现阶段中国居民的营养与健康

本文通过回顾建国来中国居民营养与健康状况,分析现阶段中国居民的食物消费与营养健康状况,表明：我国居民营养健康状况有了很大改善。但膳食结构尚不够合理,一些与膳食模式变化有关的健康问题相继出现。     

国内疾病谱研究现状述评

近年来由于中国居民生活习惯的改变、环境的污染、老龄化严重以及就医模式的改革,居民的疾病谱也出现了新的特征。目前,主要威胁人类健康的慢性非传染性疾病是我国居民疾病谱的重要组成部分之一,通过文献回顾,对我国居民疾病谱的特点进行综述,描述我国居民疾病谱的变化特征,探索其影响因素,为不同地区疾病的防治和治疗提供理论依据,改善我国居民的健康现状。     

居民膳食结构与慢性非传染性疾病的关系调查

目的：探讨居民膳食结构和慢性非传染性疾病患病率之间的关系,为指导居民调整膳食结构,积极干预慢性病发生提供依据。方法：采用整群随机抽样方法,根据＂中国居民营养与健康状况调查＂方案追踪调查。采用食物频率法调查各种食物消费率及消费量,通过体格检查和血样分析获得慢性病相关数据。结果：南京市建邺区居民以传统型膳食模式为主,2007年平均每标准人日豆类、蔬菜、水果、奶类、蛋类、水产品和盐的摄入量高于2002年;谷类、畜禽肉类的摄入量低于2002年。与中国居民平衡膳食宝塔相比,蔬菜、水果、奶类仍然不足;肉类、蛋类等动物性食品以及油盐摄入量高于推荐标准。居民高血压等慢病患病率继续上升,与饮食因素密切相关。结论：南京市建邺区居民的膳食营养水平较5年前有改善,但仍然存在膳食结构不合理问题,与其相关的高血压等慢性病呈上升趋势。应继续开展营养干预和膳食指导工作,促进居民形成健康的饮食消费行为,提高其营养健康水平,遏制相关慢性病的发生。     

江干区18岁以上居民食物营养素摄入以及营养现况调查

<正>居民营养与健康状况是反映一个国家或地区经济与社会发展、卫生保健水平和人口素质的重要指标,也是公共卫生及疾病预防工作不可缺少的信息基础。随着我国经济的快速发展,居民生活水平的提高以及生活方式的改变,我国居民膳食模式发生了明显的改变。为及时了解国民膳食营养和健康状况,2010年"中国居民营养与健康状况调查"在全国31个省、自治区和直辖市展开,杭州市江干区作为大城市监测点进行了居民营养与健康状况监测,现将居民食物营养摄入情况以及营养现况报道如下。     

从居民饮食现状谈膳食营养教育的策略

随着居民生活水平的提高，居民的膳食结构、生活方式和疾病谱也发生了较大变化，营养过剩或不平衡所致的慢性疾病增多。据2005年朝阳区死因统计结果显示，仅心脏病、恶性肿瘤、脑血管病的死亡人数就达5947人，占全部死亡总数的72．91％。为准确掌握居民的膳食结构、营养和健康状况，2002年朝阳区作为北京市扩大点参加了“中国居民营养与健康状况调查”，本文就朝阳区居民膳食营养现状及变化趋势，讨论加强社区居民膳食营养教育的策略，以便促进居民尽快形成合理的食物消费习惯，预防和控制饮食相关疾病的发生。     

会吃才会健康

正年初,中国营养学会组织编写了《中国居民膳食指南科学研究报告(2021)》(以下简称报告),这份《报告》是对我国居民近年来膳食与健康的系统性研究,报告了我国居民膳食与营养现状。《报告》指出,近30年来,我国居民营养状况和体格发育得到显著改善,膳食质量普遍提高,居民身高显著增加,居民营养不足的状况得到根本改善。《报告》还指出,我国居民膳食营养面临新的共性的问题和挑战,如超重肥胖,膳食结构不平衡,婴幼儿、孕妇和老年人的营养问题等。究竟怎样吃才会更健康,是我们每个人都关心的话题。     

第二届两岸四地营养学术会议征文通知(第一轮) 膳食变迁对民众健康的影响:挑战与应对

<正>中华民族悠久的饮食文化享誉海内外。而今,两岸四地的居民都面临着经济发展带来的膳食模式的变迁。这种变迁对居民健康状况有何影响,与现代社会多见的慢性疾病的关系,营养与代谢综合征的遗传背景如何,怎样寻求一种理想的健康膳食模式…,都是两岸四地营养专业人士共同关注的问题。     

日本膳食模式与健康关系

正日本的传统膳食模式是国际上比较推荐的健康膳食模式之一,同是亚洲国家,其饮食文化与我国比较接近,因此,考察日本膳食模式和健康的关系对我国制定营养标准、开展营养科普、指导居民膳食等工作有重要参考意义。1常见膳食模式类型及研究方法目前全球有四种主要膳食模式~([1]),一是西方发达国家膳食模式(如美国、英国等),以动物性食物为主。二是东方膳食模式(如中国、印度等),以植物性食物为主。三是日本传统膳食模式     

合理膳食 天天蔬果 做营养达人

<正>作为一个快速发展的国家,中国在过去20～30年间,居民膳食模式和生活方式发生巨大变化。研究表明,我国居民肉类、油脂类及加工类食物消费量快速升高,谷物摄入量呈下降趋势,但精细碳水化合物占比例增加。民以食为天,营养与健康息息相关,膳食不合理是慢性病主要行为危险因素之一。随着现在生活水平的提高和生活方式的改变,营养过剩、超重肥胖、微量营养素缺乏等成为影响城市居民营养健康的主要问题。营养在预防疾病的发生中也有重要作用。患病后,营养治疗     

实践新版《中国居民膳食指南》应对双重营养不良

新版（第三版）《中国居民膳食指南》（新版指南）公布了，这是一件值得庆贺的事情。因为它将为广大居民提供一个更加切合我国当前营养与健康现状的膳食营养指导性意见，对倡导平衡膳食、合理营养的理念，促进居民健康有重要意义。     

A problem solving approach to nutrition education and counseling

This report applies problem-solving principles to the design and implementation of nutrition education and counseling programs. A framework is proposed that builds on an extensive body of research in mental health and health education that has demonstrated the efficacy of a problem-solving approach to helping people cope with stressful life events. Our framework uses problem-solving principles in helping participants in nutrition education or counseling programs to overcome obstacles they experience in changing their nutrition behaviors. Both research and clinical experience suggest that incorporating problem-solving techniques in nutrition education and counseling will increase long term change in nutrition behaviors.     

中国七省市农民膳食的综合评价及相关政策建议

采用中国期望膳食模式（ＤＤＰ）方法对１９９０～１９９２年七省市１０６３６户农民的膳食进行综合评价，阐明低成本高效益是四川膳食模式的特点之一，以及食物单一是贫困型膳食的突出特征，指出优化膳食结构、提高膳食质量是各省农村的共同任务和发展趋势，进而提出政策建议：我国广大农村应因地制宜确定营养合理化的膳食模式及食物发展目标；大力增加豆及豆制品的生产和消费；我国农村贫困地区应重点解决食物单一问题，推广家庭菜篮子工程，促进营养健康与自我保健，巩固扶贫成果。     

New interventions in diabetes with medical nutrition therapy

Nutrition therapy has been the focus of diabetes management since before insulin was discovered.(1) Many theories and approaches have been recommended and reemerged over the years. Since the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) results were released in 1993, nutrition is considered the most critical and pivotal component of diabetes care in achieving blood glucose goals. We have seen increased emphases on individualized nutrition therapy and the dietitian as a true partner in diabetes care, research, and management.(1) Advances in nutrition therapy now center on methods to improve behavioral change because it is the major challenge facing people with diabetes. Access to nutrition therapy and self-management training is critical to improve clinical outcomes and reduce health care costs otherwise spent on clinic visits, expensive medications, emergency room visits, and hospitalizations.(1)     

Position of the American Dietetic Association: Nutrition Intervention and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that efforts to optimize nutritional status through individualized medical nutrition therapy, assurance of food and nutrition security, and nutrition education are essential to the total system of health care available to people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection throughout the continuum of care. Broad-based efforts to improve health care access and treatment have stabilized HIV prevalence levels in many parts of the world and led to longer survival for people living with HIV infection. Confounding clinical and social issues, such as medication interactions, comorbidities, wasting, lipodystrophy, food insecurity, aging, and other related conditions further complicate disease management. With greater understanding of the mechanisms of HIV disease and its impact on body function, development of new treatments, and wider ranges of populations affected, the management of chronic HIV infection continues to become more complex and demanding. Achievement of food and nutrition security and management of nutrition-related complications of HIV infection remain significant challenges for clients with HIV infection and health care professionals. Registered dietitians and dietetic technicians, registered, should integrate their efforts into the overall health care strategies to optimize their clinical and social influence for people living with HIV infection.     

Position paper of the American Dietetic Association: nutrition across the spectrum of aging

It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that older Americans receive appropriate care; have broadened access to coordinated, comprehensive food and nutrition services; and receive the benefits of ongoing research to identify the most effective food and nutrition programs, interventions, and therapies across the spectrum of aging. Food and water and nutritional well-being are essential to the health, self-sufficiency, and quality of life for the fast growing, heterogeneous, multiracial, and ethnic populations of older adults. Many people, as they age, remain fully independent and actively engaged in their communities; however, others fare less well and need more support. A broad array of appropriate, culturally sensitive food and nutrition services, physical activities, and health and supportive care customized to the population of older adults are necessary. National, state, and local policies that promote coordination and integration of food and nutrition services into health and supportive systems are needed to maintain independence, functional ability, chronic disease management, and quality of life. Dietetics professionals can take the lead by researching and developing national, state, and local collaborative networks to incorporate effectively the food and nutrition services across the spectrum of aging.     

Clusters of lifestyle behaviors: results from the Dutch SMILE study

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify differences and similarities in health behavior clusters for respondents with different educational backgrounds. METHODS: A total of 9449 respondents from the 2002 wave of the Dutch SMILE cohort study participated. Latent class analyses were used to identify clusters of people based on their adherence to Dutch recommendations for five important preventive health behaviors: non-smoking, alcohol use, fruit consumption, vegetable consumption and physical exercise. RESULTS: The distribution of these groups of behaviors resulted in three clusters of people: a healthy, an unhealthy and poor nutrition cluster. This pattern was replicated in groups with low, moderate and high educational background. The high educational group scored much better on all health behaviors, whereas the lowest educational group scored the worst on the health behaviors. CONCLUSION: The same three patterns of health behavior can be found in different educational groups (high, moderate, low). The high educational group scored much better on all health behaviors, whereas the lowest educational group scored the worst on the health behaviors. Tailoring health education messages using a cluster-based approach may be a promising new approach to address multiple behavior change more effectively.     

The role of nutrition in healthy aging

Older adults want to remain independent; with good health habits, including nutrition, they can reduce risks of chronic disease and postpone functional disabilities. This article addresses key nutrition issues for older adults, namely the nutritional implications of physiological change, especially body composition shifts; socioeconomic risk factors; and potentially problematic nutrients for people aged 70 and older.     

Health and nutrition promotion program for patients with dementia (NutriAlz): Cluster randomized trial

Objective  

To assess the effectiveness of health and nutrition program (NutriAlz) versus usual care on functional level in elderly people with dementia living at home, as well as on clinical practice related to nutrition and on the caregiver’s burden.     

社区高血压及营养KAP健康教育效果分析

目的 评价高血压及营养健教对社区高血压人群的干预效果。方法 在上海某社区随机抽取370名年龄为35-75岁高血压病人作为高血压及营养知识。态度及行为（KAP）调查的基线人群,其中干预组176人,对照组194人。结果 经一年的社区干预后,对两组人群进行高血压及营养知识,态度及行为复查,干预组对营养知识的掌握优于对照组;干预组对中国居民膳食指南的知晓率在干预后也明显提高;在改善不良膳食行为方面,干预组行为改善率高于对照组,两组相比有显著性差异。结论 社区高血压及营养知识健康教育对高血压人群提高高血压及营养知识水平是有效的和可行的。     

Nutrition education for the healthy elderly population: isn't it time?

In the United States, people are living longer, healthier lives. A major goal of our public health system is to maintain health among successful agers and prevent or delay chronic disease morbidity. Major strides are being made in identifying the dietary needs of elderly people that are different from those of younger adults. However, nutrition education programs to promote those dietary needs have lagged behind. This report reviews dietary needs, demographic information, and recent nutrition policies for older adults as a basis for nutrition education programs. This report suggests that it is time to keep pace with recent findings and develop national and state-sponsored programs that will provide nutrition education and information transference to older people in the communities.