管型对波动管热分层现象的影响分析

为分析评价压水堆核电厂稳压器波动管管型对热分层现象的影响,提出采用螺纹管来减弱热分层的措施。利用计算流体力学（CFD）分析方法,对升温、升压阶段波动管原型和改进模型的热分层现象进行数值模拟,得到两种模型不同波动流速下沿波动管轴线方向的截面最大温差分布以及流场分布。对比分析结果表明：波动管结构由光管改为螺纹管后流场紊动加强并出现涡流,冷热流体间的混合增强,与原型相比可使波动管的截面温差减小约1/3,从而有效地减弱热分层的影响。     

Stress analysis of a 900 MW pressurizer surge line including stratification effects

Following temperature monitoring programmes performed on 900 MW pressurized water reactor pressurizer surge lines, it has been reported that those lines are stratified in steady state, owing to their geometry. The highest temperature difference occurs during reactor heat-up and cool-down, reaching 110°C. Obviously, this phenomenon was not considered in nuclear steam supply system (NSSS) design transients and stress reports.Based on Electricité de France and FRAMATOME experiences, such as temperature measurements on site and mock-up, and thermal hydraulic computations, NSSS transients are updated. Stratification conditions are defined in different cross-sections of the line, using pressurizer temperature, hot leg temperature and flow rate, through the Froude number. A complete stress analysis of surge lines is performed including the updated transients and bending moment increase due to stratification. First of all different sensibility studies are carried out in order to simplify assumptions.Using a two-dimensional-one-dimensional method developed by FRAMATOME, the usage factor is then computed in different cross-sections, distinguishing upper and lower parts. In the presence of stratification, the surge line is subjected to thermal stresses following thermal shocks and to bending moment variation. These two load types are studied vs. time in order to reduce conservatism present in usual analyses.     

Thermal fatigue damage evaluation of a PWR NPP steam generator injection nozzle model subjected to thermal stratification phenomenon

Thermal stratification phenomenon with the same thermodynamic steam generator (SG) injection nozzle parameters was simulated. After 41 experiments, the experimental section was dismantled; cut and specimens were made of its material. Other specimens were made of the preserved pipe material. By comparing their fatigue tests results, the pipe material damage was evaluated. The water temperature layers and also the outside pipe wall temperatures were measured at the same level. Strains outside the pipe in 7 positions were measured. The experimental section develops thermal stratified flows, stresses and strains caused enlargement of material grain size and reduction in fatigue life.     

瞬态工况下压水堆稳压器波动管热分层现象数值模拟

利用计算流体动力学软件ANSYS/CFX,对秦山核电二期扩建工程2×650 MW压水堆核电站四号机组核岛厂房的稳压器波动管进行了三维全尺寸非稳态计算。建立了波动管整体和不同截面的热分层瞬态,对管内热分层流动与换热进行了研究。研究结果表明:同一截面内高温层流体和低温层流体的升温方式不同;不同截面位置的管内流动温度分布特性差别较大,但均呈现分层流体温差先增大后减小的趋势。计算结果可为后续波动管热应力分析及寿命评价提供一定基础。     

压水堆核电厂稳压器波动管热分层现象数值分析

为分析评价压水堆核电厂稳压器波动管热分层现象对波动管结构完整性的影响,采用计算流体力学(CFD)分析方法,对稳压器波动管热分层现象进行了数值模拟.研究了波动管内的流体流动,得到了稳压器波动管的传热特性、流体流场和温度分布,分析了稳压器波动管波动热分层现象与波动流速之间的关系.研究结果表明:波动流速在一定范围内变化时,管道最大截面温差随着波动流速的增大而增大.并且得到了不同波动流速下管道最大截面温差及其出现的位置,指出了热分层现象发生时波动管的薄弱环节.     

Analysis of thermal stratification in the primary circuit of a VVER-440 reactor with the CFX code

The thermal stratification can lead an important role in the aging of the NPP piping because of the stresses caused by the temperature differences and the cyclic temperature changes. These stresses can limit the lifetime of the piping, or lead to penetrating cracks. For the stress analyses, the determination of the thermal hydraulic parameters of the stratified flow is necessary, which can be simulated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes. The results of the simulation show the time development and the breaking up of the stratification and the temperature distribution of the stratified flow. The main difficulty of these CFD simulations is the uncertainty of the boundary conditions because of the unknown flow circumstances. In this paper, some results of CFX simulations are presented concerning the pressurizer surge line, and the injection pipe of the HPIS for VVER-440 type reactors.     

稳压器波动管热分层应力及疲劳分析

稳压器波动管内流体的温度分层引起管壁温度分层,从而在管道截面产生整体弯曲应力、局部热应力以及管道系统超过预期的位移和支撑载荷.将稳压器波动管的热分层这种复杂的三维应力分析问题简化为一维和二维组合问题,利用SYSTUS程序和ROCOCO程序对秦山核电二期扩建工程稳压器波动管热分层的应力及疲劳进行了分析研究,计算了考虑热分...     

Numerical prediction of stratified pipe flows in PWRs

The phenomenon of thermal stratification has been analysed on the l'EXPRESS experimental facility representing the pressurizer surge line of a Framatome PWR. This experimental approach has allowed to characterize flow regimes for different operating conditions. A numerical simulation approach has been performed by the TRIO code. The measured fluid temperatures have been compared to calculated values. A first validation of the numerical simulation was realized by comparing steady state results to experimental values, the second one by comparing transient conditions. Also the stratification onset has been estimated and compared to the experiment. The numerical simulation has allowed to obtain a good prediction of the quantities representative of the thermal loading.     

T型三通管内热分层流动3D数值模拟

针对主管和支管流体温度不同的等径三通管,利用AQUA程序,对该三通管内的热分层流动进行了三维数值流场模拟。模拟结果显示,高流速的支管流体自上部射入,深入到主管的主流内部,迫使主管内上游来流贴着主管下壁面流动。在支管人流的背流面有一涡存在,主支流在此涡下部的狭窄通道内被加速到较支流速度更高的速度。对三通管内的温度分布计算表明,支流人流的迎流面存在着很大的温度梯度,两种流体的混合主要存在于远离支流人流的下游地区。     

稳压器波动管热分层分析

为评价热分层对稳压器波动管结构完整性的影响,从理论上分析了稳压器波动管热分层发生的条件.以百万千瓦级三环路压水堆核电厂核反应堆启堆为例,建立了热分层瞬态,研究了热分层应力计算方法,从理论上将一个复杂的三维应力分析问题简化为一维和二维组合问题.结合ANSYS程序功能,提出了波动管热分层应力计算的工程方法.     

基于运行数据的船用堆波动管热分层现象研究

基于运行数据将船用堆波动管热分层划分为升功率、降功率、变工况、小喷淋流量4类典型瞬态,对4类典型瞬态分别进行无量纲里查德森数（Ri）分析、瞬态工况数值模拟计算,得到波动管在4类典型瞬态下水平管段的热分层区间长度、持续时间和最大温差。结果表明,升功率和降功率瞬态热分层仅单次贯穿波动管,升功率瞬态的接头部位循环的热波动以及小喷淋流量瞬态水平段的长区间、长时间、大温差的热分层现象和变工况导致的热应力波动可能影响到波动管的安全。本文提出的基于运行数据的波动管热分层现象研究方法为后续热应力和热疲劳分析奠定了基础,同时可以为其他容积设备热分层研究提供参考。      

Fatigue relevance of stratified flows in pipes: A parametric study

Stratified flows may form in pipelines under certain conditions and could lead to increased fatigue loading that was only marginally accounted for during the design phase of the second generation of nuclear power plants designed in accordance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Extension of operational license would require explicit account for fatigue loads imposed by stratified flows. This typically involves rather complex state-of-the-art computational technology, which may in some cases be combined with measurements of the temperatures at the outside surfaces of pipes, which comprise pressure boundary of the reactor coolant.A parametric study using detailed finite element analysis of the entire span of the pipe has been performed to quantify the possible range of fatigue loads and fatigue usage factors. The example taken was a typical pressurized water reactor pressurizer surge line containing stratified flow of cold and hot water. The investigated parameters include the film coefficients governing the heat transfer from the both fluids to the pipe wall and the velocity of the interface between then cold and hot water.The main results include the expected ranges of fatigue loading and usage factors given the range of investigated parameters. It is clearly shown that the choice of the film coefficients is essential to arrive at reliable fatigue estimate.Additionally, predictions of readings provided by hypothetical thermocouples at the pipe outer surface are provided. Some of their limitations are identified and discussed.     

稳压器波动管不同布置方式对热分层现象的影响

通过改变波动管的倾角建立了两种不同布置方式的波动管模型,采用计算流体力学(CFD)分析方法,分别对这两种模型的热分层现象进行数值模拟分析,比较不同流量下两种模型热分层现象的特点,并对两种模型热分层现象差异产生的原因进行分析。结果表明:两种模型热分层现象产生的位置和热分层覆盖范围不同,引起这些差异的原因主要是由于不同模型的波动管内流体流动不同。本研究能为优化波动管布置达到减弱热分层效应提供参考。     

冷却剂丧失事故下稳压器波动管及人孔结构的失效机理研究

稳压器是核反应堆进行压力控制和保护的重要设备,冷却剂丧失事故（LOCA）产生的巨大冲击可能造成其关键部位的结构失效。通过多场耦合计算方法,对小破口LOCA下稳压器波动管的流动传热和结构应力、人孔结构的温度分布和密封性能进行了三维瞬态数值模拟,分析了其失效机理。结果表明：高温流体快速流入波动管形成了巨大的瞬时载荷,造成了管道短时间的强烈振动,管道中间部位变形最大,可能破坏管道支撑结构;各部位等效应力快速增大,与主管道的接管部位出现了集中应力现象,较大的应力波动会影响其寿命;人孔结构出现较大的温度分布不均匀性,密封结构下垫片的密封性能变化最大,在100 s前后其内、外侧密封面接触压力都降至设计密封比压值以下,即出现泄漏。本文根据分析结果提出了波动管和人孔结构的改进建议,可为船用核动力装置发生小破口LOCA后的事故缓解提供技术借鉴。     

压水堆稳压器波动管热分层的分析研究

热分层是管道水平管段中相对滞止或缓慢流动的冷、热流体因缺少混合而产生的不均匀温度分布现象.通过稳压器波动管热分层现象产生的原因和机理分析,并对稳压器波动管热分层现象进行数值模拟,建立了不同稳压器内部不同截面的热分层瞬态.     

Fluid-structure interaction analysis for pressurizer surge line subjected to thermal stratification

Serious mechanical damages such as cracks and plastic deformations due to excessive thermal stress caused by thermal stratification have been experienced in several nuclear power plants. In particular, the thermal stratification in the pressurizer surge line has been addressed as one of the significant safety and technical issues. In this study, a detailed unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis involving conjugate heat transfer analysis is performed to obtain the transient temperature distributions in the wall of the pressurizer surge line subjected to stratified internal flows either during out-surge or in-surge operation. The thermal loads from CFD calculations are transferred to the structural analysis code which is employed for the thermal stress analysis to investigate the response characteristics, and the fatigue analysis is ultimately performed. In addition, the thermal stress and fatigue analysis results obtained by applying the realistic temperature distributions from CFD calculations are compared with those by assuming the simplified temperature distributions to identify some requirements for a realistic and conservative thermal stress analysis from a safety point of view.     

升功率工况下波动管热分层数值分析

以CPR1000稳压器波动管为研究对象,采用CFD方法,使用FLUENT软件,对反应堆功率增加瞬态工况下波动管热分层现象进行数值模拟研究,得到了波动管内热分层流体的流场和温度场分布,探讨了涡流效应对热分层分布的影响。结果表明：瞬态工况下波动管热分层与传统观念下的稳态热分层相比有很大不同,最显著的是T型三通区域,由于受到涡流效应的影响,流体热分层呈环形左右分布,而不再是稳态热分层的上下分布。本研究得到的瞬态工况下的温度分布结果可作为瞬态热应力分析的温度载荷,为后续的力学分析和疲劳分析奠定了基础。     

一回路相关死管段与热分层危害分析

为避免死管段与热分层危害，结合有关经验与核岛工艺系统设计特点，对某新型压水堆一回路各连接管逐一进行死管段与热分层危害分析。筛选出危害可能发生的管段后，对其中典型的热段连接余热导出管段应用计算流体力学软件CFX模拟分析，计算达收敛状态后可得出该管段热分层温度分布情况。另外，该管段下游两个隔离阀间封闭管段初始条件设定为充满工质，因受一回路影响而被加热升温，通过该封闭管段工质最终温度结果可判断是否出现死管段现象。最终计算数据显示热段连接余热导出管段总体上满足热分层验收准则，不过下游隔离阀间封闭管段有形成死管段的风险，但通过调整布置等措施可避免死管段危害。结果还显示出浮力循环流与一回路紊流冲击影响的流线特点。     

热管堆用高温热管参数敏感性分析和优化

热管堆用高温热管的设计是存在约束的多目标优化问题，本文旨在实现高温热管的快速多目标设计优化。针对高温热管，考虑干道、槽道、丝网、烧结等吸液芯，基于改进热阻网络法，采用非支配遗传算法Ⅱ对热阻和毛细质量流量进行优化。结果表明，热管性能与工质和吸液芯有关，圆形和矩形干道采用工质钾更佳，三角槽和烧结纤维采用工质钠更佳；钠热管中热阻性能优劣依次为环形干道、丝网、矩形槽、烧结颗粒、烧结纤维、三角槽、圆形干道、矩形干道，流量性能优劣依次为环形干道、丝网、烧结颗粒、矩形槽、矩形干道、圆形干道、三角槽、烧结纤维；在800~950 K范围内，工作温度提升导致除环形干道外热阻减小89.9%以上，流量增加320.8%以上，环形干道中热阻减小93.5%，但流量减小8.8%。本研究可为核反应堆高温热管设计优化提供参考，提升高温热管性能。      

AP1000稳压器波动管竖直管段空气-水CCFL实验研究

使用竖直管代替波动管模型开展稳压器波动管竖直管段内空气-水两相逆流限制（CCFL）特性可视化实验研究。实验现象表明:竖直管与上容器接口处的局部CCFL决定了进入竖直管内的液相流量；竖直管内的局部CCFL决定了从竖直管流出的液相流量；两处局部CCFL均随空气流量的增大而增强。在较低气量情况，进入竖直管内的液相能够完全或大部分流出，竖直管内的局部CCFL较弱，上容器和竖直管接口处的局部CCFL在整体CCFL中占主导地位，整体CCFL程度随着上容器液位升高而略有增强。在高气量情况，从上容器进入竖直管的液相大部分或者完全被限制而不能向下流出，竖直管内的局部CCFL强烈，在整体CCFL中占主导地位，整体CCFL特性不受上容器液位变化的影响。通过实验数据拟合得到了新的稳压器竖直管CCFL模型。稳压器波动管CCFL数据和稳压器竖直管CCFL数据基本重合，表明波动管CCFL主要由CCFL-U决定。