木质素(PAAL)和碱木质素(AL)。采用差示扫描量热(DSC)和热重分析(TGA)对5种木质素的热解性质进行了研究。发现5种木质素的热解过程均可分为水分脱除、玻璃化转变、热解和缓慢结焦4个阶段。采用非等温的Coats-Redfern积分法对热重数据进行动力学拟合。结果表明,PAAL在200~700℃范围内的热解为二级动力学反应,另外4种木质素则在250~700℃范围内为二级动力学反应。5种木质素的热解表观活化能分别为AAL 33.33kJ/mol、As L 36.36kJ/mol、ML 31.10kJ/mol、PAAL24.74kJ/mol以及AL 36.93 kJ/mol。     

水蒸气气氛下牦牛粪动力学特性研究

采用热重分析法对水蒸气气氛下牦牛粪热失重特性进行了研究,并运用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法、主曲线法/Kissinger法和分布活化能模型(DAEM)连续耦合的方法对热解过程进行反应机理分析以及动力学参数计算。研究结果表明：牦牛粪水蒸气气化过程主要分为两个阶段,即热解阶段和气固反应阶段;水蒸气对前者有轻微的抑制作用,对后者有显著的促进作用。动力学分析表明,反应级数机理模型(热解阶段和气固反应阶段反应级数分别为2.40和1.17)对牦牛粪水蒸气气化动力学过程有较好适应性;热解阶段的半纤维素、纤维素和木质素热解对应的活化能分别为169.32、 185.76和219.52 kJ/mol;气固反应阶段的热解炭缩合反应和水蒸气气固反应对应的活化能分别为275.59和312.44 kJ/mol。     

煤与生物质固定床共热解产物分布及热解动力学研究

在固定床管式热解炉中对煤与生物质共热解进行了研究,考察了氮气气氛下煤与生物质混合比例对热解产物产率分布的影响,并利用热重分析结合活化能分布模型对煤与生物质共热解的活化能及分布进行了计算。结果表明,生物质的加入促进了煤热解生成挥发分,使得煤的热分解提前,神府煤热解的活化能主要分布于290~380 kJ/mol之间,生物质葵花秆热解的活化能主要分布于180~220 kJ/mol的区间。当煤与葵花秆分别以质量比3∶2和2∶3混合时,热解的活化能主要分布在190~200 kJ/mol、450~500 kJ/mol之间,以及190~200 kJ/mol、350~400 kJ/mol之间。煤与葵花秆共热解降低了反应的活化能,并促进了挥发分的生成,二者共热解存在协同作用。     

板栗壳的热解特性研究

采用热重分析仪和三种动力学计算方法研究了板栗壳的热解过程,可分为失水干燥、主热解和炭化三个阶段。含量较高挥发分(68.42%)造成主热解区间质量损失最多,主要是木质素、纤维素和半纤维素三种生物质组分的分解,其含量和特性使热解过程产生不同趋势。提高升温速率产生的热滞后现象使热解不够充分,导致主热解阶段活化能和频率因子增大。     

煤与生物质固定床共热解产物分布及热解动力学研究

在固定床管式热解炉中对煤与生物质共热解进行了研究,考察了氮气气氛下煤与生物质混合比例对热解产物产率分布的影响,并利用热重分析结合活化能分布模型对煤与生物质共热解的活化能及分布进行了计算。结果表明,生物质的加入促进了煤热解生成挥发分,使得煤的热分解提前,神府煤热解的活化能主要分布于290³80 kJ/mol之间,生物质葵花秆热解的活化能主要分布于180380 kJ/mol之间,生物质葵花秆热解的活化能主要分布于180²20 kJ/mol的区间。当煤与葵花秆分别以质量比3∶2和2∶3混合时,热解的活化能主要分布在190220 kJ/mol的区间。当煤与葵花秆分别以质量比3∶2和2∶3混合时,热解的活化能主要分布在190²00 kJ/mol、450200 kJ/mol、450⁵00 kJ/mol之间,以及190500 kJ/mol之间,以及190²00 kJ/mol、350200 kJ/mol、350⁴00 kJ/mol之间。煤与葵花秆共热解降低了反应的活化能,并促进了挥发分的生成,二者共热解存在协同作用。     

煤程序升温与等温热解特性及动力学比较研究

采用热重分析仪和微型流化床分别考察了不同煤阶五个煤样的程序升温和等温快速热解的挥发分析出特性和反应动力学.程序升温实验揭示了热解气体的析出顺序依次为CO2,CO,CH4和H2,而等温热解实验证明CO2和CO的析出先于CH4和H2.微型流化床等温快速热解的挥发分气体总量析出活化能为17kJ/mol～35kJ/mol,小于程序升温热解的活化能.CO2和CO的反应级数与1接近,而CH4和H2的反应级数与1偏差较大,反映了这两类气体在生成机制上存在差异.     

预处理对麦秸热解特性的影响及其动力学分析

用热重法分析研究了不同预处理方法(水洗、酸洗、碱处理、微波、超声处理)对麦秸热解过程的影响。结果表明:水洗和酸洗都能够提高热解产物中挥发分的含量;碱处理可以使麦秸热解起始温度和最大热解速率向低温区域移动,并能够明显降低最大热解速率;超声处理可以提高最大热解速率。用单一升温速率法对热解获得的热重-热重微分(TG-DTG)数据进行动力学分析得到了经预处理后,麦秸热解机理发生改变,活化能有所降低,其中氢氧化钠的作用最为明显,将热解活化能从151.44kJ/mol降至84.09kJ/mol。     

水热处理对含油污泥热解特性及动力学影响

利用热重分析仪研究了水热处理对含油污泥（OS）热解特性的影响,并使用Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS)和Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (FWO)的方法对其热解动力学进行了分析,确定了经过不同水热温度处理后的含油污泥在不同热解阶段的表观活化能,考察了水热处理及其水热温度对含油污泥热解特性及动力学参数的影响。热分析的结果表明：水热处理使得含油污泥在热解不同阶段的终止温度向较低温度区间移动,在相同的转化率下经过水热处理后的OS在不同热解阶段的表观活化能均低于原样。随着水热反应温度从160℃增加到240℃,根据FWO法估算的OS在热解第一阶段的平均表观活化能从75.20kJ/mol增加到78.28kJ/mol,热解第二阶段的平均表观活化能从151.04kJ/mol降低到144.18kJ/mol,热解第三阶段的平均活化能从171.12kJ/mol增加到了192.59kJ/mol。     

生物质与油页岩混合热解特性研究

为了充分利用油页岩和生物质,以生物质和油页岩按照不同质量比的混合试样作为研究对象,采用TG-DSC联用技术进行了热重实验,分析了热解过程特性曲线并计算热解特性参数,采用差减微分法计算了热解动力学参数。结果表明:混合试样DTG曲线分别在低温段及高温段出现2个峰,前者主要是生物质的纤维素及半纤维素挥发分的热解析出,后者主要为油页岩热解析出挥发分;随混合试样中油页岩含量逐渐增多,热解后期逐渐出现因油页岩无机盐热分解吸热过多而出现DSC曲线吸热峰;混合试样低温段挥发分析出量及挥发分综合释放特性指数均大于高温段的值;生物质含量最高的混合试样(生物质与油页岩的质量比为4∶1)的挥发分初始析出温度最低,其挥发分最大释放速度的峰值及挥发分综合释放特性指数均最大;生物质含量较多的混合试样低温段活化能大于高温段活化能的值,油页岩含量较多的混合试样低温段活化能低于高温段的值。     

基于TG-FT-IR的关中麦秆热解特性及动力学研究

利用TG-FT-IR技术分别以5、10、20℃/min 3种不同的升温速率,在室温至1000℃下对陕西关中地区麦秸秆(麦秆)的热解行为、特性及动力学进行了研究。研究结果表明,关中麦秆的热解过程可分为4个阶段:失水(室温到150℃)、半纤维素热解(150~300℃)、纤维素热解(300~380℃)及木质素热解(380~1000℃);升温速率的升高使关中麦秆的起始热解温度提高,较低的升温速率可克服热解过程中的传热滞后现象,更有利于关中麦秆的热解。关中麦秆升温速率20℃/min下最大失重速率处的的热解产物主要为H₂O、CH₄、CO₂、CO及一些芳香族、酸类、酮类、醛类、醇类、烷烃、酚类和醚类等有机物。通过无模式函数法中的FWO和KAS法对关中麦秆的热解表观活化能在转化率(α)0.1~0.8内进行了计算,所得活化能均约为202 kJ/mol。此外,Kissinger法估算所得表观活化能约为171.12 kJ/mol,略低于FWO法和KAS法热解表观活化能。     

Kinetic Model of Biomass Pyrolysis Based on Three-component Independent Parallel First-order Reactions

The pyrolysis behavior of two kinds of typical biomass (pine wood and cotton stalk) was studied in nitrogen atmosphere at various heating rates by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The pyrolysis process can be divided into three stages: evolution of moisture (<200℃), devolatilization (200~400℃) and carbonization (>400℃). The comparison of DTG curves of two biomass materials show that the higher the hemicellulose content of biomass, the more evident the shoulder peak of DTG curve. The weight loss process of two materials was simulated by the kinetic model assuming cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin pyrolyzing independently and in parallel, obeying first-order reactions. The pyrolysis kinetic parameters corresponding to the three components were estimated by the nonlinear least square algorithm. The results show that their fitting curves are in good agreement with the experimental data. Their activation energy values for pine wood and cotton stalk are in the range of 188~215, 90~102, 29~49 and 187~214, 95~101, 30~38 kJ/mol, respectively. The corresponding pre-exponential factors are in the range of 1.8′1015~2.0′1016, 1.6′107~7.1′108, 9.3′101~1.5′103 and 1.2′1015~6.7′1017, 1.2′108~1.4′109, 1.4′102~4.6′102 min-1, respectively. In addition, the activation energy of cellulose and lignin increased and their contributions to volatile tended to fall, whereas the activation energy of hemicellulose decreased and its contribution to volatile tended to rise with increasing of heating rate.     

TG study on pyrolysis of biomass and its three components under syngas

Pyrolysis of sawdust and its three components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) were performed in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA92) under syngas and hydrogen. The effect of different heating rates (5, 10, 15 and 20 °C/min) on the pyrolysis of these samples were examined. The pyrolysis tests of the synthesized samples (a mixture of the three components with different ratios) were also done under syngas. The distributed activation energy model (DAEM) was used to study the pyrolysis kinetics. It is found that syngas could replace hydrogen in hydropyrolysis process of biomass. Among the three components, hemicellulose would be the easiest one to be pyrolyzed and then would be cellulose, while lignin would be the most difficult one. Heating rate could not only affect the temperature at which the highest weight loss rate reached, but also affect the maximum value of weight loss rate. Both lignin and hemicellulose used in the experiments could affect the pyrolysis characteristic of cellulose while they could not affect each other obviously in the pyrolysis process. Values of k₀ (frequency factor) change very greatly with different E (activation energy) values. The E values of sawdust range from 161.9 to 202.3 kJ/mol, which is within the range of activation energy values for cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.     

Structural evolution of chars from biomass components pyrolysis in a xenon lamp radiation reactor

The structural evolution of the chars from pyrolysis of biomass components(cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin)in a xenon lamp radiation reactor was investigated. The elemental composition analysis showed that the C content increased at the expense of H and O contents during the chars formation. The values of ΔH/C/ΔO/Cfor the formation of cellulose and hemicellulose chars were close to 2, indicating that dehydration was the dominant reaction. Meanwhile, the value was more than 3 for lignin char formation, suggesting that the occurrence of demethoxylation was prevalent. FTIR and XRD analyses further disclosed that the cellulose pyrolysis needed to break down the stable crystal structure prior to the severe depolymerization. As for hemicellulose and lignin pyrolysis, the weak branches and linkages decomposed firstly, followed by the major decomposition. After the devolatilization at the main pyrolysis stage, the three components encountered a slow carbonization process to form condensed aromatic chars. The SEM results showed that the three components underwent different devolatilization behaviors, which induced various surface morphologies of the chars.     

Pyrolysis properties and kinetics of mandarin peel

The thermal property of the pyrolysis reaction of mandarin peel was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thermogravimetric analyses with temperature increases of 10, 20 and 40 °C/min showed large weight losses within the temperature range 150–590 °C. Differential thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis curves illustrated that the pyrolysis of mandarin peel was a multi-step process, consisting of water desorption, the decomposition of pectin, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, and devolatilization of the residual char. The apparent activation energies ranged between 119 and 406 kJ/mol, depending on the pyrolytic conversion. The pyrolysis products were analyzed, using pyrolyzergas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), to evaluate mandarin peel as a renewable source of valuable industrial chemicals. The pyrolysis products of mandarin peel contained high portions of methanol and acetic acid, as well as valuable compounds, such as limonene and vitamin E.     

烟杆废物热解动力学研究

通过热重分析（TGA）方法,采用单步和三平行反应模型分别考察烟杆废物的热解动力学。烟杆废物单步热解的平均活化能为182.4 kJ/mol,最适宜的反应机理函数为14级反应机理f（α）=（1-α）¹⁴。能量补偿效应结果显示烟杆废物的热解可以分为3个阶段α=0~0.32、α=0.32~0.80和α=0.80~1,各阶段的指前因子分别为2.88×10¹⁰、4.33×10¹⁴和9.76×10¹⁶s^-1。单步热解过程中伴有表观活化能的变化以及高级数反应的机理,不能合理地描述烟杆废物的热解机理。采用混合韦伯分布活化能模型考察了三平行反应热解动力学,结果显示：混合韦伯分布活化能模型能很好地拟合烟杆废物热解数据,相关系数R²≥0.997 6;3种伪组分的活化能大小符合E₀（木质素,195.26 kJ/mol）> E₀（纤维素,152.54 kJ/mol）> E₀（半纤维素,121.18 kJ/mol）的顺序;半纤维素的热解机理为一级反应f（α）=1-α,纤维素的热解机理属于成核机理,木质素的机理亦呈现级数反应,级数介于n=3~4之间,木质素的热解机理复杂,可能为多步反应。     

三种常见生物质热解动力学特性的研究

采用热重法对三种常见生物质热解特性及反应动力学进行研究。考察了粒径和升温速率对生物质热解特性的影响。粒径减小时,稻草开始热解的温度和热解结束的温度都降低,最大失重变化率对应的温度也降低;升温速率增加时,热解挥发分起始析出温度和DTG曲线峰值温度均相应增加。采用Coats-Redfern法对生物质热解过程进行处理,并求出了生物质热解的动力学参数,求出的表观活化能变化范围在30～70kJ/mol。     

纤维素与木质素共热解试验及动力学分析

采用热重分析仪（TGA）对木质素与纤维素单独热解和共热解基本特性及热解动力学进行了研究。热重分析曲线表明,木质素热解过程是由两个位于不同温度段的热解过程组成,纤维素则仅在300～380 ℃的温区内迅速热解,在纤维素含量较低（≤40%）共热解时,二者表现为相互抑制作用,但随着纤维素含量增大,二者关系转变为相互促进作用。热解动力学研究表明,纤维素与木质素单独热解和共热解过程都可用一级反应动力学模型来描述,且随着纤维素含量增加,反应活化能（E）也随之增加,但其值总小于活化能线性加和值（Ec）,据此可推测共热解过程存在着一定的协同作用。     

Revealing low temperature microwave‐assisted pyrolysis kinetic behaviors and dielectric properties of biomass components

The kinetic characteristics of microwave‐assisted pyrolysis (MAP) of biomass components were investigated in a self‐designed microwave thermogravimetric analysis using the KAS model and the master plot method. Compared with conventional pyrolysis, the initial decomposition temperatures of biomass components were reduced by 50–100°C and the fastest weight loss regions were shifted to lower temperatures. The average apparent activation energies of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were 47.82, 44.81, and 51.54 kJ/mol, respectively. Analysis with master plot method suggested the MAP of cellulose followed the 2‐D diffusion reaction model, while hemicellulose and lignin could be interpreted by third order‐based and 3‐D diffusion model. The change of dielectric properties was consistent with the weight loss behaviors of biomass components during the pyrolysis process. The increase of dielectric properties with temperature can lead to a thermal gradient and “hot spots” within biomass, which accelerated the pyrolysis process at low temperatures and reduced the apparent activation energy. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 2124–2134, 2018     

纤维素热解动力学分析方法研究

以微晶纤维素为原料,在氮气气氛中利用热重分析仪考察了不同升温速率条件下纤维素的热解实验,分析了纤维素的热解动力学特性。采用双等双步法和Popescu法从热分析动力学的41种机理函数中选取最概然反应机理函数,同时运用Freeman-Carroll法、Coats-Redfern法、Starink法和双等双步法4种热分析方法计算热解反应活化能（E）、指前因子（A）,并对结果进行了分析比较。结果表明,随着升温速率提高,纤维素热解起始温度增加,热失重速率升高;纤维素的热解过程可分为4个阶段：脱水预热（40~120℃）、热解初期（120~260℃）、主要热解失重（260~400℃）和炭化（400~900℃）。纤维素主要热解段分两个阶段进行,其活化能在低温段（260~350℃）时,为166~176 kJ/mol,高温段（350~400℃）时,为171~216 kJ/mol;采用反Jander动力学模型能较好地描述主要热解反应过程;采用单一扫描速率法（Freeman-Carroll法和Coats-Redfern法）分析结果与实际值有较大偏差,多重扫描速率法（Starink法和双等双步法）得到的结果更具可靠性。