地下复杂介质地震处理中的CFP技术

要简要介绍CFP(Common Focus Point)方法技术的基本原理和主要应用。CFP是复杂介质地震处理中的一项新技术，它把叠前偏移分成两个独立的步骤：首先对检波点(炮点)进行聚焦处理，产生共聚焦点道集(CFP道集)，然后再对炮点(检波点)进行聚焦，产生叠前偏移的输出。两个步骤中间的CFP道集则可以进行其它处理。如果是为了寻找构造信息，那么可以应用共焦点CFP偏移；如果是为了寻找岩石、孔隙或流体的信息，则要应用双焦点CFP偏移。目前，该技术主要应用于：(1)CFP两步聚焦法偏移；(2)叠前深度偏移速度模型的建立；(3)试图通过算于而不是速度来解决复杂地表的静校正；(4)消除全程或层间多次波；(5)CFP方法基准面的延拓和盐下成像；(6)多分量地震资料的偏移成像。     

叠前多级优化联合偏移速度建模

推导了基于角度域共成像点道集的叠前深度层析速度建模公式,提出了一种叠前多级优化联合偏移速度建模方法.通过基于共散射点(CSP)道集的叠前时间偏移速度分析获取初始速度,利用基于角度域共成像点道集(ADCIGs)的叠前深度层析速度反演进行速度更新建模.实现步骤可以概括为:首先,将叠前地震数据映射为CSP道集,利用CSP道集的叠加速度谱进行速度分析得到均方根速度场;其次,通过Dix公式将均方根速度场转换为层速度场,以此进行层析初始速度建模,基于ADCIGs实现叠前深度层析速度反演,最终得到高精度的叠前偏移速度场.断层模型和实际资料试算结果验证了该方法的正确性和有效性.     

基于波动方程的广义屏叠前深度偏移

地震波传播算子的计算效率和精度是制约三维叠前深度偏移的关键因素. 广义屏传播算子(GSP, Generalized Screen Propagator)是一种在双域中实现的广角单程波传播算子. 这一方法略去了在非均匀体之间发生的交混回响,但它可以正确处理包括聚焦、衍射、折射和干涉在内的各种多次前向散射现象. 通过背景速度下的相移和扰动速度下的陡倾角校正,广义屏算子能够适应地层速度的强烈横向变化. 这种算子可以直接应用于炮集叠前偏移,通过将广义屏算子作用于双平方根方程,还可以获得一种高效率、高精度的炮检距域叠前深度偏移方法,用于二维共炮检距道集和三维共方位角道集的深度域成像. 本文首先简述了炮检距域广义屏传播算子的理论,进而讨论了共照射角成像(CAI, Common Angle Imaging)条件,由此给出各个不同照射角(炮检距射线参数)下的成像结果,进而得到共照射角像集. 由于照射角和炮检距的对应关系,共照射角像集又为偏移速度分析和AVO(振幅随炮检距变化)分析等提供了有力工具.     

面炮成像、控制照明与AVA道集

基于波场延拓的叠前深度偏移是实现复杂构造地质体成像的最可靠方法,但存在着计算量大、对观测系统适应性差等缺点.面炮偏移是波动方程实现精确叠前成像的另一类方法,具有较高的计算效率,不存在偏移孔径问题,而且可以通过控制照明方法,解决平面波在目标区域的能量补偿问题.本文采用面炮成像技术进行叠前深度偏移,通过对面炮震源下行波场的质量控制和优选射线个数和范围,以达到最佳的成像效果.采用控制照明技术,较大地提高了目标地层的成像精度.与此同时,得到振幅随入射角变化(AVA)道集,有利于叠前振幅解释和储层岩性预测.数据实验表明面炮成像技术是一种快速有效的方法,其成像精度与单平方根算子的共炮点道集偏移和双平方根算子的共中心点道集偏移相当,但在计算速度上要快得多,而且易于并行计算.     

面炮叠前深度偏移与控制照明技术

基于波场延拓的叠前深度偏移是实现复杂构造地质体成像的最可靠方法,但存在着计算量大、对观测系统适应性差等缺点。面炮偏移是波动方程实现精确叠前成像的另一类方法,具有较高的计算效率,不存在偏移孔径问题,而且可以通过控制照明方法,解决平面波在目标区域的能量补偿问题。本文采用面炮成像技术进行叠前深度偏移成像,通过对面炮震源下行波场的质量控制以及射线参数的个数和范围的选取,以达到最佳的成像效果。采用不同深度点上的控制照明技术,较大地提高了目标地层的成像精度。数据实验表明面炮成像技术是一种快速有效的方法,其成像精度与单平方根算子的共炮点道集偏移和双平方根算子的共中心点道集偏移相当,但在计算速度上要快得多,而且易于并行计算。     

两种类型共炮点域相关型叠前深度偏移方法分析

研究不同偏移方法的成像机理是实现复杂构造高精度成像的前提,研究了两类共炮点域的相关型叠前深度偏移成像方法：基于单程波动方程的叠前深度成像方法和基于双程波动方程的叠前深度成像方法,同时对比了它们在计算效率、数据存储量、成像精度、成像机理、速度敏感性等方面的差异及其共性。以复杂构造模型为例,采用了傅里叶有限差分法（FFD）和逆时成像法（RTM）,这两种方法实现了121个共炮点道集的叠前深度偏移成像处理。计算结果表明,当速度准确时,两种深度域波动方程成像方法均可以恢复出各个地质反射界面,其中逆时偏移对陡倾角成像效果显著,当速度存在百分比误差和随机扰动情况时,逆时成像结果要差于单程波方法,因此,逆时偏移方法对速度的敏感性较大,且低频噪声较为严重。     

频率-空间域有限差分法叠前深度偏移

为了处理横向强变速介质中的深度成像问题,本文提出一种基于共炮道集的优化系数的傍轴近似方程叠前深度偏移算子,并在基于反射系数估算的成像条件下,可实现叠前深度偏移成像.该算子具有方程阶数低且能对陡倾角成像的特征,并采用有限差分法波场延拓,能适应速度场的任意变化.当在频率-空间域进行计算时,相对于纯粹的时间-空间域有限差分算法有计算效率高、成像方便的优点.脉冲响应测试和对Marmousi模型进行的叠前深度偏移结果表明,该偏移方法在强横向变速情况下具有非常好的成像效果.     

波动方程叠前深度偏移直接产生角道集

基于单程波深度延拓算法,得到震源波场在成像点的入射角度,结合对地层倾角的估计,获得入射地震波与界面法线的夹角.通过运用"保幅"的反褶积成像条件和考虑累加的炮数,解决了炮点覆盖不均匀导致的成像幅值误差问题,进而建议了炮域波动方程叠前深度偏移直接产生角道集的方法和流程.与基于空间移动或时移成像条件的波动方程叠前深度偏移提取角道集的方法相比,本文建议的方法只需少量额外的存储空间,又可补偿观测系统非均匀覆盖对成像幅值的影响;其增加的计算量与炮域偏移算法相比几乎可以忽略.文中算例表明,本文方法提取的角道集可为叠前反演提供较精确的AVO振幅特性.此外,就改善地震成像效果本身而言,提取角道集使得可在波动方程叠前深度偏移中应用剩余动校和拉伸切除技术,从而可更好地保持高频成分并提高成像的信噪比.     

逆时偏移与Kirchhoff偏移的抽道集对比研究

共成像点道集(CIG)可用于速度建模、偏移质量控制以及地下属性解释等。对于复杂碳酸盐岩储层,叠前AVO反演技术在储层识别、裂缝预测和流体检测方面的作用日益显著,叠前反演的精度很大程度上依赖于共成像点道集的AVO特性是否符合地下介质的真实地震响应。因此,叠前偏移不仅要实现反射点的准确归位,还必须得到振幅保真的共成像点道集,从而为AVO/AVA反演提供保幅的共成像点道集输入数据。本文在理论上对真振幅Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移和逆时偏移(RTM)抽道集技术的保幅性进行分析:真振幅Kirchhoff偏移抽道集通过改变加权函数实现振幅保持,仅适用于横向速度变化不大的情况;基于双程波动方程的逆时偏移采用互相关成像条件抽取共成像点道集,成像精确且无倾角限制,相对保幅性优于前者,适应任意复杂速度模型。模型和实例测试结果表明:在简单构造区域,真振幅Kirchhoff保幅叠前深度偏移与保幅逆时偏移抽取的共成像点道集都能起到良好的保幅效果;但在复杂构造区,基于逆时偏移抽取的共成像点道集,保留了全部波场的路径与振幅信息,其保幅性与成像精度优于Kirchhoff保幅叠前深度偏移。因此,针对探区的复杂程度差别及勘探精度的不同要求,应选择不同的抽道集方法,保证振幅精度的同时,兼顾生产效率。      

时空移动成像条件及偏移速度分析

首先比较了深度聚焦速度分析和剩余曲率速度分析中的成像条件,然后通过时空移动成像条件得到了时移偏移距域共成像点道集和时移角度域共成像点道集.基于时移角度域共成像点道集,统一了偏移速度分析中通常应用的两个偏移速度判断准则：深度聚焦准则和成像道集拉平准则.最后基于时移角度域共成像点道集,推导了速度更新公式,并设计了速度分析流程.合成数据和实际地震资料上的测试证明了方法的可行性和有效性.     

Infilling of sparse 3D data for 3D focusing operator estimation

Seismic migration can be formulated in terms of two consecutive downward extrapolation steps: refocusing the receivers and refocusing the sources. Applying only the first focusing step with an estimate of the focusing operators results in a common focal point (CFP) gather for each depth point at a reflecting boundary. The CFP gathers, in combination with the estimates of the focusing operators, can be used in an iterative procedure to obtain the correct operators. However, current 3D seismic data acquisition geometries do not contain the dense spatial sampling required for calculation of full 3D CFP gathers. We report on the construction of full 3D CFP gathers using a non‐full 3D acquisition geometry. The proposed method uses a reflector‐orientated data infill procedure based on the azimuthal redundancy of the reflection data. The results on 3D numerical data in this paper show that full 3D CFP gathers, which are kinematically and dynamically correct for the target event, can be obtained. These gathers can be used for iterative updating of the 3D focusing operators.     

基于偏移成像道集的剩余静校正方法

针对陆上地震资料处理的静校正问题,提出了一种基于偏移成像道集的剩余静校正方法.与传统的由动校正后的CMP道集中拾取剩余时差不同,本文基于偏移成像道集求取剩余时差,避免了复杂情况下同相轴归位不准确导致的剩余时差拾取误差.通过生成随炮点和检波点位置变化的偏移道集,实现了由偏移道集中直接拾取炮、检点的地表一致性剩余时差;该炮、检点偏移道集只在指定的局部时窗生成,并不增加大的计算量.二维和三维实际数据测试表明了该方法的有效性和实用性.     

基于虚拟偏移距方法的各向异性转换波保幅叠前时间偏移

In this paper, we use the method of pseudo-offset migration （POM） to complete converted wave pre-stack time migration with amplitude-preservation in an anisotropic medium. The method maps the original traces into common conversion scatter point （CCSP） gathers directly by POM, which simplifies the conventional processing procedure for converted waves. The POM gather fold and SNR are high, which is favorable for velocity analysis and especially suitable for seismic data with low SNR. We used equivalent anisotropic theory to compute anisotropic parameters. Based on the scattering wave traveltime equation in a VTI medium, the POM pseudo-offset migration in anisotropic media was deduced. By amplitude-preserving POM gather mapping, velocity analysis, stack processing, and so on, the anisotropic migration results were acquired. The forward modeling computation and actual data processing demonstrate the validity of converted wave pre-stack time migration with amplitude-preservation using the anisotropic POM method.     

Pre-stack Kirchhoff depth migration local space-shift imaging condition: synthetic and data examples

Extracting accurate common image angle gathers from pre-stack depth migrations is important in the generation of any incremental uplift to the amplitude versus angle attributes and seismic inversions that can lead to significant impacts in exploration and development success. The commonly used Kirchhoff migration outputs surface common offset image gathers that require a transformation to angle gathers for amplitude versus angle analysis. The accuracy of this transformation is one of the factors that determine the robustness of the amplitude versus angle measurements. Here, we investigate the possibility of implementing an extended imaging condition, focusing on the space-lag condition, for generating subsurface reflection angle gathers within a Kirchhoff migration. The objective is to determine if exploiting the spatial local shift imaging condition can provide any increase in angle gather fidelity relative to the common offset image gathers. The same restrictions with a ray-based approach will apply using the extended imaging condition as both the offset and extended imaging condition method use travel times derived from solutions to an Eikonal equation. The aims are to offer an alternative ray-based method to generate subsurface angle gathers and to understand the impact on the amplitude versus angle response. To this end, the implementation of the space-shift imaging condition is discussed and results of three different data sets are presented. A layered three-dimensional model and a complex two-dimensional model are used to assess the space shift image gathers output from such a migration scheme and to evaluate the seismic attributes relative to the traditional surface offset common image gathers. The synthetic results show that the extended imaging condition clearly provides an uplift in the measured amplitude versus angle over the surface offset migration. The noise profile post-migration is also improved for the space-lag migration due to the double summation inside the migration. Finally, we show an example of a space-lag gather from deep marine data and compare the resultant angle gathers with those generated from an offset migration and a time-shift imaging condition Kirchhoff migration. The comparison of the real data with a well log shows that the space-lag result is a better match to the well compared to the time-lag extended imaging condition and the common offset Kirchhoff migration. Overall, the results from the synthetics and real data show that a Kirchhoff migration with an extended imaging condition is capable of generating subsurface angle gathers with an incremental improvement in amplitude versus angle fidelity and lower noise but comes at a higher computational cost.     

火山岩地震屏蔽层的转换波叠前时间偏移成像

在反射地震转换波资料处理中,准确求取共转换点一直是一个难题,采用叠前时间偏移技术能避免共转换点道集的抽取,而且能够使转换波归位到真正的反射点上,实现准确成像.本文针对火山岩地震屏蔽层的转换波成像问题,通过对转换波共近似转换点道集进行速度分析,建立了转换波叠前时间偏移的初始速度场,通过速度扫描和纵、横波速度比值扫描确定最佳的偏移速度场和纵、横波速度比值,实现了在火山岩高速层覆盖区域的转换波偏移成像.实际资料的成像结果表明,本文采用的近似转换点计算以及转换波叠前时间偏移方法是有效的.     

Common image gather conditioning using cycle generative adversarial networks

Seismically derived amplitude-versus-angle attributes along with well constraints are the base inputs into inverting seismic into subsurface properties. Conditioning the common image gathers is a common workflow in quantitative inversion and leads to a more accurate inversion product due to the removal of post-migration artefacts. Here, we apply a neural network to condition the post-migration gathers. The network is a cycle generative adversarial network, CycleGAN, which was designed for image-to-image translation. This can be considered the same problem as translating an artefact rich seismic gather to an artefact free seismic gather. To assess the feasibility of applying the network to pre-stack conditioning, synthetic data sets were generated to train different networks for different tasks. The networks were trained to remove white noise, residual de-multiples, gather flattening and a combination of the above for conditioning. The results show that a trained network was able remove white noise providing a more robust amplitude-versus-offset calculation. Another network trained using synthetic gathers with and without multiples assisted in multiple removal. However, instability around primary preservation has been observed so the network works better as a residual de-multiple method. For gather conditioning, a network was trained with the unpaired artefact-rich and artefact-free training data where the artefacts included complex moveout, noise and multiples. When applied to the test data sets, the networks cleaned the artefact-rich test data and translated complex moveout into flat gathers whilst preserving the amplitude response. Finally, two networks are applied to real data where a gather based on the well logs is used to quantify the match between the conditioned gathers and the raw gathers. The first network used synthetic data to train the network and, when applied to real data, provided a better tie with the well. The second network was trained with synthetic gathers whose properties were constrained by real seismic gathers from near the well. As anticipated, the network trained on the representative training data outperforms the network trained using the unconstrained data. However, the ability of the first network to condition the gather indicates that a sweep of networks can be trained without the need for real data and applied in a manner analogous to the way parameters are adjusted in traditional geophysical methods. The results show that the different neural networks can offer an alternative or augmentation to the existing geophysical workflow for conditioning pre-stack seismic gathers.     

Kirchhoff积分叠前时间偏移全方位角度道集生成方法与实现

方位角度域共成像点道集能够客观反映地下介质的速度、各向异性参数异常以及振幅随角度变化（AVA）和裂缝信息。传统Kirchhoff PSTM通常输出偏移距域共成像点道集,对于速度分析、各向异性分析、AVA分析、裂缝识别等均存在诸多不便。本文提出了基于走时梯度的Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移全方位角度集输出方法并提出工业上切实可行的实现方案。通过走时场梯度计算波场传播方向矢量,形成能够反映观测系统参数和波场传播情况的全方位角度域共成像点道集。为了在大规模地震数据Kirchhoff积分叠前时间偏移中输出全方位角度道集,本文给出基于输入道方式的偏移实现方法,采用逐条inline线进行线偏移成像,从而大大降低了全方位角度道集输出对计算机内存的压力,显著提高了Kirchhoff积分时间偏移输出全方位角度道集的可行性。三维盐丘模型测试和海上某区块三维实际资料试验证明了本文方法的正确性。      

基于单程波偏移算子的地表相关多次波成像

在常规地震资料处理中,多次反射波被视为噪声并从地震数据中去除,以免在之后的地震资料解释中造成误解.而事实上,多次波也是地震信号,是照明波场的一部分,能够对地下构造成像的精度做出贡献.本文分析了多次波在传统单程波叠前深度偏移中产生构造假象的机制和表现,为实现基于单程波偏移算子的多次波成像,修改了单程波叠前深度偏移的边界条件,即将输入的震源波场用包含多次波的记录来替代,输入的记录波场用预测出的表层相关多次波来替代,实现了基于单程波偏移算子的地表相关多次波成像,并从理论上给出了其成像依据.通过基于二范式最小能量差原则求取的匹配因子,将多次波成像结果与一次波成像结果进行匹配叠加,应用多次波成像来弥补一次波成像的不足.简单模型验证了基于单程波偏移算子的多次波成像方法的有效性,最后对Sigsbee2B模型进行了一次波与多次波联合成像试算,盐边界高陡构造成像质量得到了明显改善.     

Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移角度道集

提出三维Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移角度域共像点道集的改进算法,克服传统角度求取算法局限,可计算相对倾斜地层法线入射角;与Kirchhoff直射线叠前时间偏移求角度算法相比,本文方法考虑射线弯曲效应,包含层速度,角度范围加大,更接近真实入射角;计算走时采取弯曲射线或者适应线性横向变速介质的非对称走时等算法,角度道集在大角度处得到拉平;采用相对保幅的权因子以及覆盖次数校正技术,有利于叠前AVA反演.模型测试结果表明：叠前时间偏移角度道集,相对CMP、CRP所转化角度道集,更准确反应AVA效应;实际三维数据测试表明本文方法可以提供品质优良的角度道集,适用于AVA分析、反演,提高叠前反演分辨率.