巨噬细胞细胞内吞过程中膜受体流动性的测量——两种标记受体…

本文首次实现了细胞内吞过程中膜受体流动性的测量。实验选择巨噬细胞膜和伴刀豆凝集素Ａ（ＣｏｎＡ）。分别用ＣｏｎＡ－Ｂｉｏｔｉｎ＋Ａｖｉｄｉｎ－ＦＩＴＣ（ＡＢＣ法）和ＣｏｎＡ－ＦＩＴＣ（直接法）两种方法标记巨哓细胞膜ＣｏｎＡ受体，比较了这两咱方法标记的巨噬细胞ＣｏｎＡ受体的荧光强度，利用ＦＲＡＰ技术。分别用两种标记方法测量了巨细胞ＣｏｎＡ受体的流动性。结果显示ＣｏｎＡ－Ｂｉｏｔｉｎ＋Ａｖｉｄｉｎ－ＦＩ     

测量细胞内吞过程中膜受体流动性的新方法

本文首次提出用ＡＢＣ（ＡｖｉｄｉｎＢｉｏｔｉｎＣｏｍｐｌｅｘ）法标记细胞膜受体,通过ＦＲＡＰ（ＦｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｃｅＲｅｃｏｖｅｒｙＡｆｔｅｒＰｈｏｔｏｂｌｅａｃｈｉｎｇ）技术,测量细胞内吞过程中受体流动性变化的方法。实验选择巨噬细胞ＣｏｎＡ受体,比较了用ＣｏｎＡ－Ｂｉｏｔｉｎ＋Ａｖｉｄｉｎ－ＦＩＴＣ（ＡＢＣ法）和ＣｏｎＡ－ＦＩＴＣ（直接法）标记的膜表面ＣｏｎＡ受体荧光强度和内吞过程中受体的流动性测量结果。结果显示ＣｏｎＡ－Ｂｉｏｔｉｎ＋Ａｖｉｄｉｎ－ＦＩＴＣ标记的巨噬细胞膜受体的平均荧光强度比用ＣｏｎＡ－ＦＩＴＣ标记的平均荧光强度高大约３倍;ＡＢＣ法标记的受体,测量结果误差小、灵敏度高;ＣｏｎＡ刺激１５ｍｉｎ后,巨噬细胞膜表面ＣｏｎＡ受体的扩散系数和荧光恢复率较静息状态时明显下降。讨论了两种标记方法对测量结果的影响     

新型生长抑肽对成纤维细胞的DNA合成及某些癌基因表达的影响

从细胞水平和基国水平研究了新型生长抑肽（ＥＰＰ）的生物学作用，研究表明：ＥＰＰ对ＮＣ３Ｈ１０及ＴＣ３Ｈ１０细胞的ＤＮＡ合成均有抑制作用，当ＥＰＰ与ｃＡＭＰ的位点选择必类似物８－Ｂｒ－ｃＡＭＰ共同作用时，其对ＮＣ３Ｈ１０细胞的ＤＮＡ合成的抑制作用消失，而对ＴＣ３Ｈ１０仍具有抑制作用；核酸杂交分析表明，ＥＰＰ可以抑制ｃ－ｆｏｓ，ｎｅｕ，ｋｉ－ｒａｓ三类癌基因在转化中的表达，证明了ＥＰＰ对转化细胞的生长     

新型生长抑肽对成纤维细胞的DNA合成及某些癌基因表达的影响

从细胞水平和基因水平研究了新型生长抑肽（ＥＰＰ）的生物学作用,研究表明：ＥＰＰ对ＮＣ３Ｈ１０及ＴＣ３Ｈ１０细胞的ＤＮＡ合成均有抑制作用,当ＥＰＰ与ｃＡＭＰ的位点选择性类似物８－Ｂｒ－ｃＡＭＰ共同作用时,其对ＮＣ３Ｈ１０细胞的ＤＮＡ合成的抑制作用消失,而对ＴＣ３Ｈ１０仍具有抑制作用;核酸杂交分析表明,ＥＰＰ可以抑制ｃ－ｆｏｓ、ｎｅｕ、ｋｉ－ｒａｓ三类癌基因在转化细胞中的表达。证明了ＥＰＰ对转化细胞的生长具有一定的抑制效应,且与８－Ｂｒ－ｃＡＭＰ联合使用时其效果更佳。     

高及低转移潜能小鼠肝癌细胞株糖蛋白凝集素结合特征的研究

为探讨肿瘤转移与细胞表面的糖结构的关系,对小鼠肝癌细胞的高、低淋巴道转移株Ｈｃａ－Ｆ和Ｈｃａ－Ｐ进行了蛋白质电泳及经蛋白质印迹术后的５种凝集素（ＣｏｎＡ、ＷＧＡ、ＵＥＡ、ＳＢＡ、ＰＮＡ）结合糖蛋白谱的对比分析．结果表明：高、低转移两株细胞的ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ谱基本相同;ＣｏｎＡ特异结合糖蛋白共有５种（～７２,８０～９０,～１０４,～１５０,～２００ｋＤ）;其中较明显的差异为～７２ｋＤＣｏｎＡ特异结合糖蛋白,它在Ｈｃａ－Ｐ细胞的表达明显高于Ｈｃａ－Ｆ细胞．ＷＧＡ特异结合糖蛋白１种（～１５０ｋＤ）,在Ｈｃａ－Ｐ细胞的表达略高于Ｈｃａ－Ｆ细胞．此外,实验发现两种性质未明的蛋白质（～７９,～１３０ｋＤ）,后者在Ｈｃａ－Ｐ细胞的含量明显高于Ｈｃａ－Ｐ细胞．结果提示Ｈｃａ－Ｆ和Ｈｃａ－Ｐ细胞不同的转移表型可能与其糖蛋白的表达有一定的关联．     

神经节苷脂GM_3对人白血病J6－2细胞磷脂酰胆碱代谢的影响

神经节苷脂ＧＭ３诱导人单核样白血病Ｊ６－２细胞沿单核／巨噬细胞途径分化．在ＧＭ３诱导分化同时,Ｊ６－２细胞磷脂代谢发生了显著变化．采用（（３２）Ｐ）Ｐｉ、［ＧＨ３－３Ｈ］胆碱和［ＣＨ３－３Ｈ］ＳＡＭ参入实验对ＧＭ３影响Ｊ６－２细胞ＰＣ代谢的机制进行了初步的探讨．ＧＭ３促进［（３２）Ｐ］Ｐｉ参入Ｊ６－２细胞ＰＣ;抑制［ＣＨ３－３Ｈ］胆碱参入ＰＣ及ＰＣ合成的前体磷酸胆碱及ＣＤＰ－胆碱;ＧＭ３促进［ＣＨ３－３Ｈ］ＳＡＭ参入ＰＣ,但抑制［ＣＨ３－３Ｈ］ＳＡＭ参入ＰＣ合成的前体胆碱、磷酸胆碱和ＣＤＰ－胆碱．上述结果提示,ＧＭ３抑制Ｊ６－２细胞ＰＣ合成的ＣＤＰ－胆碱途径,促进ＰＣ合成的ＰＥ甲基化途径．     

高及低转移潜能小鼠肝癌细胞株糖蛋白凝集素结合特征的研究

为探讨肿瘤转移与细胞表面的糖结构的关系,对小鼠肝癌细胞的高、低淋巴道转移株ＨＣａ－Ｆ和ＨＣａ－Ｐ进行了蛋白质电泳及经蛋白质印迹术后的５种凝集素（ＣｏｎＡ、ＷＧＡ、ＵＥＡ、ＳＢＡ、ＰＮＡ）结合糖蛋白谱的对比分析。结果表明：高、低转移两株细胞的ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ谱基本相同;Ｃｏｎ Ａ特异结合糖蛋白共有５种（￣７２,８０￣９０,￣１０４,￣１５０,￣２００ｋＤ）;其中较明显的差异为￣７２ｋＤ ＣｏｎＡ特异     

缺氧时肺动脉内皮细胞与肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖的相互影响

血管内皮细胞和血管平滑细胞在结构和功能上关系密切,两者的相互在与血管舒缩笔血和壁结构。本文观察了培养的小牛肺动脉内皮细胞（ＰＡＥＣｓ）和肺动平滑肌细胞（ＰＡＳＭＣＳ）缺氧时在细胞增殖方面的相互影响。ＰＡＳＭＣＳ常氧条件培养基（ＣＭ）可使ＰＡＥＣＳ的＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入降低约５８％,缺氧ＣＭ对ＰＡＥＣＳ的＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入无明显的抑制作用;ＰＡＥＣＳ的常氧ＣＭ使ＰＡＳＭＳ的＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入升高约６０     

Swainsonine对胰岛素受体功能影响的研究

以Ｓｗａｉｓｏｎｉｎｅ（Ｓｗ）作为高尔基体Ｎ－糖链加工酶系中α－甘露糖苷酶ＩＩ的特异抑制剂。研究Ｎ－糖链结构和胰岛素受体（Ｉｎｓ－Ｒ）功能的关系,发现Ｓｗ不影响细胞生长和３Ｈ－亮氨酸参入ＳＭＭＣ７７２１细胞,但明显促进３Ｈ－甘露糖参入细胞总糖蛋白和表面糖蛋白,并使后者的ＣｏｎＡ强结合组分显著增加,提示Ｓｗ使Ｉｎｓ－Ｒ的Ｎ－糖链变成杂合型及高甘露糖型,胰岛素结合试验后作Ｓｃａｔｃｈａｒｄ分析,发现Ｓ     

ABC法在膜受体支流性测量中的应用

本文首次把ＡＢＣ法应用于反体流动性测量中的膜表面体荧光标记,利用ＦＲＡＰ（Ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｃｅ Ｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｙ Ａｆｔｅｒ Ｐｈｏｔｏｂｌｅａｃｈｉｎｇ）技术实现了细胞内吞过程中膜受体流动变化的测量。实验用ＣｏｎＡ－Ｂｉｏｔｉｎ和Ａｖｉｄｉｎ－ＦＩＴＣ（ＡＢＣ法）标记巨噬细胞ＣｏｎＡ受体,测量ＣｏｎＡ刺激不同时间细胞膜表面受体的荧光强度、扩散系数和荧光恢复率的变化。结果显示ＡＢＣ标记法适合于     

The heterotrimeric G q protein-coupled angiotensin II receptor activates p21 ras via the tyrosine kinase-Shc-Grb2-Sos pathway in cardiac myocytes.

p21 ras plays as important role in cell proliferation, transformation and differentiation. Recently, the requirement of p21 ras has been suggested for cellular responses induced by stimulation of heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors. However, it remains to be determined how agonists for G protein-coupled receptors activate p21 ras in metazoans. We show here that stimulation of the G q protein-coupled angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor causes activation of p21 ras in cardiac myocytes. The p21 ras activation by Ang II is mediated by an increase in the guanine nucleotide exchange activity, but not by an inhibition of the GTPase-activating protein. Ang II causes rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc and its association with Grb2 and mSos-1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor of p21 ras. This leads to translocation of mSos-1 to the membrane fraction. Shc associates with the SH3 domain of Fyn whose tyrosine kinase activity is activated by Ang II with a similar time course as that of tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc. Ang II-induced increase in the guanine nucleotide exchange activity was inhibited by a peptide ligand specific to the SH3 domain of the Src family tyrosine kinases. These results suggest that an agonist for a pertussis toxin-insensitive G protein-coupled receptor may initiate the cross-talk with non-receptor-type tyrosine kinases, thereby activating p21 ras using a similar mechanism as receptor tyrosine kinase-induced p21 ras activation.     

p21ras mediates control of IL-2 gene promoter function in T cell activation.

It has been shown previously in T cells that stimulation of protein kinase C or the T cell antigen receptor leads to a rapid and persistent activation of p21ras as measured by a dramatic increase in the amount of bound GTP. These stimuli are also known to induce the expression of the T lymphocyte growth factor, interleukin-2 (IL-2), an essential growth factor for the immune system. Receptor induced activation of p21ras has been demonstrated in several cell types but involvement of protein kinase C as an upstream activator of p21ras appears to be unique to T cells. In this study we show that p21ras acts as a component of the protein kinase C and T cell antigen receptor downstream signalling pathway controlling IL-2 gene expression. In the murine T cell line EL4, constitutively active p21ras greatly potentiates the phorbol ester and T cell receptor agonist induced production of IL-2 as measured both by biological assay for the cytokine and by the use of a reporter construct. Active p21ras also partially replaces the requirement for protein kinase C activation in synergizing with a calcium ionophore to induce production of IL-2. Furthermore, using a dominant negative mutant of ras, Ha-rasN17, we show that endogenous ras function is essential for induction of IL-2 expression in response to protein kinase C or T cell receptor stimulation. Activation of ras proteins is thus a necessary but not sufficient event in the induction of IL-2 synthesis. Ras proteins are therefore pivotal signalling molecules in T cell activation.     

Differential roles of PI3-kinase and Kit tyrosine 821 in Kit receptor-mediated proliferation, survival and cell adhesion in mast cells.

The pleiotropic effects of the Kit receptor system are mediated by Kit-Ligand (KL) induced receptor autophosphorylation and its association with and activation of distinct second messengers, including phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3-kinase), p21ras and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). To define the role of PI3-kinase, p21ras and MAPK in Kit-mediated cell proliferation, survival and adhesion in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC), mutant Kit receptors were expressed in Wsh/Wsh BMMC lacking endogenous c-kit expression. The introduction of both murine Kit(S) and KitL (isoform containing a four amino acid insert) into Wsh/Wsh BMMC restored KL-induced proliferation, survival and adhesion to fibronectin, as well as activation of PI3-kinase, p21ras and MAPK, and induced expression of c-fos, junB, c-myc and c-myb mRNA. Substitution of tyrosine 719 in the kinase insert with phenylalanine (Y719F) abolished PI3-kinase activation, diminished c-fos and junB induction, and impaired KL-induced adhesion of BMMC to fibronectin. In addition, the Y719F mutation had partial effects on p21ras activation, cell proliferation and survival, while MAP kinase activation was not affected. On the other hand, Y821F substitution impaired proliferation and survival without affecting PI3-kinase, p21ras and MAPK activation, and induction of c-myc, c-myb, c-fos and c-jun mRNA, while KL-induced cell adhesion to fibronectin remained intact. In agreement with a role for PI3-kinase in Kit-mediated cell adhesion, wortmannin blocked Kit-mediated cell adhesion at concentrations known to specifically inhibit PI3-kinase. We conclude, that association of Kit with p85PI3-K, and thus with PI3-kinase activity, is necessary for a full mitogenic as well as adhesive response in mast cells. In contrast, tyrosine 821 is essential for Kit-mediated mitogenesis and survival, but not cell adhesion.     

Immunohistochemical analysis of human lung cancers with anti-ras p21 monoclonal antibodies

The expression of ras oncogene product p21 in human malignant pleurisy and primary lung cancer was studied immunocyto-histochemically with monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) rp-28 and rp-35 against ras p21. In pleural effusion cells, cancer cells revealed more intensively positive reaction with MoAb rp-35 than with MoAb rp-28, especially in the plasma membrane, and no positive reaction was obtained in any kind of inflammation cells with the exception of faintly positive reaction in the cytoplasm of macrophages. In primary lung cancers, well or moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma tissues showed higher reactivity with MoAb rp-28 than those of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma or any other histological subtype of lung cancer. With MoAb rp-35, intensively positive reaction was obtained in most of cases with all different histological subtypes of lung cancer. The staining in cancer cells was usually localized intensively to the plasma membrane and weakly to the cytoplasm with both MoAbs. Normal bronchial epithelial and glandular tissues showed only cytoplasmic staining. These two MoAbs, especially MoAb rp-35, may be useful in clinicopathological applications for the diagnosis of malignant pleurisy and primary lung cancer.     

Two dominant inhibitory mutants of p21ras interfere with insulin-induced gene expression.

Insulin induces a rapid activation of p21ras in NIH 3T3 and Chinese hamster ovary cells that overexpress the insulin receptor. Previously, we suggested that p21ras may mediate insulin-induced gene expression. To test such a function of p21ras more directly, we studied the effect of different dominant inhibitory mutants of p21ras on the induction of gene expression in response to insulin. We transfected a collagenase promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene or a fos promoter-luciferase gene into NIH 3T3 cells that overexpressed the insulin receptor. The activities of both promoters were strongly induced after treatment with insulin. This induction could be suppressed by cotransfection of two inhibitory mutant ras genes, H-ras(Asn-17) or H-ras(Leu-61,Ser-186). In particular, insulin-induced activation of the fos promoter was inhibited completely by H-ras(Asn-17). These results show that p21ras functions as an intermediate in the insulin signal transduction route leading to the induction of gene expression.     

Inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptotic cell death by the human tumor-associated antigen RCAS1.

Tumor-associated antigens that can be recognized by the immune system include the MAGE-family, p53, MUC-1, HER2/neu and p21ras. Despite their expression of these distinct antigens, tumor elimination by the immune system is often inefficient. Postulated mechanisms include insufficient expression of co-stimulatory or adhesion molecules by tumor cells, or defective processing and presentation of antigens on their cell surfaces. Tumor cells may also evade immune attack by expressing CD95 (APO-1/Fas) ligand or other molecules that induce apoptosis in activated T cells. Here we describe RCAS1 (receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells), a membrane molecule expressed on human cancer cells. RCAS1 acts as a ligand for a putative receptor present on various human cell lines and normal peripheral lymphocytes such as T, B and NK cells. The receptor expression was enhanced by activation of the lymphocytes. RCAS1 inhibited the in vitro growth of receptor-expressing cells and induced apoptotic cell death. Given these results, tumor cells may evade immune surveillance by expression of RCAS1, which would suppress clonal expansion and induce apoptosis in RCAS1 receptor-positive immune cells.     

Plasma membrane-targeted ras GTPase-activating protein is a potent suppressor of p21ras function.

Although p21ras is localized to the plasma membrane, proteins it interacts with, such as the GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) ras GAP and neurofibromin (NF1), are not, suggesting that one function of p21ras GTP may be to target such proteins to the plasma membrane. To investigate the effects of targeting ras GAP to the plasma membrane, ras C-terminal motifs sufficient for plasma membrane localization of p21ras were cloned onto the C terminus of ras GAP. Plasma membrane-targeted ras GAP is growth inhibitory to NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and COS cells. This growth inhibition correlates with GAP catalytic activity, since the plasma membrane-targeted C-terminal catalytic domain or the GAP-related domain of neurofibromin is inhibitory, whereas the similarly targeted N-terminal domain is not. Moreover, the inhibition is abrogated by the inactivating mutation L902I, which abolishes ras GAP catalytic activity. Coexpression of oncogenic mutant ras rescues cell viability, but the majority of rescued colonies are phenotypically untransformed. Furthermore, in focus assays, targeted ras GAP suppresses transformation by oncogenic mutant ras, and in reversion assays, targeted ras GAP can revert cells transformed by oncogenic mutant ras. Neither the targeted or nontargeted N-terminal domain nor the L902I mutant of ras GAP has any transforming activity. These data demonstrate that ras GAP can function as a negative regulator of ras and that plasma membrane localization potentiates this activity. However, if ras GAP is involved in the effector functions of p21ras, it can only be part of the effector complex for cell transformation.     

Inhibition of NIH 3T3 cell proliferation by a mutant ras protein with preferential affinity for GDP.

Substitution of asparagine for serine at position 17 decreased the affinity of rasH p21 for GTP 20- to 40-fold without significantly affecting its affinity for GDP. Transfection of NIH 3T3 cells with a mammalian expression vector containing the Asn-17 rasH gene and a Neor gene under the control of the same promoter yielded only a small fraction of the expected number of G418-resistant colonies, indicating that expression of Asn-17 p21 inhibited cell proliferation. The inhibitory effect of Asn-17 p21 required its localization to the plasma membrane and was reversed by coexpression of an activated ras gene, indicating that the mutant p21 blocked the endogenous ras function required for NIH 3T3 cell proliferation. NIH 3T3 cells transformed by v-mos and v-raf, but not v-src, were resistant to inhibition by Asn-17 p21, indicating that the requirement for normal ras function can be bypassed by these cytoplasmic oncogenes. The Asn-17 mutant represents a novel reagent for the study of ras function by virtue of its ability to inhibit cellular ras activity in vivo. Since this phenotype is likely associated with the preferential affinity of the mutant protein for GDP, analogous mutations might also yield inhibitors of other proteins whose activities are regulated by guanine nucleotide binding.     

肝刺激因子对人肝癌细胞BEL—7402p21^ras表达的影响

从雄性初断乳ＳＤ大鼠肝匀浆中提取肝刺激因子（ＨＳＳ）并加以部分纯化,观察其促人肝癌细胞增殖活性及对ｐ２１＾ｒａｓ蛋白表达的影响。结果表明：⑴ＨＳＳ具有明显的促人肝癌细胞增殖活性,其分子量为１４－２０ｋＤ;⑵ＨＳＳ可提高ｐ２１＾ｒａｓ蛋白表达,具有时间－效应关系,并与ＥＧＦ呈协同作用;⑶ＨＳＳ调节ｐ２１＾ｒａｓ蛋白表达具有剂量－效应关系,且呈现出饱和性。鉴于我们已报道ＨＳＳ上调ＥＧＦ受体蛋白和基因表