Ecosystem service values of gardens in the Yellow River Basin,China

Studies on the ecosystem service value(ESV)of gardens are critical for informing evidence-based land management practices based on an understanding of the local ecosystem.By analyzing equivalent value factors(EVFs),this paper evaluated the values of 11 ecosystem services of gardens in the Yellow River Basin of China in 2019.High-precision land use survey data were used to improve the accuracy of the land use classification,garden areas,and spatial distribution of the ESVs of gardens.The results showed that garden ecosystem generally had high ESVs,especially in terms of the ESV of food production,which is worthy of further research and application to the practice of land use planning and management.Specifically,the value of one standard EVF of ecosystem services in 2019 was 3587.04 CNY/(hm²·a),and the ESV of food production of gardens was much higher than that of croplands.Garden ecosystem provided an ESV of 1348.66×10⁸CNY/a in the Yellow River Basin.The areas with the most concentrated ESVs of gardens were located in four regions:downstream in the Shandong-Henan zone along the Yellow River,mid-stream in the Shanxi-Shaanxi zone along the Yellow River,the Weihe River Basin,and upstream in the Qinghai-Gansu-Ningxia-Inner Mongolia zone along the Yellow River.The spatial correlation of the ESVs in the basin was significant(global spatial autocorrelation index Moran's I=0.464),which implied that the characteristics of high ESVs adjacent to high ESVs and low ESVs adjacent to low ESVs are prominent.In the Yellow River Basin,the contribution of the ESVs of gardens to the local environment and economy varied across regions.We also put forward some suggestions for promoting the construction of ecological civilization in the Yellow River Basin.The findings of this study provide important contributions to the research of ecosystem service evaluation in the Yellow River Basin.     

Assessment of river basin habitat quality and its relationship with disturbance factors: A case study of the Tarim River Basin in Northwest China

The status of regional biodiversity is determined by habitat quality.The effective assessment of habitat quality can help balance the relationship between economic development and biodiversity conservation.Therefore,this study used the InVEST model to conduct a dynamic evaluation of the spatial and temporal changes in habitat quality of the Tarim River Basin in southern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China by calc ulating the degradation degree levels for habitat types that were caused by threat factors from 1990 to 2018(represented by four periods of 1990,2000,2010 and 2018).Specifically,we used spatial autocorrelation analysis and Getis-Ord Gi*analysis to divide the study area into three heterogeneous units in terms of habitat quality:cold spot areas,hot spot areas and random areas.Hemeroby index,population density,gross domestic product(GDP),altitude and distance from water source(DWS)were then chosen as the main disturbance factors.Linear correlation and spatial regression models were subsequently used to analyze the influences of disturbance factors on habitat quality.The results demonstrated that the overall level of habitat quality in the TRB was poor,showing a continuous degradation state.The intensity of the negative correlation between habitat quality and Hemeroby index was proven to be strongest in cold spot areas,hot spot areas and random areas.The spatial lag model(SLM)was better suited to spatial regression analysis due to the spatial dependence of habitat quality and disturbance factors in heterogeneous units.By analyzing the model,Hemeroby index was found to have the greatest impact on habitat quality in the studied four periods(1990,2000,2010 and2018).The research results have potential guiding significance for the formulation of reasonable management policies in the TRB as well as other river basins in arid areas.     

Application of the InVEST model for assessing water yield and its response to precipitation and land use in the Weihe River Basin,China

With realizing the importance of ecosystem services to society, the efforts to evaluate the ecosystem services have increased. As the largest tributary of the Yellow River, the Weihe River has been endowed with many ecological service functions. Among which, water yield can be a measure of local availability of water and an index for evaluating the conservation function of the region. This study aimed to explore the temporal and spatial variation of water yield and its influencing factors in the Weihe River Basin (WRB), and provide basis for formulating reasonable water resources utilization schemes. Based on the InVEST (integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs) model, this study simulated the water yield in the WRB from 1985 to 2019, and discussed the impacts of climatic factors and land use change on water yield by spatial autocorrelation analysis and scenario analysis methods. The results showed that there was a slight increasing trend in water yield in the WRB over the study period with the increasing rate of 4.84 mm/10a and an average depth of 83.14 mm. The main water-producing areas were concentrated along the mainstream of the Weihe River and in the southern basin. Changes in water yield were comprehensively affected by climate and underlying surface factors. Precipitation was the main factor affecting water yield, which was consistent with water yield in time. And there existed significant spatial agglomeration between water yield and precipitation. Land use had little impact on the amount of water yield, but had an impact on its spatial distribution. Water yield was higher in areas with wide distribution of construction land and grassland. Water yield of different land use types were different. Unused land showed the largest water yield capacity, whereas grassland and farmland contributed most to the total water yield. The increasing water yield in the basin indicates an enhanced water supply service function of the ecosystem. These results are of great significance to the water resources management of the WRB.     

Quantitative distinction of the relative actions of climate change and human activities on vegetation evolution in the Yellow River Basin of China during 1981-2019

Under the combined influence of climate change and human activities, vegetation ecosystem has undergone profound changes. It can be seen that there are obvious differences in the evolution patterns and driving mechanisms of vegetation ecosystem in different historical periods. Therefore, it is urgent to identify and reveal the dominant factors and their contribution rates in the vegetation change cycle. Based on the data of climate elements (sunshine hours, precipitation and temperature), human activities (population intensity and GDP intensity) and other natural factors (altitude, slope and aspect), this study explored the spatial and temporal evolution patterns of vegetation NDVI in the Yellow River Basin of China from 1989 to 2019 through a residual method, a trend analysis, and a gravity center model, and quantitatively distinguished the relative actions of climate change and human activities on vegetation evolution based on Geodetector model. The results showed that the spatial distribution of vegetation NDVI in the Yellow River Basin showed a decreasing trend from southeast to northwest. During 1981-2019, the temporal variation of vegetation NDVI showed an overall increasing trend. The gravity centers of average vegetation NDVI during the study period was distributed in Zhenyuan County, Gansu Province, and the center moved northeastwards from 1981 to 2019. During 1981-2000 and 2001-2019, the proportion of vegetation restoration areas promoted by the combined action of climate change and human activities was the largest. During the study period (1981-2019), the dominant factors influencing vegetation NDVI shifted from natural factors to human activities. These results could provide decision support for the protection and restoration of vegetation ecosystem in the Yellow River Basin.     

黄河流域历史文化名城名镇名村的空间分异与影响因素分析

文中结合建设部和国家文物局发布的七个批次的国家级历史文化村镇数据和历史文化名城数据,综合利用最近邻指数法、GIS空间分析、地理探测器等分析方法,得出以下结论:1)全国尺度上,历史文化名城数量东西差异大,而历史文化村镇数量南北差异大。2)黄河流域历史文化名城分布比较均匀,而历史文化村镇属于集聚分布。3)因子影响程度上,人口要素、经济要素对历史文化名城名镇名村空间分异的影响程度较大,交通要素次之,自然要素的影响程度较小,另外不同因子对变量的影响方向具有差异性。4)人文环境、评审制度和传统风水理念也会对历史文化名城、名镇和名村造成不同程度的影响。通过分析历史文化名城、名镇和名村的地域分布和影响因素,有利于从空间上认识与保护黄河流域的历史文化资源,有助于揭示历史文化资源空间分异的背后影响机制,对黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展具有重要意义。     

黄河上游植被覆盖度空间分布特征及其影响因素

采用2000—2015年MODIS1M NDVI数据计算黄河上游年最大植被覆盖度 (FVC)，了解空间分布状况及变化特征；同时，采用了一种基于统计学原理的地理探测器模型，考虑非气候类环境因素、气候类环境因素和人类活动因素，使用相应的代理变量对黄河上游FVC空间分布的影响因素做定量研究。研究表明：① 黄河上游FVC总体上以改善为主，空间分布特征变化不大；② 单因子方面，降水量(q值0.669)是该地区FVC空间分布的主要影响因素，其他因子的影响作用存在区域差异；③ 降水分别和土壤类型、土地利用方式的交互作用(q值0.777、0.775)对研究区FVC空间分布起主导作用，土壤类型和土地利用的影响作用在一定高程、降水条件下才得以体现；④ 总体上，气候类环境因素>非气候类环境因素>人类活动因素，人类活动在与降水等环境因子的共同作用能够更充分地解释FVC空间分布；⑤ 对研究区的生态恢复应重点放在降水的充分利用和土地利用方式改进等方面。     

兰州市水资源价值计算研究

采用模糊数学方法,分析水资源价格的影响因素,确定黄河兰州段水资源价值的评价指标,计算兰州市水资源价值,得出水资源价格,为兰州市水价改革和水资源保护提供政策依据。     

2005-2015年石羊河流域生态系统服务时空分异

生态系统服务研究是目前生态学领域的热点和前沿。以石羊河流域为研究区，借助GIS技术和方法，对流域2005、2010年和2015年的水源涵养、土壤保持、水质净化、碳储存、生物多样性、食品供给6项服务进行定量评估，并对不同地类的服务变化规律及生态系统功能分区进行探索与研究。结果表明：① 各服务类型在空间上表现出差异性规律：水源涵养、生物多样性、碳储存在空间上呈现西南高东北低，高值沿河流及周围带状分布的空间格局；水质净化高值区分布较为零碎；武威、永昌和民勤盆地等地为食品供给服务的高值区。② 在不同土地利用类型中，草地和耕地是承担生态系统供给服务的关键角色。③ 研究区划分为3项生态功能区，即祁连山生态保育区、流域绿洲生态功能区、荒漠生态功能区。通过对石羊河流域生态系统服务时空分异特征进行深入分析，以期为相关研究提供数据和方法支持，并为相关流域生态保护与建设目标提供科学参考。     

Development of a large-scale remote sensing ecological index in arid areas and its application in the Aral Sea Basin

The Aral Sea Basin in Central Asia is an important geographical environment unit in the center of Eurasia.It is of great significance to the ecological protection and sustainable development of Central Asia to carry out dynamic monitoring and effective evaluation of the eco-environmental quality of the Aral Sea Basin.In this study,the arid remote sensing ecological index(ARSEI)for large-scale arid areas was developed,which coupled the information of the greenness index,the salinity index,the humidity index,the heat index,and the land degradation index of arid areas.The ARSEI was used to monitor and evaluate the eco-environmental quality of the Aral Sea Basin from 2000 to 2019.The results show that the greenness index,the humidity index and the land degradation index had a positive impact on the quality of the ecological environment in the Aral Sea Basin,while the salinity index and the heat index exerted a negative impact on the quality of the ecological environment.The eco-environmental quality of the Aral Sea Basin demonstrated a trend of initial improvement,followed by deterioration,and finally further improvement.The spatial variation of these changes was significant.From 2000 to 2019,grassland and wasteland(saline alkali land and sandy land)in the central and western parts of the basin had the worst ecological environment quality.The areas with poor ecological environment quality are mainly distributed in rivers,wetlands,and cultivated land around lakes.During the period from 2000 to 2019,except for the surrounding areas of the Aral Sea,the ecological environment quality in other areas of the Aral Sea Basin has been improved in general.The correlation coefficients between the change in the eco-environmental quality and the heat index and between the change in the eco-environmental quality and the humidity index were–0.593 and 0.524,respectively.Climate conditions and human activities have led to different combinations of heat and humidity changes in the eco-environmental quality of the Aral Sea Basin.However,human activities had a greater impact.The ARSEI can quantitatively and intuitively reflect the scale and causes of large-scale and long-time period changes of the eco-environmental quality in arid areas;it is very suitable for the study of the eco-environmental quality in arid areas.     

基于文化挖掘的城市旅游形象的定位——以兰州市为例

在对甘肃省的整体旅游形象和兰州市旅游形象的感知以及兰州市旅游意象构成要素调查的基础上,对地方文脉进行了深入地剖析,运用数理统计分析和CIS方法,将兰州旅游形象的文化识别概括为:黄河文化、渡口文化、桥和山水文化、城市和建筑文化、民族文化、丝路文化;将兰州市旅游意象的精邃归纳为:河-渡-桥-路-山-水-城.结合市场调查,突出兰州的历史文化地位和地理文脉,将兰州旅游形象的一级理念定位为:"千古丝路集散地,山水秀美黄河城";结合兰州旅游的地方性,可以设计出兰州的二级旅游理念:"黄河之都" ;"天下黄河第一城".在此基础上,建立兰州旅游形象系统及宣传口号.     

Spatiotemporal variation of forest land and its driving factors in the agropastoral ecotone of northern China

As an important natural resource,forest land plays a key role in the maintenance of ecological security.However,variations of forest land in the agropastoral ecotone of northern China(AENC)have attracted little attention.Taking the AENC as an example and based on remote-sensing images from 2000,2010 to 2020,we explored the spatiotemporal variation of forest land and its driving factors using the land-use transfer matrix,spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial error model.The results showed that from 2000 to 2020,the total area of forest land in the AENC increased from 75,547.52 to 77,359.96 km² and the changes were dominated by the transformations among forest land,grassland and cropland,which occurred mainly in areas with the elevation of 500-2000 m and slope of 15°-25°.There was obvious spatial agglomeration of forest land in the AENC from 2000 to 2020,with hot spots of forest land gathered in the southern marginal areas of the Yanshan Mountains and the low mountainous and hilly areas of the Loess Plateau.The sub-hot spots around hot spots moved southward,the sub-cold spots spread to the surrounding areas and the cold spots disappeared.The spatiotemporal variation of forest land resulted from the interactions of natural environment,socioeconomic and policy factors from 2000 to 2020.The variables of average annual precipitation,slope,terrain relief,ecological conversion program and afforestation policy for barren mountains affected the spatial pattern of forest land positively,while those of annual average temperature,slope and road network density influenced it negatively.     

干旱地区生态移民土地利用变化生态风险 ——以宁夏红寺堡区为例

以全国最大的移民安置中心——红寺堡区为研究对象，基于1995、2000、2005、2010年和2015年五期遥感数据，采用RS和GIS技术，选取土地利用程度、耕地垦殖指数、景观多样性指数和景观破碎度等指数构建生态风险指数模型，并运用生态风险模型和空间分析方法对红寺堡区1995—2015年的土地利用变化及其生态风险的时空分布特征进行分析。结果显示：研究时段内草地面积下降明显，共减少29 494 hm²，耕地、林地、水域和建设用地面积呈上升趋势，其中建设用地面积增幅最大，而未利用地面积虽波动明显，但研究时段始末变化不大；1995—2015年研究区生态风险不断下降，生态风险指数由1995年0.3972下降至2015年的0.3235；红寺堡生态移民安置区各乡镇生态风险空间分布变化较大，不同类型区间均有转换，且不具有规律性，1995—2005年间以最高风险区和较高风险区为主，2005—2015年间以中等风险区和较低风险区为主。通过地理探测器对影响红寺堡生态移民安置区生态风险因子进行探测发现，林地、草地和植被覆盖度等指标因子对安置区生态风险具有较大影响，因此在通过扬黄灌溉工程和基本农田建设，增强农田生产能力，保障生态移民安置区经济发展和生态安全的同时，应注重安置区生态用地面积的增加与建设，以此来增加安置区植被覆盖度和降低其生态风险程度；生态保护、摆脱贫困和经济发展是生态移民的主要方向，因此红寺堡安置区在发展过程中在追求经济实力提升的同时，也要注重生态安全的保障，将生态安全放在全区发展的重要位置。     

基于水资源和气候系统影响下的黑河流域生态环境变迁研究

分析了黑河流域生态环境恶化的现状和主要特征,主要表现为沙化加剧,绿洲萎缩;河水断流,湖泊干涸;地下水位下降,水质恶化等。在此基础上分析认为;水分条件是导致生态系统状态变化的主要驱动力,但气候变化在一定程度上加剧了生态环境恶化的进程和严重程度。因此,保护黑河流域本已非常脆弱的生态环境主要从研究水问题入手。除了调整种植业结构,大力发展节水农业;加强水资源管理以及普及节水意识等方面外,更重要的是要创新水问题研究思路,实行虚拟水战略。     

新疆玛纳斯河流域绿洲景观生态脆弱性时空分异

以2000年、2005年和2014年3期Landsat TM影像为基础数据,运用景观敏感度和景观适应度指数构建景观生态脆弱度评价模型,采用空间分析方法和统计学方法研究其时空分异特征以及空间关联格局,结果表明:(1)2000—2014年,耕地、建设用地和未利用地增加、林地减少较快,水域和草地缓慢减少,流域景观生态脆弱性呈上升趋势。其中,2005年以后脆弱性上升明显,结构性因素对景观格局变化的影响逐渐增大,但非结构性因素始终居于主要地位。(2)流域景观生态脆弱性具有高度的空间自相关性,表现为明显的空间关联性和空间依赖性,呈高-高集聚和低-低集聚、趋同空间正相关格局。(3)脆弱性空间分异较为显著。2000年以较低和中等脆弱区为主,两者所占面积比例为57.36%,较高和高脆弱区分布在西北部;2005年大部分地区处于较低和中等脆弱区,流域中下游较高脆弱区向东部延伸;2014年脆弱度水平明显增大,高脆弱区所占面积比例为10.9%,较高和高脆弱区向中游以及中上游扩张,城市空间扩张和建设用地扩大是导致脆弱度增大的主要动因。(4)中上游脆弱性空间扩张强度、方向、趋势与中下游脆弱性变化密切相关,说明人工绿洲建设进入高强度集聚规模和大规模生态外部性的空间发展阶段,应加强全流域统筹、全要素规划、全过程管理的生态建设与重构。     

Spatiotemporal evolution and prediction of habitat quality in Hohhot City of China based on the InVEST and CA-Markov models

With the acceleration of urbanization, changes in the urban ecological environment and landscape pattern have led to a series of prominent ecological environmental problems. In order to better coordinate the balanced relationship between city and ecological environment, we selected land use change data to evaluate the habitat quality in Hohhot City of China, which is of great practical significance for regional urban and economic development. Thus, the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST) and Cellular Automata-Markov (CA-Markov) models were used to analyze, predict, and explore the Spatiotemporal evolution path and characteristics of urban land use, and forecast the typical evolution pattern of land use in 2030. The results showed that the land use types in Hohhot City changed significantly from 2000 to 2020, and the biggest change took place in cultivated land, grassland, shrub, and artificial surface. The decrease of cultivated land area and the increase of artificial surface area were the main impact trend of land use change. The average value of habitat quality had been decreasing continuously from 2000 to 2020, and the values of habitat degradation were 0.2605, 0.2494, and 0.2934 in 2000, 2010, and 2020, respectively, showing a decreasing trend. The decrease of habitat quality was caused by the needs of economic development and urban construction, as well as the impact of land occupation. During this evolution, many cultivated land and urban grassland had been converted into construction land. The simulated land use changes in 2030 are basically the same as those during 2000-2020, and the habitat quality will still be declining. The regional changes are influenced by the urban rapid development and industrial layout. These results can provide decision-making reference for regional urban planning and management as well as habitat quality evaluation.     

兰州经济区土地利用空间结构变化分析

兰州经济区位于西陇海-兰新经济带甘肃段中段,是黄河上游经济区的核心。本文在全面分析了兰州经济区1990~2000年土地利用数量变化、空间变化的基础上,提出了今后兰州经济区土地空间结构优化的思路,从而为土地资源的管理和持续利用提供有效的决策支持。     

基于生态需水配置的额济纳绿洲恢复方案

在简要分析额济纳地区水分-绿洲驱动演变的基础上,分析了额济纳地区未来供水条件,并从生态系统的需水机理出发,提出了基于生态功能考虑的干旱区生态需水量计算方法。以《黑河流域近期治理规划》提出的分水指标和生态恢复水平为依据,综合考虑绿洲规模和生态功能之间的竞争关系,以生态需水为主要配制指标,提出了近期2010年额济纳绿洲的恢复方案。     

兰州市旅游形象资源与旅游形象定位研究

本文在对甘肃省的整体旅游形象感知和对兰州市旅游形象的感知以及兰州市旅游意象构成要素调查的基础上,并且对地方文脉进行了深入地剖析,运用数理统计分析和CIS方法,将兰州旅游形象的文化识别概括为:黄河文化、渡口文化、桥和山水文化、城市和建筑文化、民族文化、丝路文化;将兰州市旅游意象的精邃归纳为:河—渡—桥—路—山—水—城。结合市场调查,突出兰州的历史文化地位和地理文脉,将兰州旅游形象的一级理念定位为:"千古丝路集散地,山水秀美黄河城";结合兰州旅游的地方性,可以设计出兰州的二级旅游理念:"黄河之都";"天下黄河第一城"。在此基础上建立兰州旅游形象系统及宣传口号。     

黄河兰州段多环芳烃生态风险的初步评价

以黄河兰州段11个不同采样点3种多环芳烃的临测浓度及其对6～38种水生生物的LC50为基础资料,分别应用商值法、概率密度函数重叠面积和联合概率曲线3种风险浮价方法对黄河兰州段苯并(a)芘、荧蒽、芘的生态风险进行了评价.结果表明:黄河兰州段3种PAHs残留具有一定的生态风险.其中低暴露风险条件下(受威胁生物不超过1%),...     

新疆和田河流域土地利用及其生态服务价值变化

土地利用结构决定土地生态系统服务价值,生态服务价值也反映了土地利用结构的生态优劣.基于遥感和GIS技术及数理统计学方法,利用1990年、1999年、2002年和2005年遥感影像解译得到的4期土地利用数据,对和田河流域1990-2005年土地利用变化进行定量分析,估算出研究区15年间的生态服务价值变化量.结果表明:①耕地、林地和城乡建设用地面积增加,草地、水域和未利用地面积减少;研究区土地利用处于发展时期,土地利用综合程度日益提高;优势度没有发生明显的变化,未利用地一直最高.②土地生态系统服务价值量有所增加,土地利用总体生态效应趋良.但环境也存在着局部恶化,主要表现在上游山地生态系统冰川退缩、天然植被退化;中游绿洲生态系统耕地扩张迅速,土壤盐渍化,人工渠、水库增加显著;下游荒漠生态系统植被退化,水资源严重不足,土地沙漠化.