滚齿机床振动对齿轮几何精度的影响

滚齿机床切削加工过程中,刀刃成排轮流从切入到切出,切削力由小逐渐变大,再逐渐变小,在工件和刀具之间产生周期性的激振力,使刀刃和工件加工表面产生相对位移,对加工齿轮的几何精度产生影响。研究机床结构振动与被加工齿轮精度的关系,建立滚刀和工件加工表面产生的相对位移对齿轮几何精度影响的理论模型,定量推导出了由此相对位移产生的齿廓误差;通过大量实验,对滚刀和工件加工表面产生相对位移对应的齿轮齿廓误差进行在线精密测量;使用此齿廓误差减法运算新方法,对两组实验数据进行对比分析。结果表明:提出的运算新方法能够准确地处理数据,实验数据很好地验证了建立的理论模型的正确性,误差小于2%。     

滚齿机分度挂轮引起齿向误差的实验研究

通过对滚切直齿、斜齿圆柱齿轮时，分度挂轮传动比不精确调整造成的齿向误差的理论分析和实验研究，推导出了齿向误差的计算公式，找出了影响齿向误差大小的因素。研究结果对提高齿轮加工精度有一定的指导作用。     

汽车齿轮车削和滚齿复合机床研究

根据汽车行业对高精度齿轮的需求,通过自主创新的途径,重点攻克了车削和滚齿复合机床总体结构、机床数控系统、高速干式滚切工艺系统温度场控制、硬质合金高速干切滚刀等关键技术难题,研发一种汽车齿轮高精度高速车削和滚齿复合机床。机床采用基于运动控制卡的开放式数控系统,采用3种方法减少滚齿加工机床热误差变形,采用三合一组合齿轮加工刀具。将齿轮加工的全部工艺集成在一台机床内,能通过一次装夹完成车削、滚齿和去毛刺加工。由于节省了上下料时间,生产效益得到了很大的提高,实现了齿轮滚切高效、高精度、节能环保加工。     

基于工件表面误差的薄壁件切削力系数计算

切削力系数是计算评估机床切削力的重要参数之一.在对薄壁零件加工过程中的受力以及弹性变形进行分析的基础上,建立了基于加工零件表面误差求解切削力系数的理论模型.根据受力平衡原理,将三坐标测量的工件表面误差分配为工件和刀具弹性变形引起的误差,通过MATLAB工具代入理论模型求解切削力系数.通过将模型预测的切削力与实测切削力进行比较,结果显示模型预测的切削力波形吻合,预测切削力接近实测切削力的平均值.     

滚切加工法及中心距误差对圆弧齿轮啮合传动的影响

采用滚切法加工出的圆弧齿轮虽能保证定传动比传动且啮合点不会在齿高方向移动,但啮合点处的压力角会发生变化.现有文献研究中心距误差对圆弧齿轮啮合传动的影响时都是以圆弧齿廓为基础的,这种研究结果并不适用于滚切加工后的圆弧齿轮.本文利用滚切加工后的凸凹两圆弧齿轮齿面方程,对滚切加工法及中心距误差对圆弧齿轮啮合传动的影响做了较为详尽的分析.     

齿轮的数控加工原理及误差分析

介绍了在四轴以上的数控机床上用滚齿和铣齿两种方法进行齿轮加工的原理，通过对两种加工方法所产生的误差进行分析，指出了影响齿轮加工精度的因素。     

数控滚齿机参数化自动编程系统开发

为了提高齿轮加工效率,提出了一种基于滚齿加工的自动编程系统。在分析齿轮滚削加工工艺的基础上,建立了齿轮加工的数学模型,进而得到数控滚齿加工的NC程序。该方法仅需通过人机界面输入工件、刀具和工艺等参数,在工艺数据库和运算库的支撑下,即可自动生成NC程序。针对广州数控218MC数控系统,通过用户宏程序进行了自动编程系统的开发,实现了人机界面设计、滚齿算法设计和功能模块设计。最后,通过在工厂多台五轴滚齿机上的应用表明该系统编程效率高、加工零件精度高、算法可靠性强的特点,同时降低了机床操作人员的职业技术门槛,提升了国产齿轮数控系统的市场竞争力。     

基于平面砂轮的面齿轮数控切、磨齿技术

传统上面齿轮的加工都是基于小齿轮与其啮合的模拟,导致刀具没有通用性,加工过程复杂,针对这一问题,借助数控技术,提出了采用平面刀具加工面齿轮的方法。首先论述了平面刀具的设计、平面刀具展成加工面齿轮的原理,并结合格林森的技术,提出了平面刀具加工面齿轮所需运动配置。其次通过数学推导,建立了平面刀具加工面齿轮的数学模型,并进行了数控转换。最后对平面刀具加工面齿轮的理论方法及其数控方法进行了仿真模拟,模拟表明:采用平面刀具加工面齿轮可获得理论齿面,其数控加工方法的齿面误差可小达2.56μm。     

圆柱齿轮滚齿加工三向Dexel模型仿真与验证

针对基于实体建模技术的滚齿加工仿真问题,开发一种圆柱齿轮滚齿加工三向Dexel模型仿真方法。研究圆柱齿轮滚齿加工的运动学模型。根据滚刀和齿轮毛坯的几何参数创建三角形网格模型,并转换为引擎内的Dexel模型。同时,借助Delaunay三角剖分和Alpha形状重构进行高效的CWE计算和未变形切屑几何仿真。采用斜角切削模型来计算每个时间步上所有啮合节点的力分布。使用利勃海尔LC500滚齿机对所提仿真方法进行了验证,并结合旋转测力计和卡尔曼滤波器来补偿结构动力学,从而进行准确的切削力测量。结果表明：所提方法能够准确预测出沿滚刀刃口离散节点的三维力分布,预测误差（均方根和标准差）在4%~12%之间,且当切削条件变化时,仍然可以准确预测轴向和横向的切削力,有助于进一步提高滚齿加工仿真的效率与精度。     

基于SolidWorks的滚齿过程几何仿真及切削力计算

滚齿切削力是制定合理的切削用量、优化刀具几何参数的基础,为研究滚齿切削力,提出了基于Solid Works的滚齿过程几何仿真及切削力计算方法。首先以Solid Works软件为平台建立齿坯、滚刀刀齿三维模型,实现滚刀刀齿对工件进行加工的可视化过程,获得加工后的工件以及产生的切屑的三维模型。然后用两种方法计算每齿切削力:通过提取切屑三维模型表面上的坐标点,利用切屑形状计算切削力的大小;将获得的工件三维模型导入ABAQUS中进行滚齿过程有限元仿真,计算滚齿切削力。最后将二者的结果进行对比分析,验证计算结果的正确性,为滚齿切削参数的选取奠定基础。     

加工蜗杆伞齿轮优化设计分析

蜗杆伞齿轮切齿时 ,由于蜗杆部分与刀架滑板及刀架螺钉发生碰撞干涉 ,导致刨齿加工无法顺利进行。为此 ,在实际现场勘测和理论分析的基础上 ,设计了一种专用刨齿刀 ,从而圆满地完成了切齿任务。     

行星复合铣削及其刀具研究

行星复合铣削方法是复合加工方法的一种实现形式,该加工方法所产生的切削力较普通端铣加工的切削力有大幅度的降低,从而能有效地降低切削热、减少工件变形、提高刀具寿命。行星复合铣削方法切削力大幅度地降低的主要原因是该方法的切削轨迹使其能将厚切削层分解为细小的切削层,而该方法中的立铣刀的螺旋角和半径对实际切削力的影响很小。行星复合铣削方法在刀盘低速旋转时就能实现高速切削,有效地避开了高速旋转刀盘的动平衡问题,结合其切削力小的优势,通过增大刀盘直径并增加立铣刀数量来提高加工效率。行星铣刀采用行星轮系结构,能够达到行星复合铣削方法切削轨迹要求,具有扭矩大、运转可靠等优势。     

Estimation of cutter deflection and form error in ball-end milling processes

This paper presents a method to analyze the 3-dimensional form error of a ball-end milled surface due to the elastic compliance of the cutting tool. In order to estimate the form error in various cutting modes, the cutting force and the cutter deflection models including the effect of the surface inclination were established. The cutting forces were calculated by using the cutter contact area determined from the Z-map of the surface geometry and the current cutter location. The tool deflection responding to the cutting force was then calculated by considering the cutter and the holder stiffness. The cutter was modeled as a cantilever beam consisting of the shank and the flute. The stiffness of the holder was measured experimentally. Various experimental works have been performed to verify the validity of the proposed model. It is shown that the proposed method is capable of accurate prediction of cutting forces and the surface form error.     

Micro cutting in the micro lathe turning system

As an application of cutting for the manufacture of micro mechanical parts and as a trial of the development of a miniature machining system matching the micro size of the work piece, a micro lathe turning system has been developed. A work material 0.3 mm in diameter is clamped and cut to a minimum of 10 μm in diameter with a rotation speed up to 15,000 rpm. The whole size of the equipment is about 200 mm which can be set under an optical microscope. A micro diamond single point tool has been applied to the cutting of various shapes, and the usefulness of such a micro cutting tool for the various forms has been confirmed. Cutting force has been investigated using a three directional force sensor and the possibility of the reduction of resistant force to improve working accuracy and to apply to micro parts has been examined.     

Cutting force prediction of sculptured surface ball-end milling using Z-map

The cutting force in ball-end milling of sculptured surfaces is calculated. In sculptured surface machining, a simple method to determine the cutter contact area is necessary since cutting geometry is complicated and cutter contact area changes continuously. In this study, the cutter contact area is determined from the Z-map of the surface geometry and current cutter location. To determine cutting edge element engagement, the cutting edge elements are projected onto the cutter plane normal to the Z-axis and compared with the cutter contact area obtained from the Z-map. Cutting forces acting on the engaged cutting edge elements are calculated using an empirical method. Empirical cutting mechanism parameters are set as functions of cutting edge element position angle in order to consider the cutting action variation along the cutting edge. The relationship between undeformed chip geometry and the cutter feed inclination angle is also analyzed. The resultant cutting force is calculated by numerical integration of cutting forces acting on the engaged cutting edge elements. A series of experiments were performed to verify the proposed cutting force estimation model. It is shown that the proposed method predicts cutting force effectively for any geometry including sculptured surfaces with cusp marks and a hole.     

曲线圆柱齿轮专用铣削加工装置设计

曲线圆柱齿轮是一种特种传动装置,其具有重合度大、无轴向力、易加工等特性,论文分析了其展成原理以及其常用的加工方法,并对单面加工和双面加工法两类加工方法进行了对比说明.对利用格里森刀盘加工曲线圆柱齿轮时的几何参数进行探讨.在分析铣削加工曲线圆柱齿轮范成运动的基础上提出了曲线圆柱齿轮专用铣削加工机床的总体设计方案与布局,并对范成加工曲线圆柱齿轮过程中各基本运动的具体实现作了详细的设计.所设计的机床能够实现加工曲线圆柱齿轮所需要的基本运动,具有较好的工程应用价值.     

基于摆线旋分原理的飞刀加工及其刀具的结构设计

滑块槽和倒锥是汽车同步器齿套的主要部位,由于属于内表面且表面形状略复杂,因此属难加工表面。首先介绍了滑块槽加工的国内外加工现状和基于摆线旋分原理的加工方法,从数学模型上计算了其加工的理论误差。然后建立了切削滑块槽飞刀的数学模型,在拥有自主知识产权的旋分数控机床和市场上通用的可转位刀具基础上设计了加工齿套滑块槽部位的专用刀具。经过实践检验证明该刀具是适用的。     

Prediction of cutting force distribution and its influence on dimensional accuracy in peripheral milling

Cutting force has a significant influence on the dimensional accuracy due to tool and workpiece deflection in peripheral milling. In this paper, the authors present an improved theoretical dynamic cutting force model for peripheral milling, which includes the size effect of undeformed chip thickness, the influence of the effective rake angle and the chip flow angle. The cutting force coefficients in the model were calibrated with the cutting forces measured by Yucesan [18] in tests on a titanium alloy, and the model was proved to be more accurate than the previous models. Based on the model, a few case studies are presented to investigate the cutting force distribution in cutting tests of the titanium alloy. The simulation results indicate that the cutting force distribution in the cut-in process has a significant influence on the dimensional accuracy of the finished part. Suggestions about how to select the cutter and the cutting parameters were given to get an ideal cutting force distribution, so as to reduce the machining error, meanwhile keeping a high productivity.     

Process geometry modeling with cutter runout for milling of curved surfaces

Prediction of cutting forces and machined surface error in peripheral milling of curved geometries is non-trivial due to varying workpiece curvature along tool path. The complexity in this case, arises due to continuously changing process geometry as workpiece curvature varies along tool path. In the presence of cutter runout, the situation is further complicated owing to changing radii of cutting points. The present work attempts to model process geometry in machining of curved geometries and in the presence of cutter runout. A mathematical model computing process geometry parameters which include cutter/workpiece engagements and instantaneous uncut chip thickness in the presence of cutter runout is presented. The developed model is more realistic as it accounts for interaction of cutting tooth trajectory with that of preceding teeth trajectories in computing process geometry. Computer simulation studies carried for this purpose has shown that it is essential to account for teeth trajectory interactions for accurate prediction of process geometry parameters. This aspect is further confirmed with machining experiments, which were conducted to validate this aspect. From the outcomes of present work, it is clearly seen that the computation of process geometry during machining of curved geometries and in presence of cutter runout is not straightforward and requires a systematic approach as presented in this paper.     

Feedrate scheduling for indexable end milling process based on an improved cutting force model

In CNC machining, an optimal process plan is needed for higher productivity and machining performance. This paper proposes a mechanistic cutting force model to perform feedrate scheduling that is useful in process planning for indexable end milling. Indexable end mills, which consist of inserts and a cutter body, have been widely used in the roughing of parts in the mold industry. The geometry and distribution of inserts compose a discontinuous cutting edge on the cutter body, and tool geometry of indexable end mill varies with axial position due to the geometry and distribution of inserts. Thus, an algorithm that calculates tool geometry data at an arbitrary axial position was developed. The developed cutting force model uses cutting-condition-independent cutting force coefficients and considers run out, cutter deflection, geometry variation and size effect for accurate cutting force prediction. Through feedrate scheduling, NC code is optimized to regulate cutting forces at given reference force. Experiments with general NC codes show the effectiveness of feedrate scheduling in process planning.