2007至2008年湖州市急性农药中毒情况分析

[目的]通过对浙江省湖州市2007至2008年农药中毒情况的分析,探讨该地区农药中毒的严重程度、中毒原因及预防对策。[方法]收集该市2007至2008年度农药中毒全部报告1101例,对病死率和构成比进行统计学分析。[结果]该市共发生急性农药中毒1101例,死亡55例,总病死率5.00%。中毒死亡以35～55岁年龄组最高（39.33%）,男性和女性的中毒病死率分别为4.42%和5.60%。引起中毒的农药以有机磷杀虫剂为主。生产性农药中毒以夏、秋季高发,非生产性农药中毒无明显季节性。[结论]该市急性农药中毒的发生率和病死率均处于较高水平,应减少使用和替代农业生产过程中的高毒农药,加强农药使用过程中的个人防护,加强农村人口的心理卫生教育,提高农村医疗机构院前急救水平,以减少急性农药中毒和死亡的发生。     

Estimating fatality rates in occupational light vehicle users using vehicle registration and crash data

Objective: To estimate occupational light vehicle (OLV) fatality numbers using vehicle registration and crash data and compare these with previous estimates based on workers' compensation data. Method: New South Wales (NSW) Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) vehicle registration and crash data were obtained for 2004. NSW is the only Australian jurisdiction with mandatory work‐use registration, which was used as a proxy for work‐relatedness. OLV fatality rates based on registration data as the denominator were calculated and comparisons made with published 2003/04 fatalities based on workers' compensation data. Results: Thirty‐four NSW RTA OLV‐user fatalities were identified, a rate of 4.5 deaths per 100,000 organisationally registered OLV, whereas the Australian Safety and Compensation Council (ASCC), reported 28 OLV deaths Australia‐wide. Conclusions: More OLV user fatalities were identified from vehicle registration‐based data than those based on workers' compensation estimates and the data are likely to provide an improved estimate of fatalities specific to OLV use. Implications: OLV‐use is an important cause of traumatic fatalities that would be better identified through the use of vehicle‐registration data, which provides a stronger evidence base from which to develop policy responses.     

Traumatic occupational fatalities in South Carolina, 1989-90.

Death certificates for South Carolina for 1989 and 1990 were examined to identify deaths resulting from injury incurred in the workplace. There were 277 deaths in that category in the 2-year period, an average yearly rate for traumatic occupational fatalities of 8.84 per 100,000 workers. The groups of industries with the highest fatality rates were transportation-communication-utilities, construction, and agriculture-fishing-forestry. The leading causes of death were injuries from motor vehicle crash, homicide, and falls. The traumatic occupational fatality rate for men was about 13 times greater than that for women; however, a much higher proportion of women died from homicide on the job. The findings in general reflect trends reported in other studies. The death rates for workers in South Carolina for 1989-90, however, were higher than national averages for 1980-88. National data for 1989-90 were not available for comparison. The data suggest that more effective injury prevention efforts need to be applied to such causes of on-the-job injury as motor vehicle crash, homicide, and falls. Those three categories accounted for more than 56 percent of all traumatic occupational fatalities in South Carolina in 1989 and 1990. Motor vehicle crash prevention efforts particularly are needed in the transportation-communication-utilities industries. The findings show that particular efforts need to be directed to the retail trade category for prevention of homicide and to the construction industry for prevention of falls.     

Fatal injuries among grounds maintenance workers: United States, 2003--2008

A total of 1,142 grounds maintenance workers (GMWs) were fatally injured at work during 2003--2008, an average of 190 each year. GMWs accounted for 3.4% of all occupational fatalities, and 31% of those GMWs were Hispanic or Latino. Approximately 83% of the Hispanic or Latino GMWs who died were born outside the United States. In 2008, approximately 1.52 million persons were employed as GMWs, constituting 1.0% of the U.S. workforce. During 2003--2007, an average of 13.3 per 100,000 employed GMWs died each year, compared with an overall rate of 4.0 fatalities per 100,000 U.S. workers. The rate of on-the-job fatal injuries among GMWs has remained elevated relative to other workers for >20 years. This report characterizes events leading to GMW fatalities and differences in fatality characteristics across demographic groups among GMWs, based on an evaluation of 2003--2008 data from the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) program. The report also identifies workplace interventions that might reduce the incidence of fatal injuries. Major events leading to GMW occupational fatalities included transportation incidents (31%), contact with objects and equipment (25%), falls (23%), and traumatic acute exposures to harmful substances or environments (e.g., electrocution and drowning) (16%). To reduce the incidence of such fatalities, employers, trade and worker associations, and policy makers should focus on effective, targeted workplace safety interventions such as frequent hazard identification and training for specific hazards. Diversity among the populations of workers requires use of culture- and language-appropriate training techniques as part of comprehensive injury and illness prevention programs.     

2006至2009年某市农药中毒情况

目的 了解湖州市农药中毒的危害现状,为农药中毒预防控制提供依据.方法 将2006至2009年每年应用"中国疾病预防控制信息系统"的子系统"健康危害因素检测信息系统"所建立的农药中毒报告数据库导入Excel,进行汇总统计,使用SPSS 12.0软件进行统计分析.结果 2006至2009年该市共发生农药中毒2298例,其中生产性农药中毒588例,占全部病例的25.59%;死亡4例,病死率为0.68%;男性(458例,77.89%)多于女性(130例,22.11%);具有明显的季节性,主要集中在7至9月;35至55岁和65岁以上为高发年龄.非生产性农药中毒1710例,占全部病列的74.41%;女性(952例,55.67%)多于男性(758例,44.33%);35至65岁为高发年龄段;死亡112例,病死率为6.55%.有机磷农药是引起农药中毒的主要品种,尤以甲胺磷、敌敌畏和氧乐果(含乐果)为主,共占有机磷类中毒总数的79.98%.结论 该市生产性农药中毒得到了有效的控制,非生产性农药中毒比例较高,应加强监管,有效预防和控制农药中毒的发生.

Abstract：

Objective To understand the situations of pesticide poisoning in Huzhou and take preventive strategy and measures against the pesticide poisoning. Methods Case reports between 2006 and 2009 in the data base of reporting system for occupational diseases were computed by Excel for windows and statistical significance by SPSS12.0. Results A total of 2298 patients were reported from 2006 to 2009.Among them, the incidence of occupational poisoing accounted for 25.59% (588 cases), including 4 fatalities (fatality rate, 0.68% ). Male patients (458 cases, 77.89% ) were more than femal ones ( 130 cases, 22.11% ) in occupational pesticides poisoning. Summer and autumn were the most seasons in occupational pesticides poisoning occurring. The incidence of non-occupational pesticides poisoning accounted for 74.41% ( 1710 cases ),including 112 fatalities (fatality rate, 6.55%). Femal patients (952 cases, 55.67% ) were more than male ones (758 cases, 44.33% ) in non-occupational pesticides poisoning. 15-55 years were the highest incidences among non-occupational pesticides poisoning patients. Insecticides especially organophosphorus insecticides such as methamidophos, parathion, and omethoate comprised a higher proportion, accounting for 79.98% of the pesticides poisoning. Conclusion The incidence and the fatality rate of occupational pesticide poisoning were reduced in the city. However, more attention should be paied to non-occupational pesticides poisoning. To decrease the numbers of pesticide poisoning and the risks of death, the relevant departments should take preventive strategy and measures against the pesticide poisoning.     

Mortality risk associated with leaving home: recognizing the relevance of the built environment

OBJECTIVES: I analyzed traffic fatalities and homicides related to leaving home for routine activities, and considered connections between these fatalities and the built environment. METHODS: I analyzed city, county, state, and federal data for traffic fatalities and homicides by strangers for 15 metropolitan areas, and classified deaths as occurring in the central city, in inner suburbs, or in outer suburbs (exurbs). RESULTS: Traffic fatality rates were highest in exurban areas. Combined traffic fatality and homicide-by-stranger rates were higher in some or all outer counties than in central cities or inner suburbs in all of the metropolitan areas studied. CONCLUSIONS: Traffic fatalities are largely unrecognized as a danger to be factored into residential location decisions. Land use controls that deter sprawl along narrow exurban roads can reduce the mortality risks associated with leaving home.     

The fatality and morbidity components of the value of statistical life

The fatality risk–money tradeoff that is the value of a statistical life (VSL) may vary with the nature of the fatality event. While all fatalities involve loss of future life expectancy, the morbidity effects and their duration may differ. This article analyzes fatality risks accompanied by morbidity effects of different duration to disentangle the mortality and morbidity components of VSL using data from the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI). The VSL is comprised of the sum of the value of the fatality risk and the value of the morbidity risk. Labor market valuations of morbidity risks are positive, even for fatalities that are caused by traumatic injuries. The value of the fatality risk is the dominant component of VSL, rather than the value of the morbidity risk.     

Drowning--Louisiana, 1998

Drowning is the third leading cause of death from unintentional injuries in Louisiana. In 1998, the fatality rate from drowning for Louisiana residents was 3.1 per 100,000 population, higher than the U.S. rate of 1.9 per 100,000, and more than twice the 2000 national target of 1.3 per 100,000 population. This report describes the demographics and risk factors associated with drownings in Louisiana in 1998. Findings indicate that alcohol or illicit drug use was found in approximately 60% of tested victims aged > or = 13 years and that none of the victims of boating-related drowning were correctly wearing a personal flotation device (PFD). Prevention efforts should focus on decreasing alcohol and illicit drug use and increasing the proper use of PFDs among boaters and others involved in water recreation.     

Work-related electrical fatalities in Australia, 1982-1984.

Work-related electrical fatalities were studied as part of a larger investigation into all work-related fatalities in Australia in the period 1982-1984. The 95 electrical fatalities (all men) represented an incidence of 0.49 per 100,000 persons (0.79/100,000 men) in the employed civilian labor force during the study period. Electricity was the fifth highest cause of work-related fatalities in Australia and resulted in 10% of all workplace deaths. Ninety-four percent of the workers were performing their usual tasks at the time of their death, and 38% of them were doing work of an electrical nature at the time. The greatest number of deaths occurred on farms and nonconstruction industrial sites, with overhead powerlines as the main source of current. Better placement of overhead powerlines, improved worker awareness of electrical hazards, and the use of residual current devices would probably have prevented most of the deaths.     

Paraquat intoxication in Korea

In this study, the authors explored acute paraquat intoxication and determined potential factors related to paraquat fatalities. During 1999, 154 patients with paraquat intoxication were admitted to the Institute of Pesticide Poisoning at the Soonchunhyang University Chunan Hospital. The authors assessed paraquat exposure by quantifying the amount of ingested paraquat and by semiquantitative assay of paraquat in urine. Outcomes of paraquat intoxication were categorized as recovery or death. Among all the patients, 139 (90.3%) were transferred from other medical facilities to the Institute of Pesticide Poisoning following a mean exposure time of 20.1 hr (standard deviation = 2.6 hr). Intentional ingestion of paraquat accounted for 73.4% (113/154 patients) of all paraquat poisonings, and it represented a significantly higher fatality rate (53.2%) than did accidental ingestion (19.1% [p < .001]). The overall paraquat fatality was 43.8%. Multiple logistic-regression analysis revealed that the risk of fatality increased significantly with (1) the quantity of paraquat ingested and (2) a positive urinary paraquat test. The results indicated that paraquat is potentially lethal in humans, and the risk of fatality is directly related to the amount ingested and absorbed.     

Paraquat Intoxication in Korea

In this study, the authors explored acute paraquat intoxication and determined potential factors related to paraquat fatalities. During 1999, 154 patients with paraquat intoxication were admitted to the Institute of Pesticide Poisoning at the Soonchunhyang University Chunan Hospital. The authors assessed paraquat exposure by quantifying the amount of ingested paraquat and by semiquantitative assay of paraquat in urine. Outcomes of paraquat intoxication were categorized as recovery or death. Among all the patients, 139 (90.3%) were transferred from other medical facilities to the Institute of Pesticide Poisoning following a mean exposure time of 20.1 hr (standard deviation = 2.6 hr). Intentional ingestion of paraquat accounted for 73.4% (113/154 patients) of all paraquat poisonings, and it represented a significantly higher fatality rate (53.2%) than did accidental ingestion (19.1 % [p < .001]). The overall paraquat fatality was 43.8%. Multiple logistic-regression analysis revealed that the risk of fatality increased significantly with (1) the quantity of paraquat ingested and (2) a positive urinary paraquat test. The results indicated that paraquat is potentially lethal in humans, and the risk of fatality is directly related to the amount ingested and absorbed.     

A methodology for the collection of supplemental information on agricultural fatalities

Due to the lack of a standardized methodology to identify agriculturally related fatalities and the inaccuracy of data from death certificates, NSC's and NIOSH's estimates of the level of agriculturally related fatalities conflict, and the validity of both is subject to criticism. A follow-up survey with the next of kin of 107 potential agricultural fatalities, from a pool of 150 Pennsylvania cases, has been conducted. This paper details the methods and success in gaining supplemental information. Next of kin were generally willing to provide the information (67%), with both telephone (66%) and mail (68%) methods generating comparable levels of cooperation. The optimal time frame for finding current addresses and telephone numbers as well as for gaining cooperation appeared to be about 1 year after the fatality. However, a retrospective investigation of up to 3 years past the anniversary of the fatality produced an acceptable rate of cooperation. How the collected data compares with fatality data for agriculture published by NSC and N1OSH has been addressed in another paper.     

Urban sprawl as a risk factor in motor vehicle occupant and pedestrian fatalities

OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine the association between urban sprawl and traffic fatalities. METHODS: We created a sprawl index by applying principal components analysis to data for 448 US counties in the largest 101 metropolitan areas. Regression analysis was used to determine associations between the index and traffic fatalities. RESULTS: For every 1% increase in the index (i.e., more compact, less sprawl), all-mode traffic fatality rates fell by 1.49% (P <.001) and pedestrian fatality rates fell by 1.47% to 3.56%, after adjustment for pedestrian exposure (P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Urban sprawl was directly related to traffic fatalities and pedestrian fatalities. Subsequent studies should investigate relationships at a finer geographic scale and should strive to improve on the measure of exposure used to adjust pedestrian fatality rates.     

Occupational mortality in British commercial fishing, 1976-95

Aims: To establish the causes and circumstances of all deaths occurring at work or related to work among fishermen in British commercial fishing between 1976 and 1995.

Methods: A retrospective study, based on official mortality files, with a population of 440 355 fishermen-years at risk.

Results: Of 616 deaths in British fishing, 454 (74%) were due to accidents at work, and 394 (87%) of these fishermen drowned. A total of 270 accidents were caused by casualties to vessels and 184 by personal accidents. There was no significant decline in the fatal accident rate, 103.1 per 100 000 fishermen-years, between 1976 and 1995. The fatal accident rate was 52.4 times higher (95% CI 42.9 to 63.8) than for all workers in Great Britain during the same period, and this relative risk increased through the 1980s up to 76.6 during 1991–95. Relative risks with the construction (12.3) and manufacturing (46.0) industries were higher than 5 and 20 respectively, during 1959–68. Trawlers foundering in adverse weather was the most frequent cause of mortality from casualties to vessels (115 deaths), and 82 of 145 personal accidents at sea arose during operations involving trawling nets.

Conclusions: When compared with shore based industries, fishing remains at least as hazardous as before. Prevention should be aimed, most importantly, at the unnecessary operation of small vessels and trawling net manoeuvres in hazardous weather and sea conditions. Other measures should focus on preventing falls overboard, reducing fatigue, a more widespread use of personal flotation devices, and improvements in weather forecast evaluation.

     

Appalachian versus non-Appalachian U.S. traffic fatalities, 2008–2010

PurposeAlthough myriad health disparities exist in Appalachia, limited research has examined traffic fatalities in the region. This study compared traffic fatality rates in Appalachia and the non-Appalachian United States.MethodsFatality Analysis Reporting System and Census data from 2008 through 2010 were used to calculate traffic fatality rates. Poisson models were used to estimate unadjusted (rate ratio [RR]) and adjusted rate ratios, controlling for age, gender, and county-specific population density levels.ResultsThe Appalachian traffic fatality rate was 45% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42–1.47) higher than the non-Appalachian rate. Although only 29% of fatalities occur in rural counties in non-Appalachia versus 48% in Appalachia, rates in rural counties were similar (RR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95–1.00). However, the rate for urban, Appalachian counties was 42% (95% CI, 1.38–1.45) higher than among urban, non-Appalachian counties. Appalachian rates were higher for passenger vehicle drivers, motorcyclists, and all terrain vehicle riders, regardless of rurality, as well as for passenger vehicle passengers overall and for urban counties. Conversely, Appalachia experienced lower rates among pedestrians and bicyclists, regardless of rurality.ConclusionsDisparities in traffic fatality rates exist in Appalachia. Although elevated rates are partially explained by the proportion of residents living in rural settings, overall rates in urban Appalachia were consistently higher than in urban non-Appalachia.     

Surveillance of deaths on board Danish merchant ships, 1986-93: implications for prevention.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyse the types and circumstances of all natural and non-natural deaths among seamen on board Danish merchant ships. METHODS: Data on 147 cases were obtained from maritime authorities, an insurance company, shipping companies, hospitals, death registers, and death certificates in the period from 1986-93. RESULTS: The 53 natural deaths were dominated by cardiovascular diseases and infectious diseases. Insufficient treatment on board was identified as a contributing factor for death in some cases. Medical advice was not always sought and the advice given was in some cases insufficient. 73 fatal accidents were identified. The incidence of accidents of 5.29/10,000 person-years was 11.5 times higher than the incidence of 0.46/10,000 for the Danish male workforce ashore. 23 accidents (31%) were due to maritime casualties and 26 (36%) were occupational accidents. The remaining 24 (33%) were accidents during off duty hours including six self intoxications. Rough weather, inadequate awareness of safety, lack of use of personal protection devices, and inexperience were associated with many of the fatal injuries directly related to work. Alcohol played a major part in 12 out of 18 fatal injuries occurring during off duty hours. CONCLUSIONS: The maritime workplace was identified as a high risk workplace and in many aspects differs from the conditions ashore. Acute diseases and serious injuries pose special risks to seamen because of a lack of direct access to professional medical care at sea. Primary prevention of certain diseases is needed and possible. Improved training, improved systems of work, improved safety awareness, and greater use of personal protection devices are needed to prevent fatal injuries. Medical training of ships' officers providing medical care on board and specific training of doctors giving medical advise to ships should be improved to meet the needs.     

2000—2021年上海市宝山区急性职业中毒特征分析

  目的  了解上海市宝山区急性职业中毒事故发生情况及特征。
  方法  收集整理2000-2021年上海市宝山区急性职业中毒事件资料, 采用描述性流行病学方法分析其流行特征。
  结果  宝山区2000-2021年共发生急性职业中毒事件63起, 急性职业中毒病例171例, 死亡36例(病死率21.05%), 事件发生的起数总体呈下降趋势。事件涉及14种行业, 7类26种化学物质, 其中发病前三位的行业分别为化学原料和化学制品制造业(11起, 占17.46%), 金属制品、机械和设备修理业(10起, 占15.87%), 装卸搬运和仓储业(7起, 占11.11%); 导致急性中毒死亡人数居前三的化学物质依次为氨(18例, 占50.00%)、硫化氢(6例, 占16.67%)、一氧化碳(3例, 占8.33%)。未正确使用个人防护用品和未配备有效的个人防护设备为引起中毒事件的主要原因。有限空间作业中毒病例病死率(36.96%), 明显高于非有限空间作业(15.20%)(P < 0.05)。
  结论  近年来宝山区急性职业中毒情况有所好转, 但仍存在中毒风险, 一氧化碳和硫化氢为该区预防急性职业中毒的重点。相关部门应继续做好急性职业中毒预防工作, 应重点监管用人单位个人防护设备的配备和佩戴情况, 重视有限空间的职业中毒风险, 切实保护劳动者的生命健康和安全。
     

Identifying high-risk small business industries for occupational safety and health interventions

BACKGROUND: Approximately one-third (32%) of U.S. workers are employed in small business industries (those with 80% of workers in establishments with fewer than 100 employees), and approximately 53 million persons in private industry work in small business establishments. This study was performed to identify small business industries at high risk for occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities. METHODS: Small business industries were identified from among all three- and four-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes and ranked using Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data by rates and numbers of occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities. Both incidence rates and number of injury, illness, and fatality cases were evaluated. RESULTS: The 253 small business industries identified accounted for 1,568 work-related fatalities (34% of all private industry). Transportation incidents and violent acts were the leading causes of these fatalities. Detailed injury and illness data were available for 105 small business industries, that accounted for 1,476,400 work-related injuries, and 55,850 occupational illnesses. Many of the small business industries had morbidity and mortality rates exceeding the average rates for all private industry. The highest risk small business industries, based on a combined morbidity and mortality index, included logging, cut stone and stone products, truck terminals, and roofing, siding, and sheet metal work. CONCLUSIONS: Identification of high-risk small business industries indicates priorities for those interested in developing targeted prevention programs.     

Fatal harmful substances or environmental exposures in agriculture, 1992 to 1996.

Data from the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries surveillance system from 1992 through 1996 were analyzed to allow a better understanding of exposures to harmful substances or environments that resulted in agricultural work fatalities. There were 357 fatalities as a result of these exposures in the agriculture production and agriculture services sectors, representing 10% of all work-related deaths that occurred in these industry sectors during this period. Contact with electric current represented 52.9% of these fatalities. Agricultural services reported 87 electrocutions, 50 of which occurred among tree trimmers. The events most likely to result in fatalities were contact with overhead power lines (26.3%) and drowning (17.1%). The overall fatality rate was 2.1 deaths per 100,000 workers. The development of appropriate hazard-awareness training for workers, such as that for electrical and drowning-related hazards, may help prevent future deaths in these industry sectors.