家兔的心房功能不应期与房室结有效不应期

本文旨在进一步探讨基础心动周期及交感神经对于家兔房室结有效不应期和心房功能不应期之间大小对比的影响。实验中对家兔实施麻醉(n=10),经右颈外静脉和左颈总动脉向心脏各插入一根电极导管,分别记录     

家兔离体心脏房室结的滤波功能

一般认为房室结具有滤波功能,即它能阻止过快或过于提前的心房冲动传到心室,这种作用取决于心房和房室结不应期长短的对比。应用微电极对家兔离体房室结的大量研究也提示房室结具有滤波动能.然而,本室研究在体条件下的成年家兔房室结曾发现,心房期前兴奋无论发生多么早都能通过房室结,而且这种特性不因基础心率的加快及心得安的应用而改变.为排除神经、体液因素的影响,本实验拟在离体灌流条件下进一步研究家兔心脏不同部位心肌不应期的大小对比,以及房室结的滤波特性.实验心脏取自成年家兔(n=10),以自制的电极插管同时实现Langendorff法心脏灌流及希氏束电位的记录。同步记录     

高频起搏犬房颤模型心房重塑及窦房结和房室结功能的变化

 目的:持续高频起搏犬左心房,观察房颤(AF)发生率、心房重塑以及窦房结、房室结传导功能。方法: 健康比格犬15只随机分为起搏组(P组,n=9)和对照组(N组,n=6)。2组均在左心房心外膜缝合固定一起搏电极,P组以400 min-1的频率起搏,N组不起搏。采用程序起搏技术测定电生理参数。结果: (1) 4周后P组阵发性AF和持续性AF的诱发率与N组比较差异均有统计学意义（分别P<0.05,P<0.01）,P组第2周2只犬自发AF,第4周AF诱发率达100%,且持续性AF的发生率高。 (2) P组4周后心房有效不应期(AERP)在不同基本起搏周期(250 ms、300 ms和350 ms)时均较N组缩短 (P<0.05);房室结文氏点(AVN-Wen) 较N组有意义延长［(294.44±26.03)min-1 vs (328.33±24.01)min-1, P<0.05］;房室结有效不应期(AVERP)在不同起搏周期均明显延长 (P<0.01)。(3) 与N组比较,P组4周后窦房结恢复时间（SNRT）和校正恢复时间（cSNRT）均延长（P<0.01）;P波时限2组比较差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。(4) P组2周后心脏超声与N组比较显示左心房前后、上下、左右径都有明显增大(P<0.01),右心房上下增大(P<0.05)。结论: 持续４周心房高频起搏后房颤发生率高,心房肌、窦房结和房室结电生理发生特征性的相应改变,左、右心房不同程度扩大,提示电重塑、结构重塑与房颤的发生关系密切。     

家兔在位心室肌细胞动作电位(摘要)

作者记录了家兔在位心室肌单个细胞动作电位。跨膜电位的测量是使用悬浮式玻璃微电极进行,内充3M KCI,电阻值在15～30兆欧之间。测得结果是:静息电位-79±4毫伏,动作电位高度102±5毫伏,动作电位时程(APD)137±15毫秒,APD_(90)126±17毫秒,     

584例病理切片肿瘤细胞核分裂观察

本文报告584例病理诊断明确的病理切片肿瘤细胞核分裂观察结果:(1)350例恶性肿瘤核分裂平均值为13.73±0.6‰(M±SE),234例良性肿瘤核分裂平均值为1.6±0.2‰(M±SE),差异非常明显(P<0.01);(2)核分裂值>5‰,有助于肉瘤病人的诊断;(3)病理性核分裂可能与肿瘤病人的预后有关;(4)核分裂相在病理上分8型,本文描述了它们的特征。     

应激性抑郁症大鼠杏仁核微管相关蛋白表达的实验研究

目的:探讨抑郁症大鼠杏仁核磷酸化微管相关蛋白-2(pMAP-2)的表达。方法:随机将雄性Wistar大鼠分为对照组和模型组,采用慢性不可预见性温和应激(CUMS)方法建立抑郁大鼠模型,采用糖水偏好实验、悬尾实验、Morri水迷宫实验进行行为学检测,免疫印迹方法检测pMAP-2变化。结果:对照组和模型组大鼠7 d、14d和21d的体重增长率分别为7.62±0.83和2.51±0.38、16.37±1.82和1.45±0.85、22.93±2.78、9.34±1.32,相对糖水消耗量分别为9.42±1.81和3.81±0.84,糖水偏好百分比为92.49±8.19和76.61±4.95,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);悬尾不动时间分别为(1.75±0.31)s和(2.95±0.38)s,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);平均逃避潜伏期分别为(8.63±1.07)s和(24.76±2.37)s,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);对照组和模型组pMAP-2相对表达水平分别为0.74±0.12和1.54±0.18,模型组高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:应激抑郁大鼠杏仁核组织中MAP-2磷酸化增高。     

射频消融慢径路对房室结快径路前传功能的影响

目的观察房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)患者慢径路被消融后对房室结快径路的影响。方法选择94例AVNRT患者,其中男42例,女52例,平均年龄50.06岁,标准差为15.35岁。进行慢径路改良,观察手术前后房室结的前传有效不应期和文氏阻滞点的改变。结果91例患者前传有效不应期从(356.5±54.5)ms缩短为(280±60)ms,文氏阻滞点从(378.3±61.7)ms提前为(337.4±52.6)ms。另外3例患者的前传有效不应期和文氏阻滞点都有延长,他们在术中都出现一过性的P-R间期延长。结论房室结双径路是彼此有相互关联的两条径路,功能慢径的存在可能在一定程度上抑制快径的传导功能,因此慢径路的改良表现出快径路前传功能的改善。     

Cariporide对兔心房电重构的影响

目的：探讨钠氢交换体Ⅰ型(NHE-1)特异性抑制剂cariporide对快速起搏所致兔心房电重构的影响。 方法： 30只兔随机等分为3组：对照组、起搏组和cariporide组。起搏组和cariporide组给予6 h 600 beats/min的快速心房起搏。测定各组不同时点的心房有效不应期（AERP200，AERP150，AERP130），连续刺激6 h后取左右心耳组织，用Western blotting测定NHE-1的含量。 结果： 在快速起搏后1 h后，起搏组的AERP200较起搏前明显缩短，2 h时达高峰，相对缩短量为（15.63±9.04）ms，而对照组和cariporide组AERP未发生明显变化，起搏2h时相对缩短量为(1.43±2.44)ms和(1.43±6.90)ms（P<0.05，与起搏组相比），这些变化一直保持至快速起搏后6 h；起搏组的AERP频率适应性下降, 起搏前AERP130较AERP200缩短(11.88±15.57)ms，起搏后6 h只缩短(4.38±5.63)ms。而cariporide组的AERP频率适应性则未发生显著变化。起搏组右心耳组织的NHE-1含量显著少于对照组（P<0.05），cariporide组的右心耳组织NHE-1含量与对照组差异不显著。 结论： Cariporide可有效阻止快速心房起搏引起的AERP缩短，但不影响起搏引起的NHE-1含量的下降。     

UK-68,798对家兔心脏房室结区不同细胞的电生理作用

在离体家兔房室结(AVN)区标本上,用微电极技术研究了Ⅲ类抗心律失常新药UK-68,798对AN、N、NH、H 4种细胞的电生理效应。浓度为5×10~(-9)至5×10~(-6)mol的UK-68,798对上述4种细胞的APA、RP皆无影响,对AVN的自搏频率有剂量依赖性减慢作用但不改变A-H传导时间.在5×10~(-8)～5×10~(-6)mol的剂量范围,UK-68,798使APD_50和APD_(90)发生剂量依赖性延长.4种细胞中以N细胞的APD_(50)和APD_(90)延长百分率最高。各类细胞APD_(90)延长百分率依大小排列,其次序为N>AN>H>NH.例如当浓度为5×10~(-6)mol时4类细胞APD_(90)的延长百分率分别为95±26％(N)、75±22％(AN)、63±26％(H)、46±     

右心房梗死伴左心房高频起搏诱发慢性房颤的电生理特性研究

目的： 建立右心房梗死伴左心房高频起搏新型慢性心房颤动(AF)模型并探讨其电生理特性。方法： 24只健康新西兰大白兔随机分为3组：对照组(C)、起搏组(P)、心房梗死+起搏组(I)。C组：在左心房外膜缝合固定一起搏电极,但不起搏;P组：在左心房外膜缝合固定一起搏电极并以1 000 beats/min的频率高频起搏;I组：结扎右冠状动脉心房分支,并在左心房外膜缝合固定一起搏电极,以1 000 beats/min的频率高频起搏。采用心外膜程序起搏技术测定心房肌的电生理特性。结果： (1) I组:起搏3周后AF诱发成功率高达100%。(2) I组、P组在起搏1 h、1周、3周后心房有效不应期（ERPA）均缩短;I组、P组、C组：起搏3周后在基本起搏周期（PCL）200 ms时的ERPA分别为(87.5±12.8) ms、(81.3±12.5) ms、(115.0±7.6) ms,I组、P组与C组比较,显著差异（P<0.01）。(3)在频率适应性方面,I组、P组均表现为频率适应不良,在术后3周时表现明显,与C组比较差异显著(分别P<0.01,P<0.05)。 (4) I组在起搏3周后P波时限延长与P组、C组比较差异显著(P<0.05,P<0.01)。（5）I组：快速起搏后1 h至3周,均表现为ERPA缩短、心房相对不应期(RRPA)延长与C组比较显著差异（P<0.01）、房间传导时间（IACD）延长与P组、C组比较显著差异（均P<0.01）。结论：右心房梗死+左心房高频起搏建立兔慢性AF与传统的单纯心房起搏相比,AF诱发成功率高并且稳定,其电生理参数有特征性意义,表现为ERPA缩短,频率适应不良,RRPA延长,IACD延长。     

Photoperiodicity and the function of the hypophysis and the adrenal cortex

Summary The ACTH content of the hypophysis of rats rises from a minimum in the morning to a maximum in the evening hours. These fluctuations are associated with the diurnal rhythm of light and darkness, and are abolished under conditions of continual light or darkness for 30 days. Rhythmic fluctuations of the ascorbic acid content of the adrenals are also found, with maximum values in the evening, and these are likewise abolished by maintenance under conditions of constant illumination.Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin     

Anatomic considerations and the relationship between the piriformis muscle and the sciatic nerve

Stating background  The piriformis syndrome is one of the non-discogenics causes of sciatica. It results from the compression of the sciatic nerve (SN) by the piriformis muscle (PM) in the neutral and piriformis stretch test position. The evidence of the increase in pain in the test position requires a detailed anatomical study addressing the changes that occurred in the SN and PM anatomy during the test position. The aim of this study is to examine this relationship morphometrically. Materials and methods  A total of 20 right and left lower limbs of ten adult cadavers were examined. The SN and the PM were made visible. The location of the SN was evaluated with respect to the consistent bony landmarks, including the greater and the lesser trochanter of the femur, the ischial tuberosity, the ischial spine of the hip bone, the posterior inferior iliac spine of the hip bone and the posterior superior iliac spine of the hip bone. The study was done in both neutral and test positions (i.e., 30° adduction 60° flexion and approximately 10° medial rotation position of the hip joint). Results  The width of the greater sciatic notch was 63.09 ± 13.59 mm. The length of the lower edge of the PM was 95.49 ± 6.21 mm, and whereas the diameter of the SN where it emerged from the infrapiriforme was 17.00 ± 3.70 mm, the diameter decreased to 11.03 ± 2.52 mm at the level of the lesser trochanter of the femur. The SN intersected the PM most commonly in its medial second quarter anatomically. The vertical distance between the medial edge of the SN–PM intersection point and the ischial tuberosity was 85.62 ± 17.23 and 72.28 ± 7.56 mm (P < 0.05); the angle between the SN and the transverse plane was 66.36° ± 6.68° and 71.90 ± 8.48° (P < 0.05); and the vertical distance between the medial edge of the SN and the apex of the ischial spine of the hip bone was 17.33 ± 4.89 and 15.84 ± 4.63 mm (P > 0.05), before and after the test position, respectively. Conclusion  This study provides helpful information regarding the course and the location of the SN. The presented morphometric data also revealed that after stretch test position, the infrapiriforme foramen becomes narrower; the SN becomes closer to the ischial spine of the hip bone, and the angle between the SN and the transverse plane increases. This study confirmed that the SN is prone to be trapped in the test position, and diagnosis of this situation requires dynamic MR and MR neurography study.     

空肠和回肠直动脉及器官表面动脉的观测

目的　通过对空、回肠直动脉分支类型的观察、测量不同类型直动脉管径、间距以及器官表面动脉吻合网面密度 ,探讨空、回肠血供形态的异同 ,为临床空、回肠疾病手术、器官移植、介入治疗提供形态学依据。方法　选取 15具成人及 2～ 6岁小儿 10具进行股动脉插管、乳胶灌注后解剖剥离直动脉 ,将空回肠均分 5段观测相关指标。结果　成人空肠 (1、2段 )及回肠 (3～ 5段 )直动脉起始处外管径 (mm)分别为 0 6 8± 0 18、0 72± 0 0 1、0 6 1± 0 0 2、0 5 3± 0 0 3和 0 5 1± 0 0 1,相邻分支间距 (mm)分别为 2 89± 1 72、2 79± 2 0 6、2 2 1± 1 6 4、2 17± 1 17及 2 85± 0 4 6 ;空、回肠直动脉长、短干型分支供血能力不同 ;空肠器官表面动脉吻合网面密度大于回肠。结论　直动脉分支类型、管径、间距及器官表面动脉吻合网面密度对空、回肠血供影响较大。     

指背腱膜滑动与近侧指间关节屈曲关系及临床意义

目的:探讨指背腱膜滑动距离与近侧指间关节(PIP)屈曲关系,为临床修复提供解剖学基础。方法:男性成人新鲜尸体标本10侧30指(示、中、环指各10指),切除手指皮肤,不破坏腱鞘、屈肌支持带、伸肌支持带、内在肌及外在肌,使肌腱保持正常的生理状态,分别测量各指中央束(CS)、侧束(LB)在PIP屈曲45°和90°时的滑动距离。结果:当PIP屈曲45°时,CS滑动距离为(2.7±0.4)mm,LB滑动距离为(2.8±0.6)mm;当PIP屈曲90°时,CS滑动距离为(4.3±0.7)mm,LB滑动距离为(4.8±0.6)mm。结论:指背腱膜滑动距离减少,严重影响手指的屈曲功能。对于指背腱膜的新鲜性损伤应予以精确修复;对于陈旧性损伤的修复应确保指背腱膜的正常滑动范围。     

岛叶与锥体束空间关系的影像学和解剖学研究

目的研究岛叶与锥体束的空间位置关系,为岛叶病变手术中保护锥体束和减少术后运动功能障碍提供指导。方法2013年3—10月,选取10例健康志愿者采用MR弥散张量纤维束成像( DTT)重建锥体束影像,选取6例成人颅脑标本运用Klingler白质纤维解剖技术解剖岛叶区域显露内囊和放射冠,在标本上进行断层解剖观察并测量岛叶标志点与内囊和放射冠的间距,结合MRI与解剖观察结果,对岛叶与锥体束的空间位置关系进行前瞻性研究。结果岛叶标志点在颅脑标本和MRI中均容易辨认。 DTT重建影像显示锥体束经过了岛叶后上部的深部。在解剖标本利用上中央岛点( UCIP)和后下岛点( PIIP)间连线将岛叶划分成前下部和后上部两个区域。岛叶后上部皮层与锥体束之间为最外囊、屏状核和外囊,而无壳核和苍白球。 UCIP和后上岛点( PSIP)距其深部的放射冠分别为(5.0依0.3)mm和(4.7依0.3)mm,PIIP距其深部的内囊后肢(5.7依0.5)mm。结论利用UCIP和PIIP连线所划分出的岛叶后上部因毗邻锥体束是手术危险区域。岛叶危险区域的划分有助于术前评估手术风险和预后,术中保护锥体束,降低术后运动功能障碍的发生率。     

Cutaneous calciphylactic reactions in the mouse and the rat and the effects of diphosphonates on the reaction in the rat

Calciphylaxis is a local tissue calcific reaction at the site of an injection of challenger substance given a critical time period after the oral administration of a sensitizer substance such as dihydrotachysterol (DHT), vitamin D or parathormone. Cutaneous calciphylaxis is readily induced in the rat but not in the mouse and this may be because, in the latter, the challenger substance is absorbed rapidly by macrophages. In the rat the administration of 500 micrograms/0.1 ml of DHT followed after 24 h by the subcutaneous (SC) injection of ferric chloride (FeCl3) (30 micrograms/0.1 ml) is followed rapidly by calcification of the SC site. There is an early transient acute inflammatory reaction with the incrustation of collagen fibres by the iron salt and an apparent exudation of calcium and phosphate ions from the bloodstream. These ions also become associated with collagen fibres. Two days after injection macrophages and multinucleated giant cells become the dominant cells. Calciphylaxis is a useful experimental model of ectopic calcification and is associated with an initial hypercalcaemia. The diphosphonates ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP) and dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) are effective inhibitors of the calciphylactic reaction when administered prior to the initiation of the experimental procedure.     

Organization and distribution of the upper and lower esophageal motoneurons in the medulla and the spinal cord of the rat

The upper cervical esophagus is exerted on swallowing and peristalsis by somatic and visceral motoneurons, whereas the lower esophagus is exerted on only peristalsis by visceral motoneurons. We examined the origin of the esophageal motoneurons and whether there were any differences between the distributions of the upper and the lower esophageal motoneurons in the medulla and the spinal cord using cholera toxin subunit b (CTb) as the retrograde tracer. Following injection of CTb into the cervical esophagus resulted in heavy labeling of the neurons in the nucleus ambiguus including the compact (AmC), semicompact (AmS) and loose (AmL) formations, and the medial column of lamina IX at the C1-C5 levels of the cervical spinal cord corresponding to the spinal accessory nucleus. A few labeled neurons were found in the inferior salivatory nucleus, the rostral division of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX), the accessory facial nucleus and the lateral column of lamina IX at the C2 and C3 levels. All these labeled neurons showed ChAT immunoreactivity. When CTb was injected into the cut end of the unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve, many labeled neurons were found in the ipsilateral AmC, the AmL, and the bilateral medial column at the C1 and C2 levels. Following injection of CTb into the subdiaphragmatic esophagus resulted in heavy labeling of the neurons only in the AmC and the DMX. When CTb was injected into the sternomastoid muscle, many labeled neurons were found in the medullary reticular formation, the facial nucleus, the medial column at the C1-C3, C5 and C6 levels, and the lateral column at the C2, C3, C5 and C6 levels. Injections of a Fluoro-Gold into the cervical esophagus and a CTb into the sternomastoid muscle or the subdiaphragmatic esophagus in the same animal showed many double labeled neurons in the medial column of the accessory nucleus at the C1 and C2 levels, but no double labeled neurons in the AmC. These results indicated that the upper cervical esophagus is innervated by the visceral medullary vagal motoneurons as well as the somatic spinal accessory motoneurons. The lower esophagus is innervated only by the visceral medullary vagal motoneurons.