手术治疗跟骨关节内骨折62例

目的探讨切开复位内固定治疗跟骨关节内移位骨折的临床效果。方法对62例(70足)跟骨关节内移位骨折进行切开复位内固定治疗,内固定采用克氏针、螺钉、重建钢板及钛板,疗效评定标准按Kerr跟骨骨折评分标准。结果62例(70足)术后随访3～24个月,优44足,良19足,差6足,极差1足,优良率91.4%。结论对跟骨关节内移位骨折应充分考虑切开复位内固定治疗。     

移位的跟骨关节内骨折的手术治疗

目的:评价切开复位后植骨重建跟骨形态再做有效固定,对移位的跟骨关节内骨折的治疗效果.方法:按Sanders分型,对48例66足Sanders Ⅱ、Ⅲ型移位的跟骨关节内骨折病人进行了切开复位,金世植骨灵植骨,重建钢板做有效固定治疗.随访12～50个月,平均28个月.结果:按Maryland足部评分系统评价术后疗效.本组66足中,优20足,良42足,可4足,优良率93.9%.结论:切开复位,植骨重建跟骨形态,再做有效固定是一种治疗移位的跟骨关节内骨折的有效方法,强调术前明确骨折的病理解剖的重要性.     

切开复位内固定治疗移位的跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨切开复位可塑跟骨钢板内固定治疗移位的跟骨关节内骨折的疗效。方法对76例（82足）复杂跟骨关节内骨折行切开复位可塑跟骨钢板内固定治疗,其中39足予自体髂骨植骨。结果76例均获随访,时间12-35（22.3±3.7）个月。B hler角术前9.3°±3.2°,术后恢复到26.7°±6.8°;Gissane角术前101.6°±13.3°,术后恢复到120.1°±14.2°。根据Maryland足部评分系统：优39足,良31足,可8足,差4足。结论切开复位可塑跟骨钢板内固定治疗复杂的跟骨关节内骨折,固定牢固,能早期功能锻炼,可减少并发症。     

切开复位克氏针结合跟骨重建钢板内固定＋植骨术治疗跟骨骨折

目的探讨切开复位克氏针结合跟骨重建钢板内固定植骨术治疗跟骨关节内骨折的疗效。方法对38例（38足）SandersⅢ型、Ⅳ型跟骨骨折均采用切开复位克氏针结合跟骨重建钢板内固定＋植骨术治疗,术中克氏针维持塌陷的关节面复位,跟骨外侧缘放置重建钢板和植骨,术后测量Bhler角和Gissane角,评价跟骨骨折的复位情况。结果患者均无感染和皮肤坏死,复查X线片提示Bhler角和Gissane角分别为24°～42°和98°～137°,骨折均达骨性愈合,愈合时间10～16（13±3）周,按Maryland足部评分系统评价术后功能：优26足,良10足,差2足,优良率94.7%。结论采用切开复位克氏针结合跟骨重建钢板内固定＋植骨术治疗SandersⅢ型、Ⅳ型跟骨骨折手术方法简单,疗效满意。     

Y型钢板治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨切开复位Y型钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的治疗方法和疗效。方法对64例累及关节面的跟骨骨折作切开复位Y形钢板内固定治疗。结果术后患足功能按Maryland足部评分系统优25例，良32例，优良率为89．06％。结论切开复位Y型钢板内固定是治疗跟骨关节内骨折较好的方法。     

切开复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折临床体会

目的总结切开复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的体会。方法对30例跟骨骨折采用跟骨钢板内固定治疗,评价术后功能。结果 30例患者均顺利完成手术,术后患者均获随访6~22个月。按Maryland足部评分标准评价:优18足,良9足,可3足,差0足,优良率90.00%。未出现腓肠皮神经损伤及螺钉断裂病例。结论切开复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折,术后恢复优良率高,并发症少,效果肯定。     

不同手术方法治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的 探讨跟骨关节内骨折的手术方法及效果.方法 自2001年1月～2007年6月,采用骨折撬拨复位经皮空心钉内固定和跟骨外侧"L"形切口切开复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折41例(45足).其中空心钉内固定12足,切开复位钢板内固定33足.结果 本组骨折均愈合.按MarylandFootScore评分标准:优15足,良24足,中4足,差2足,优良享为86.7%.结论 手术治疗跟骨关节内骨折可以取得满意的效果,但应选择合适的手术方法.     

重建钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折45例报告

目的 探讨重建钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的疗效。方法 对45例跟骨关节内骨折进行切开复位、植骨、重建钢板内固定，并进行随访分析。按Sanders跟骨骨折分型，Ⅱ型18例，Ⅲ型21例，Ⅳ型6例。结果 43例随访9～48个月，按疗效评定标准，优31例，良9例，差3例。优良率为93％。结论 重建钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折能有效支撑跟骨塌陷的关节面，疗效确切。     

异形钢板内固定治疗跟骨骨折

目的 探讨切开复位异形钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内移位骨折的疗效.方法 应用跟骨外侧入路异形钢板内固定治疗64例(66足)跟骨骨折患者.结果 62例(64足)获得随访,时间4～15个月,骨折全部愈合.1足伤口感染植入的人工骨漏出,5足出现表皮坏死,均经对症治疗愈合.按Maryland足部评分系统评价疗效:优38足,良16足,可7足,差3足,优良率为84.4％.结论 异形钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内移位骨折效果满意.     

钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内移位骨折

目的探讨应用跟骨解剖钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内移位骨折的疗效。方法对98例跟骨关节内移位骨折患者(102足)采用切开复位跟骨解剖钢板内固定,粉碎严重伴骨缺损及跟距关节面塌陷者,取自体髂骨植骨,恢复后关节面复位,跟骨外侧放置解剖钢板固定。结果患者均获随访,时间8～29个月,骨折均愈合。有2例拔出橡皮片引流后皮下渗液,经换药3周后愈合;1例伤口皮缘浅层坏死,换药4周后愈合。Bhler角和Gissane角术前分别为-5°～25°和151°～182°,术后分别为25°～41°和97°～138°。根据Mary-land et al评分系统评定:优56足,良34足,可12足,优良率为88.24%。结论采用切开复位跟骨解剖钢板内固定必要时植骨治疗跟骨关节内移位骨折,疗效满意。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.