Flow direction characteristics in the vicinity of the spark plug in an S. I. Engine

The flame speed may be decomposed into the burning speed and the flame transport speed. The flame transport speed is affected considerably by the flow direction, variation rate of flow direction, and flow speed in the combustion chamber. Especially, the flow direction and the variation rate of flow direction at the spark plug location during the ignition period have an important effect on the ignition process and the early flame propagation process. We measured the flow direction component and the variation rate of flow direction with a hot wire probe at the spark plug location. It was shown that the representative flow direction of ignition period is the right-vertical direction of crank shaft and it was used to investigate the variation rate of flow direction.     

Effect of tool tilt angle on machining strip width in five-axis flat-end milling of free-form surfaces

This paper examines the effect of tool tilt angle on machining strip width in the determination of optimal tool orientation and feed direction in five-axis flat-end milling. The machining strip width is evaluated using the swept profile of the flat-end mill, avoiding both local and global gouging of the tool. An optimization problem is formulated to maximize the machining strip width over feasible gouge-free tool orientations for a constant-feed direction. By solving the optimization problem and analyzing the geometry of the machining strip width, it is shown that identifying the optimal tool tilt angle, instead of following the common practice of setting the tool tilt angle as zero, can significantly increase the machining strip width, especially for 3D free-form surface machining. The optimization has also been extended to identify the optimal feed direction that maximizes the machining strip width at a given cutter contact (CC) point. The minimum curvature direction has been considered as the optimal feed direction at a CC point by researchers. Our results indicate that although the minimum curvature direction is mostly not the optimal feed direction in free-form surface machining, the minimum curvature direction does represent a good approximation of the optimal feed direction at a CC point, in particular for a free-form surface with low-curvature relative to the tool size.     

用作图法判定航空相机TDI CCD积分方向

由于Time Delay and Integration CCD(TDI CCD)是一种类似面阵结构的线阵输出CCD,其光电荷转移具有一定的方向性,所以TDI CCD图像传感器的积分方向与CCD成像运动方向必须保持一定的关系才能成像。本文以推扫成像相机和摆扫成像相机为例,介绍了一种基于高斯成像原理的作图法,用以确定TDI CCD积分方向与传感器成像运动方向的关系,分析和论证表明,TDI CCD的积分方向必须与地物在像面上的像移方向一致。 实践证明这种方法可以清楚、简便、快速地确定TDI CCD的积分方向,从而确定TDI CCD的安装方向,适宜在实际的工程设计中采用。     

一种新型结构风机设计及其性能测试

为满足工业领域对高压比、低流量风机的需求,设计了一种新型结构的小尺寸、高压比、低流量风机。该风机在结构上不同于轴向进风、轴向出风的轴流风机,也不同于轴向进风、径向出风的离心风机,而是采用了径向进风、径向出风的结构。文章对该风机的结构特点、工作原理进行了详细介绍,并对风机的流量和压力进行了初步测试。测试结果表明:该新型结构风机在叶轮直径为110 mm,电机转速为6000 r/min的工况下,极限压力可高达7.4 kPa,极限流量可高达226.69 L/min。     

应用Gabor滤波器和局部边缘概率直方图的全局纹理方向性度量

为了构建人机识别纹理方向性模型,提出了一种图像全局纹理方向性的度量算法。首先,设计Gabor滤波器以减小次要方向分量,增强描述纹理的全局方向性分量。然后,构造局部边缘概率直方图,描述纹理方向性的整体分布,定量给出全局方向性度量值。最后,在Tamura纹理模型实验集以及Brodatz纹理图像库上,测试比较了用不同测度算法度量全局纹理方向性的精度。结果显示,在两类纹理图像库上所获得的测试值均与人类视觉感知保持了较高的一致性,其精度比其它算法可高出10%,表明论文所提的全局纹理方向性度量算法可以满足精度要求更高的人机纹理识别模型。     

三维精密位移系统的设计

为满足精密位移的需要,研究开发了一种大行程、纳米级和计量型三维精密位移系统。采用模块化结构设计,即3个方向的驱动机构均采用完全相同的设计结构,分别称为X、Y、Z向一维工作台。位移系统在X、Y、Z3个方向采用粗、精两级驱动,并分别装有计量光栅。各方向粗驱动采用交流伺服电机配合精密丝杠和直线导轨进行,精驱动采用压电陶瓷微位移器配合柔性铰链进行,每个方向的两级驱动共用一套计量光栅,从而保证了位移系统的大行程、纳米级和计量型。介绍了位移系统的结构设计,分析了位移系统的位移分辨率、计量原理以及它的运动性能。实验表明,在40mm位移行程内,X、Y和Z向工作台两级驱动实际位移与设定位移之差分别不超过±0.030、±0.028和±0.033μm,验证了位移系统设计的有效性,为位移系统的设计提供了依据。     

可分离双参考光两次曝光全息法测机械变形方向

提出用可分离双参考光两次曝光全息测量物体变形方向的方法,设计的光络系统用两个平面反射镜将一束扩展激光束分成两束参考光和一束物光,藉此记录物体变形下的可分离双参考光两次曝光全息干涉图。这种干涉图含有物体变形的数值和方向的两种信息,从理论上对此作了分析,叙述了测量物体变形方向的方法,给出了试验结果。     

四自由度压电微夹钳的设计

为降低微夹钳前端执行机构的复杂度,探索四自由度压电微夹钳的实现问题。通过在被设计成夹钳形状的两个压电单晶片的非黏结面上制作相互绝缘的驱动电极,且使两个非黏结面上驱动电极相互对齐的方法,设计出了可同时产生夹持方向与垂直于夹持方向位移的四自由度压电微夹钳;采用压电悬臂梁变形理论,推导出了钳指位移同钳指几何参数、驱动电压的关系,进而在对钳指进行尺寸优化的基础上,采用有限元方法分析了其静动态特性;最后,对微夹钳的静动态特性进行了测试,结果表明：当驱动电压为60 V时,左钳指、右钳指在夹持方向上的位移分别为25.7 μm、26.1 μm,左、右钳指在垂直于夹持方向上的位移分别为33.5 μm、32.8 μm,钳指位移具有很好的重复性;微夹钳在夹持方向和垂直于夹持方向的固有频率分别为2.35 kHz、0.62 kHz;在15 V的阶跃电压作用下,微夹钳在夹持方向和垂直于夹持方向的响应时间均为0.23 s。     

面向可装配性评价的零件插装方向自动提取方法

零件插装方向是影响产品可装配性的主要特征之一,其自动化提取对于提高可装配性评价的效率具有重要意义。本文提出了一种面向机器人装配的可装配性评价的零件插装方向自动化提取方法,根据给定的产品装配序列及计算机辅助设计信息,运用几何推理技术判断产品零件间的装配关系,建立产品装配关系模型,并基于自由度分析导出零件插装方向。     

Strain energy release maximization model for evolution of recrystallization textures

In 1995, the author advanced a model for the evolution of recrystallization texture, in which the absolute maximum internal stress direction due to dislocations generated during deformation or fabrication in the deformed material is aligned with the minimum Young's modulus direction in recrystallized grains, whereby the energy release during recrystallization can be maximized. This comes from the fact that the material concerned does not macroscopically change its shape and volume during recrystallization, and so the recrystallization is a displacement-controlled process. This strain energy release maximization model originates from the presumption that the stored energy due to dislocations is the major driving force for the recrystallization. The absolute maximum internal stress direction may be obtained from the operating slip systems, which are related to the deformation mode and texture. If one slip system is activated, the absolute maximum normal stress direction is parallel to the slip direction, or the Burgers vector direction. If more than one slip system is activated, the absolute maximum normal stress direction can be determined by the vector sum of related slip directions, by taking into account their contribution to slip. This paper reviews recrystallization textures of plastically deformed metals, based on the SERM model.     

Comparative relationships of direct, indirect, and semi-direct ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements in concrete

An experimental study is conducted to compare direct, indirect and semi-direct ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurements on a total of 30 concrete blocks 30 × 30 × 25 cm³ in size that came from different mix batches and have cube compressive strength grades varying between 18.8 and 79.9 MPa. The correlations are established between the direct UPV and indirect UPV in the concrete casting direction as well as in the horizontal direction and semi-direct UPV measurements via statistical analysis. The statistical analysis reveals that the average value of direct UPV is 9%, 4%, and 4% higher than the average of indirect UPV in the casting direction, indirect UPV in the horizontal direction, and semi-direct UPV, respectively. The average value of indirect UPV in the horizontal direction is 5% higher than that in the casting direction. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

一种新型三维精密位移系统的设计与分析

研究开发了一种新型的大行程、纳米级和计量型三维精密位移系统。精密位移系统采用模块化结构设计，三个方向的驱动机构均采用完全相同的设计结构，分别称为X、Y、Z向一维工作台。位移系统在X、Y、Z三个方向采用粗、精两级驱动，并分别装有计量光栅。其中X、Y两个方向的驱动机构水平放置且为上下层叠式，Z方向上的驱动机构垂直放置。各方向粗驱动采用交流伺服电机配合精密丝杠和直线导轨进行驱动，精驱动采用压电陶瓷微位移器配合柔性铰链进行驱动，每个方向的两级驱动共用一套计量光栅，从而保证了位移系统的大行程、纳米级和计量型。介绍了位移系统的结构设计，分析了位移系统的位移分辨率、位移系统的计量原理以及位移系统的运动性能，从而为位移系统的设计提供理论依据。     

不同试样方位对摩擦磁记忆信号形成与检测的影响

采用40Cr Mo块试样与316 L销试样组成销-块摩擦副,在地磁场环境下进行摩擦磁记忆试验,研究不同检测方位对摩擦磁记忆信号检测结果的影响,以及不同摩擦方位对摩擦磁记忆信号形成过程的影响。试验结果表明:摩擦磁记忆信号切向分量能够准确地表征磨痕的位置与长度;不同检测方位对摩擦磁记忆信号的检测结果产生影响,该影响与检测方位下的地磁场强度有关,地磁场强度越大,对试样磨痕的磁化能力越强,摩擦磁记忆信号值与地磁场强度的差值越大;保持检测方位不变,不同摩擦方位对摩擦磁记忆形成过程基本没有影响。     

轴对称塑性变形区内一点流动方向的探索

为研究塑性变形体中金属流动方向与局部应力场之间的关系,首先给出塑性变形中局部应力场的平均应力梯度的近似求解算法,并计算圆柱体镦粗、圆环镦粗和正挤压塑性区等典型轴对称应力场中各点的平均应力梯度方向。将应力场中各点的平均应力梯度方向和速度方向同时可视化,并对比统计二者的相似程度,结果显示在轴对称应力场中质点的流动方向与平均应力梯度方向大致保持一致。将变形区中各点的运动分解为刚体运动和相对运动(流动)两个分量,认为刚体运动主要由工具运动决定;在不考虑刚体运动的情况下,轴对称塑性变形区中的质点流动方向与附近区域的局部应力场在该点的平均应力梯度方向大致保持一致。     

装配路径规划中基于动态坐标的A*搜索算法

在装配路径规划中，最常用的方法是A^*搜索算法，通过两个实例说明在实体模型空间中，由于节点的扩展方向和运动方向不一致，导致A^*算法失败和算法复杂性的增加。在总结传统的A^*搜索算法的基础上，本文提出了动态坐标的A^*搜索算法。通过变换坐标，使节点扩展方向和运动方向始终保持一致，从而解决了由于节点扩展方向和被规划物体运动方向不一致所导致的算法失败。最后给出了变换坐标的原则，证明了动态坐标的A^*搜索算法的收敛性，并进行了复杂性分析。     

晶体倍频中光波折射对相位匹配的影响

晶体倍频中当晶体表面法线与相位匹配方向不一致时 ,需调整入射光方向使相位失配最小。讨论了光波折射对相位匹配的影响 ,提出了精确确定入射光方向的方法 ,此方法既可用于单轴晶体 ,也可用于双轴晶体。     

The frictional behavior of mild steel under horizontal vibration

The present paper investigates experimentally the effect of external horizontal vibration on friction property of mild steel. To do so, a pin-on-disc apparatus having facility of vibrating the test samples in horizontal direction was designed and fabricated. Horizontal vibration is created along the sliding direction of vibration and perpendicular to the direction of vibration. The experimental setup has the facility to vary the amplitudes and frequencies of vibration while velocity of vibration is kept constant. During the experiment, the frequency and amplitude of vibration were varied from 0 to 500 Hz and 0 to 200 μm, respectively. Results show that the friction coefficient increases with the increase in amplitude and frequency of vibration for mild steel. The horizontal vibration can be of two types: one along the direction of sliding (longitudinal direction) and the other along the perpendicular direction of sliding (transverse direction). For both the cases, test sample slides horizontally. It is found that the magnitude of friction coefficient for longitudinal vibration is less than that for under transverse vibration. These results are analyzed by dimensional analysis to correlate the friction coefficient with sliding velocity, frequency and amplitude of vibration. The experimental results are also compared with those available in literature and simple physical explanations are provided.     

连续多点成形中的成形载荷分析

研制了连续多点成形装置来完成三维曲面工件的高效、柔性加工,并对其成形载荷的变化趋势以及不同工艺参数对成形载荷的影响进行了研究.首先,介绍了连续多点成形原理;基于一定的假设条件,建立了成形载荷的理论公式;以双曲率元件为研究对象,建立有限元模型,分析了y方向载荷、z方向载荷以及合成载荷的变化情况.接着,分析了上辊压下量、板材厚度以及柔性辊曲率半径对成形载荷的影响.最后,设计出成形装置并进行实验.结果表明,y方向载荷最大值为6.693 kN,成形载荷的最大值为6.716 kN,成形载荷主要由y方向载荷决定;z方向载荷最大值为1.412 kN,为驱动工件运动的力;随上辊压下量的增加、板材厚度的增加以及柔性辊曲率半径的减小,y方向载荷均增加.成形载荷的变化情况与实际情况吻合,为成形装置的研制提供了指导作用.实验结果证明,连续多点成形是一种连续、高效、柔性的三维曲面成形方法.     

Influence of processing parameters on wear resistance of nanostructured OFHC copper manufactured by large strain extrusion machining

The tribological behaviour of three ultra-fine grained oxygen-free high conductivity (OFHC) copper materials manufactured by large strain extrusion machining (LSEM), under variable shear strain, is studied under ball-on-flat reciprocating configuration and compared with that of conventional microstructured copper. The results are discussed as a function of microstructure and sliding direction. The lowest wear volume is obtained when the sliding takes place in the perpendicular direction to that of grain orientation. The highest wear resistance is observed for nanostructured copper material with an elongated grain structure in the extrusion direction. The wear resistance of this anisotropic material depends on the sliding direction. Wear mechanisms are discussed from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) observations.     

轴流通风机叶轮内部流动损失数学模型的研究

研究了轴流通风机叶轮内部压力损失沿径向分布的不均匀性,提出了一种叶轮内部压力损失分布数学模型.