食管心电生理对照动态心电图评估植物神经所致窦房结和房室结功能不全及其预后

目的：探讨食管心电生理及２４小时动态心电图评估植物神经致窦房结和房室结功能不全及其预后。方法：用食管心电生理检测阿托品用药前后各生理参数，对比２４小时动态心电图监测及远期随访。结果：５８例病态窦房结综合征患者依据心电生理及２４小时动态心电图表现分为３型：Ｉ型为窦房结功能抑制型；Ｉ型为房室传导功能减退型；ＩＩ型为双结病变型。ＩＩ型黑或晕厥发生率（７５％）明显高于其它类型。有症状者２４小时动态心电图平均间歇时间２．４２±０．２４秒，显著长于无症状者１．６８±０．１６秒（Ｐ＜０．０１），与窦房结恢复时间存在明显正相关（ｒ＝０．４２，Ｐ＜０．０５）。经４．２±１．２年远期随访，其中６例因病情需要安装永久型起搏器，其后生活质量明显改善，无一例发生持续严重房室传导阻滞。结论：迷走神经是影响窦房结、房室结功能的重要外源性因素，食管心电生理与２４小时动态心电图对病态窦房结综合征的评估具有重要临床价值；起搏治疗可明显改善病态窦房结综合征患者的生活质量，对远期预后影响不大；房室传导阻滞远期发生率小。     

126例血管迷走性晕厥临床资料分析

为总结血管迷走性晕厥（ＶＳ）的临床规律性,对１２６例倾斜试验（ＴＴＴ）阳性诊断为ＶＳ患者的临床表现、心电图、血压情况和其中５６例动态心电图、２５例动态血压检测资料进行分析,并与ＴＴＴ试验阴性的１８例患者动态心电图检测和１２例患者动态血压、偶测血压结果进行比较。结果表明ＶＳ患者的临床表现变异较大。动态心电图检测发现晕厥组３５例出现心率突然变慢、２１例出现白天最慢心率低于夜间最慢心率的现象,而对照组无一例类似情况（３５／５６,２１／５６ｖｓ０,Ｐ均＜０．０５）。２４ｈ动态血压检测发现晕厥组９例日间最低血压低于夜间最低血压,而对照组无此现象（９／２５ｖｓ０,Ｐ＜０．０５）。结果提示对临床上仅有近似晕厥症状者,如果动态心电图和动态血压检测出现上述改变,则对诊断ＶＳ有较强提示作用。     

直立倾斜试验中血压、心率及血浆去甲肾上腺素变化意义的初步探讨

目的：研究直立倾斜试验（ＨＵＴ）中平均动脉压、心率及血浆去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）水平变化。方法：３５例不明原因晕厥患者及１５名正常对照者行ＨＵＴ时，观察平均动脉压、心率及ＮＥ的改变。结果：平卧位及直立倾斜后５分钟ＨＵＴ阳性（Ｉ组）、阴性（Ｉ组）和对照（ＩＩ组）３组平均动脉压、心率及ＮＥ无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。ＨＵＴ检查结束时，Ｉ组平均动脉压、心率较平卧位显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），而Ｉ、ＩＩ组较平卧位则上升（Ｐ＜０．０５）；Ｉ组与ＩＩ、ＩＩ组有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。血浆ＮＥ水平３组均较平卧位有显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０５），但３组之间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：ＨＵＴ时不能仅仅依据血浆ＮＥ水平来判断体内交感神经张力的高低。     

病窦综合征的动态心电图评估及预后

９５例病窦综合征（ＳＳＳ）病人依据动态心电图（ＤＣＧ）表现，分为Ⅰ型：严重而持续的窦性心动过缓（窦缓）；Ⅱ型：窦缓伴窦性停搏或窦房阻滞；Ⅲ型：慢快综合征；Ⅳ型：双结病变。其中双结病变型晕厥或黑朦发生率（７０．６％）明显高于其他各型。临床表现晕厥或黑朦者ＤＣＧ平均间歇时间为４．９±０．７秒，显著长于无症状者（２．６±０．１ｓ），Ｐ＜０．００１。９５例中２２例行电生理检查。将Ⅱ型和Ⅳ型中有电生理检查结果的１５例依据窦性暂停或窦房阻滞时间分为间歇时间≥３ｓ组和间歇时间＜３ｓ组，发现平均ＳＮＲＴ前者（３１５７±３６８ｍｓ）显著长于后者（１９５２±２１８ｍｓ），Ｐ＜０．０５。ＤＣＧ间歇时间与ＳＮＲＴ间存在明显的正相关（ｒ＝０．６，Ｐ＜０．０５）。对未用起搏治疗的５６例进行了平均为期９年半的长期随访，结果显示该组病例有相当长的自然病史，随访期间无死于本综合征者。结论：ＤＣＧ作为无创伤性检测方法，在对ＳＳＳ的评估中具有不可替代的作用。起搏治疗虽可显著改善ＳＳＳ病人生活质量，但对远期预后影响不大。     

糖尿病合并缺血性心脏病患者的心率变异分析

目的：糖尿病患者大部分死于心血管系统并发症，近来证明心率变异性是反映心脏自主神经活动的一项无创性指标，本文旨在研究ＩＩ型糖尿病合并缺血性心脏病患者的心率变异性。方法：应用２４小时动态心电图测定了７２例ＩＩ型糖尿病患者心率变异指数和心率，并与５０例年龄、性别配对的正常人比较。结果：ＩＩ型糖尿病患者心率变异指数比正常人明显减低（２３．４４±７．８７比３８．７３±１０．６８，Ｐ＜０．０１）。且２４小时平均心率和最慢心率比正常人增快（７８．６±８．５比７０．３±６．２，Ｐ＜０．０１；５７．０±８．９比４８．６±５．２，Ｐ＜０．０１）。其中２２例合并缺血性心脏病患者心率变异指数减低的阳性率明显高于其它ＩＩ型糖尿病患者（８２％比４８％，Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：ＩＩ型糖尿病患者交感神经张力升高，迷走神经张力减低，伴有缺血性心脏病患者更显著，这可能意味着患者日后发生心性猝死的危险性增加。     

乙型肝炎及原发性肝癌患者sIL-2R的变化

目的探讨ｓＩＬ２Ｒ水平与乙型肝炎病情的关系及其在原发性肝癌早期诊断中的价值．方法以ＥＬＩＳＡ法动态检测１１３例乙型肝炎及６例原发性肝癌患者ｓＩＬ２Ｒ水平，另选３１例健康体检者作对照组．结果以ｑ检验、ｔ检验进行统计学处理（微机处理，ＰＯＭＳ２００版）．结果各型乙型肝炎ｓＩＬ２Ｒ水平均显著高于正常对照（ＮＣ）组（Ｐ＜００１），其顺序依次为：ＨＣＣ＞ＣＳＨ＞ＣＨ（ＩＩ）＞ＬＣ＞ＣＨ（ＩＩ）＞ＡＨ＞ＣＨ（Ｉ）＞ＮＣ．ＨＣＣ组ｓＩＬ２Ｒ均值达正常值的２倍以上，且与ＣＨ（Ｉ），ＣＨ（Ｉ），ＡＨ间存在显著性差异（Ｐ＜００１，＜００５及＜００５）；ＣＨ（ＩＩ）组显著高于ＣＨ（Ｉ）组（Ｐ＜００１）．ＨＢｅＡｇ阳性组及ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阳性组ｓＩＬ２Ｒ水平显著高于阴性组．结论ｓＩＬ２Ｒ是监测乙型肝炎病情、ＨＢＶ复制及诊断早期原发性肝癌的一项敏感标志．     

老年冠心病、高血压无症状性心肌缺血及缺血发生时的心率与血压变化

目的评价老年冠心病及高血压无症状心肌缺血（ＳＭＩ）及相应的心率与血压反应。方法冠心病组５３例，高血压组４５例，同步进行动态心电图、动态血压监测。结果二组缺血型ＳＴ改变为７１．７％与２８．９％，ＳＴ降低幅度２．９±１．４与１．５±０．５ｍｍ，心肌缺血６２７与１０５阵次，其中ＳＭＩ４９３与９３阵次（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１）。缺血发生时心率９８±１６ｍｉｎ比发作前６８±８ｍｉｎ、发作后７７±９ｍｉｎ都高（Ｐ＜０．０１），缺血程度与心率呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．８６５３，Ｐ＜０．００１）；伴心率增加的心肌缺血发作时ＳＢＰ增加２１±１６ｍｍＨｇ，缺血程度与ＳＢＰ改变呈正相关（ｒ＝０．６２５，Ｐ＜０．０５），心率增加不明显或下降者缺血发生时ＳＢＰ改变不明显。结论老年冠心病及高血压患者常出现短暂性心肌缺血，而且多为ＳＭＩ，心肌缺血时常伴有心率、血压的改变。同步动态心电图、动态血压监测能了解心肌缺血时心率及血压的变化情况，为临床治疗选择动态的给药方法提供可靠的依据。     

经食管心房起搏对心脏抑制型血管迷走性晕厥作用的探讨

为评价心脏起搏对心脏抑制型血管迷走性晕厥（ＣＩＶＶＳ）的作用,对２５例首次倾斜试验（ＨＵＴ）阳性并表现为ＣＩＶＶＳ的病人行重复ＨＵＴ,当病人出现心动过缓时,以７２ｂｐｍ的频率经食管心房起搏（ＴＥＡＰ）。２５例中有１８例病人出现心率减慢,其中１例在起搏前即出现晕厥伴低血压;另１７例行ＴＥＡＰ,２例出现房室阻滞伴晕厥,１５例起搏心率维持在７２ｂｐｍ,但起搏７．３７±４．３０（４～１８）ｓ后,病人出现晕厥或先兆晕厥,平均动脉压由８８．８８±１０．０８ｍｍＨｇ降至５５．８６±１２．１８ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示ＴＥＡＰ不能预防ＣＩＶＶＳ晕厥的发生。     

急性心肌梗死心率变异性与临床背景的关系

分析８４例急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）后两周患者的心率变异性（ＨＲＶ），旨在了解ＡＭＩ后ＨＲＶ与临床资料的关系。结果：１．ＨＲＶ各项指标与年龄呈负相关，女性患者的ＨＲＶ较男性低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。２．ＨＲＶ与左室射血分数、心肌梗死部位及是否合并高血压无明显关系，但糖尿病患者时域指标中的Ｓｔ．ｇｅｏｒｇｅｓ指数较无糖尿病患者显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）。３．心室晚电位阳性者的ＨＲＶ时域指标ＳＤ、Ｓｔ．ｇｅｏｒｇｅｓ指数较阴性者显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：年龄、性别、晚电位及糖尿病对ＨＲＶ有影响     

冠心病患者心率变异向量长度和角度指数的非线性分析

应用动态心电图（ＡＥＣＧ）系统记录心率变异性（ＨＲＶ），并经非线性分析的定量指标向量长度指数（ＶＬＩ）和向量角度指数（ＶＡＩ）研究了３２例冠心病（ＣＨＤ）、２０例陈旧性心肌梗死患者和３９例健康人。结果表明：正常对照组Ｐｏｉｎｃａｒｅ散点图呈慧星状占９０％（３５／３９）；陈旧性心肌梗死（ＯＭＩ）组呈鱼雷状占８０％（１６／２０）；而ＣＨＤ组多表现为散点图变短、变窄、角度变小。ＶＬＩ值ＣＨＤ、ＯＭＩ组与对照组分别为１４８．７±３０．３，１２４．０±２７．３和１９７．０±３８．２（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＶＡＩ值三组分别为０．５４±０．１４，０．４２±０．１５和０．８５±０．１８（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＳＤ、ＰＮＮ５０、ｒＭＳＳＤ以及左心室舒张功能在ＣＡＤ、ＯＭＩ组也有相应变化。我们认为，非线性分析ＶＬＩ、ＶＡＩ定量指标可为ＣＨＤ提供重要信息。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.