基于压力表示法的水平轴风力机风轮气动弹性稳定性模型及应用

该文对影响水平轴风力机气动弹性稳定性的物理机理进行了分析，对国内外的研究方法进行了阐述。建立了基于压力表示法的水平轴风力机风轮气动弹性稳定性敏感性分析方法的物理与数学模型，综合考虑了风力机风轮的气动与结构参数对气动弹性稳定的影响。以600kw水平轴风力机风轮为例，对其气动弹性稳定性进行了分析与研究，获得了该风力机的气动弹性稳定性裕度和工作范围。考虑到风力机三维流动、风轮与塔架的藕合以及来流湍流和阵风等来流工况的复杂性，该分析模型目前还没有将上述因素考虑在内。若均考虑在内，则其能够提供较高的气动弹性稳定性预测精度。     

大型风电机组塔架-叶片耦合振动对风力机柔性多体系统稳定性的影响

针对大型风电机组塔架-叶片耦合振动引起的风力机柔性多体系统稳定性问题,利用刚体有限元法对塔架-叶片耦合结构进行建模,并考虑塔架的结构参数对系统稳定性产生的影响,计算系统及各部件的自然频率,对风电机组塔架-叶片耦合结构进行振动分析。采用谐波合成法产生的气动载荷,对塔架-叶片耦合结构进行风振响应分析,从而得出塔架-叶片耦合振动及结构参数对于风力机柔性多体系统的影响。结果表明,塔架截面惯性矩与系统的自然频率呈非线性关系,1阶弯曲频率曲线最大值对应的塔架截面惯性矩为21 m~4,频率为1.25 Hz;振动最大位移量为0.85 m,发生在一阶屈服频率;塔架高径比最大值为26,自然频率最大值为5 Hz。该结果说明塔架结构参数变化及塔架-叶片耦合振动位移对风力机柔性多体系统稳定性产生一定的影响,从而为大型风电机组正常运行提供一定参考价值。     

多载荷耦合作用下的风电机组塔架结构动力学特性研究

文章针对在多载荷耦合作用下的大型风电机组塔架结构动力学参数变化的问题,根据柔性理论在耦合结构中的应用,建立了三维结构动力学模型。利用模态分析法,进行了振动特性研究。利用Solidworks模块化的流体分析嵌入技术进行了多载荷动力学分析。通过风与雨水载荷的耦合作用,结合基本控制方程,分析了塔架的振动位移变化情况。结果表明:振动特性中,最大振幅为0.37 m;在风与雨水耦合作用下,塔架振动位移变化幅值较大,最大值为1.22 m。该结果为塔架在风雨耦合载荷中的动力响应提供参考数据,从而为风电机组运行的稳定性提供一定参考。     

基于双向流固耦合的海上风力发电塔架风致响应特性分析

针对海上风力发电塔架风致响应特性,利用有限元分析软件Solidworks建立塔架叶片耦合结构模型进行模态分析,分析各个振型形成的原因及影响。结合Davenport脉动风速谱,利用双向流固耦合法,对塔架叶片耦合结构进行动力学参数变化分析,并在耦合结构作用下,对塔架及叶片进行位移变化分析。结果表明:耦合结构的第一阶振型为叶片前后弯曲,塔架无明显变化;耦合结构的第二阶振型为叶片垂直摆振,与扭转变形相耦合,塔架最大水平位移为0.58 m,塔架的水平位移无规则变化,变化幅度较大;耦合结构的第三阶振型为叶片俯仰挥舞,与叶片弯曲振型相耦合;塔架叶片耦合后的叶尖位移偏移量呈脉动性变化,塔架的惯性矩较小。该结果为海上风力发电塔架运行过程中动力学参数的变化及状态监测提供参考。     

风波联合作用下的风力机塔架疲劳特性分析

研究了海上风力机圆筒型塔架在随机风载荷和波浪载荷作用下的动力响应数值分析方法;建立了基于Palmgren Miner线性累积损伤法则的混泥土塔架安全寿命估计方法.应用线性波理论仿真非规则的海浪,分析作用在圆筒型塔架上的波浪载荷.通过坐标变换,将二维线性波理论扩展为三维线性波理论,建立了波浪力的分析计算模型;用有限元数值分析方法,求解了塔架在风波联合作用下的位移、速度、加速度以及应力响应等;用雨流计数法统计循环参量,将工作循环应力水平等寿命转换成对称循环下疲劳载荷谱,分析了变幅载荷谱下塔架的疲劳损伤及疲劳寿命.算例表明:该文的工作为海上风力机系统气动弹性分析、风力机塔架振动分析和疲劳寿命分析等提供了实用的分析方法.     

考虑塔架和叶片动力耦合的随机风载下风机结构动响应分析

考虑叶片和塔架的动力耦合作用,建立了5 MW风机整体结构的有限元模型,计算其在随机风速下的动响应。为分析叶片和塔架的动力耦合对风机结构动响应的影响,计算比较了刚性支撑的叶片、简化的风机和整体风机3种模型在风载下的动响应位移和应力。计算结果表明:由于叶片和塔架的耦合作用,叶片的位移响应最大增加约20%,但是塔架的位移响应最大降低了约60%。文章还分析了叶片旋转过程中方位角对塔架位移响应的影响。在叶片的一个旋转周期内,塔架的响应幅值会有较大的波动,最大响应幅值约为最小响应幅值的3倍。     

5MW风力机地震工况塔架动力学响应研究

基于FAST开源软件和Wolf土-构耦合(SSI)模型建立了风力机地震工况动力学仿真模型,并计算了5种不同平均风速的气动载荷与101种不同强度的地震载荷联合作用下风力机的动力学响应.结果表明:在额定风速下,气动载荷与地震载荷之间为非线性耦合,评估风力机地震动力学响应时,必须充分考虑风-震耦合效应;风速相同时,塔基最大弯矩先保持不变,再以线性增长的趋势变化;在低强度地震时,塔架不同高度处的最大弯矩与塔架高度之间为线性关系;随着地震强度的逐渐增大,塔架最大弯矩与塔架高度之间的关系逐渐变为非线性,且额定风速下塔架最大弯矩最大.     

水平轴风力机风轮尾迹与圆柱型塔架的相互干涉

建立了一个考虑上游风轮尾迹与下游塔架相互干涉的物理模型,并进行了详细的数值模拟。基于Navier-Stokes方程,重点研究了上游尾迹与下游圆柱型塔架相互干涉的二维物理特征、旋涡脱落频率、力的脉动与频谱以及纵向位置的影响;计算的流场与水洞进行的激光诱导荧光显示技术的流场显示结果进行了对比;在相同的横向位置和来流条件下,获得了处于不同纵向位置的干涉结果。研究结果对于揭示风力机风轮尾迹与下游塔架相互干涉的物理机理,减少由于位势干涉和尾迹粘性所诱导的非定常气动力,以及对于风力机的气动弹性稳定性和噪声辐射的研究等都有着重要的理论价值。     

多土层桩-土耦合效应对静止状态下近海超大型风力机地震动力学响应及屈曲的影响分析

以近海DTU 10 MW超大型风力机为研究对象,选用东海实测海床土壤参数构建桩周土水平抗力-桩基形变(p-y)曲线,并基于非线性弹簧单元建立纯砂土、纯黏土及多土层桩-土耦合效应模型,选取实测地震位移数据作为地震载荷,采用有限元方法对比研究了3种桩-土耦合效应下风力机动力学响应特性.结果 表明:多土层桩-土耦合效应下塔顶位移、塔顶前后位移及侧向位移峰值及其波动的剧烈程度小于纯砂土,但大于纯黏土,采用纯砂土或纯黏土构建桩-土耦合效应模型将导致预估响应结果不准确;不同桩-土耦合效应下,塔架一阶模态均被地震载荷诱发;地震作用时纯砂土桩-土耦合效应下塔架屈曲因子最小,多土层次之,纯黏土最大;塔架最大剪应力峰值位于塔架支撑结构处,地震作用时塔架下端易发生局部屈曲,结构设计时应重点关注此处.     

大型风电机组柔性塔架结构改进研究

针对大型风电机组柔性塔架分段处的动态响应问题,文章利用双向流固耦合法对塔架分段处法兰进行流体与结构动力学分析,得出动力响应曲线。将考虑耦合作用与未考虑耦合作用的塔架法兰的应力、位移进行对比,经过基本应用理论分析,提出塔架结构改进措施。对比结果表明:考虑耦合作用的塔架法兰位移、应力变化幅度均比未考虑耦合作用的小;结构改进后的塔架应力、位移变化幅度相对较小。     

Aerodynamic analysis of HAWTs operating in unsteady conditions

This article presents a numerical method for predicting unsteady aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs). In this method the flow field is described by the unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The rotor and tower are idealized respectively as actuator disc and flat plate permeable surfaces on which external normal surficial forces are balanced by fluid pressure discontinuities. The external forces exerted by the rotor and tower on the flow are prescribed according to blade element theory. Dynamic behaviour of the rotor aerodynamic characteristics is simulated using either the Gormont or the Beddoes–Leishman model. The resulting mathematical formulation is solved using a control volume finite element method. The fully implicit scheme is used for time discretization. In general, the proposed method has demonstrated its capability to adequately represent the field data. It has been demonstrated that the accuracy of the predicted results depends primarily on the dynamic stall model as well as on the turbulence model employed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multidisciplinary design optimization of offshore wind turbines for minimum levelized cost of energy

This paper presents a method for multidisciplinary design optimization of offshore wind turbines at system level. The formulation and implementation that enable the integrated aerodynamic and structural design of the rotor and tower simultaneously are detailed. The objective function to be minimized is the levelized cost of energy. The model includes various design constraints: stresses, deflections, modal frequencies and fatigue limits along different stations of the blade and tower. The rotor design variables are: chord and twist distribution, blade length, rated rotational speed and structural thicknesses along the span. The tower design variables are: tower thickness and diameter distribution, as well as the tower height. For the other wind turbine components, a representative mass model is used to include their dynamic interactions in the system. To calculate the system costs, representative cost models of a wind turbine located in an offshore wind farm are used. To show the potential of the method and to verify its usefulness, the 5 MW NREL wind turbine is used as a case study. The result of the design optimization process shows 2.3% decrease in the levelized cost of energy for a representative Dutch site, while satisfying all the design constraints.     

Influence of atmospheric stability on wind turbine loads

Simulations of wind turbine loads for the NREL 5 MW reference wind turbine under diabatic conditions are performed. The diabatic conditions are incorporated in the input wind field in the form of wind profile and turbulence. The simulations are carried out for mean wind speeds between 3 and 16 m s ^{? 1} at the turbine hub height. The loads are quantified as the cumulative sum of the damage equivalent load for different wind speeds that are weighted according to the wind speed and stability distribution. Four sites with a different wind speed and stability distribution are used for comparison. The turbulence and wind profile from only one site is used in the load calculations, which are then weighted according to wind speed and stability distributions at different sites. It is observed that atmospheric stability influences the tower and rotor loads. The difference in the calculated tower loads using diabatic wind conditions and those obtained assuming neutral conditions only is up to 17%, whereas the difference for the rotor loads is up to 13%. The blade loads are hardly influenced by atmospheric stability, where the difference between the calculated loads using diabatic and neutral input wind conditions is up to 3% only. The wind profiles and turbulence under diabatic conditions have contrasting influences on the loads; for example, under stable conditions, loads induced by the wind profile are larger because of increased wind shear, whereas those induced by turbulence are lower because of less turbulent energy. The tower base loads are mainly influenced by diabatic turbulence, whereas the rotor loads are influenced by diabatic wind profiles. The blade loads are influenced by both, diabatic wind profile and turbulence, that leads to nullifying the contrasting influences on the loads. The importance of using a detailed boundary‐layer wind profile model is also demonstrated. The difference in the calculated blade and rotor loads is up to 6% and 8%, respectively, when only the surface‐layer wind profile model is used in comparison with those obtained using a boundary‐layer wind profile model. Finally, a comparison of the calculated loads obtained using site‐specific and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) wind conditions is carried out. It is observed that the IEC loads are up to 96% larger than those obtained using site‐specific wind conditions.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rotor‐tower interactions of DTU 10MW reference wind turbine with a non‐linear harmonic method

In this paper, a computational study of the DTU 10MW reference wind turbine unsteady aerodynamics is presented. The whole wind turbine assembly was considered, including the complete rotor and the tower. The FINE/Turbo flow solver developed by NUMECA International was employed for the simulations. In particular, the Non‐Linear Harmonic (NLH) method was applied in order to accurately model flow unsteadiness at reduced computational cost. Important vortex shedding structures were identified at low blade span range and all along the tower height. A strong interaction between rotor and tower flows was also observed. Lastly, the performance of the NLH approach was compared against a standard Unsteady Reynolds‐Averaged Navier Stokes simulation. The same complex unsteady flow phenomena were captured by both technologies. Nevertheless, the NLH approach was found to be 10 times faster than the Unsteady Reynolds‐Averaged Navier Stokes method for this particular application. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of tower and nacelle on the flow past a wind turbine

Large eddy simulations (LES) of the flow past a wind turbine with and without tower and nacelle have been performed at 2 tip speed ratios (TSR, ), λ=3 and 6, where the latter corresponds to design conditions. The turbine model is placed in a virtual wind tunnel to reproduce the “Blind test 1” experiment performed at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) closed‐loop wind tunnel. The wind turbine was modeled using the actuator line model for the rotor blades and the immersed boundary method for the tower and nacelle. The aim of the paper is to highlight the impact of tower and nacelle on the turbine wake. Therefore, a second set of simulations with the rotating blades only (neglecting the tower and nacelle) has been performed as reference. Present results are compared with the experimental measurements made at NTNU and numerical simulations available in the literature. The tower and nacelle not only produce a velocity deficit in the wake but they also affect the turbulent kinetic energy and the fluxes. The wake of the tower interacts with that generated by the turbine blades promoting the breakdown of the tip vortex and increasing the mean kinetic energy flux into the wake. When tower and nacelle are modeled in the numerical simulations, results improve significantly both in the near wake and in the far wake.     

超大功率风力发电机组塔筒屈曲分析

以某型8 MW风力发电机组塔筒为对象,采用有限元方法开展超大功率风力发电机组塔筒屈曲特性分析.建立塔筒门洞段有限元模型,研究门框对塔筒屈曲稳定性的影响,结果表明:门洞加框能提高塔筒屈曲稳定性.为进一步提高塔筒屈曲稳定性,提出塔筒内壁设置加强筋的强化设计方法,研究加筋数目、加筋尺寸与塔筒屈曲稳定性的作用规律,结果表明:环...     

Aerodynamic loads calculation and analysis for large scale wind turbine based on combining BEM modified theory with dynamic stall model

The aerodynamic loads for MW scale horizontal-axis wind turbines are calculated and analyzed in the established coordinate systems which are used to describe the wind turbine. In this paper, the blade element momentum (BEM) theory is employed and some corrections, such as Prandtl and Buhl models, are carried out. Based on the B-L semi-empirical dynamic stall (DS) model, a new modified DS model for NACA63-4xx airfoil is adopted. Then, by combing BEM modified theory with DS model, a set of calculation method of aerodynamic loads for large scale wind turbines is proposed, in which some influence factors such as wind shear, tower, tower and blade vibration are considered. The research results show that the presented dynamic stall model is good enough for engineering purpose; the aerodynamic loads are influenced by many factors such as tower shadow, wind shear, dynamic stall, tower and blade vibration, etc, with different degree; the single blade endures periodical changing loads but the variations of the rotor shaft power caused by the total aerodynamic torque in edgewise direction are very small. The presented study approach of aerodynamic loads calculation and analysis is of the university, and helpful for thorough research of loads reduction on large scale wind turbines.     

Wind turbine fatigue loads as a function of atmospheric conditions offshore

In recent years, there has been a growing interest by the wind energy community to assess the impact of atmospheric stability on wind turbine performance; however, up to now, typically, stability is considered in several distinct arbitrary stability classes. As a consequence, each stability class considered still covers a wide range of conditions. In this paper, wind turbine fatigue loads are studied as a function of atmospheric stability without a classification system, and instead, atmospheric conditions are described by a continuous joint probability distribution of wind speed and stability. Simulated fatigue loads based upon this joint probability distribution have been compared with two distinct different cases, one in which seven stability classes are adopted and one neglecting atmospheric stability by following International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards. It is found that for the offshore site considered in this study, fatigue loads of the blade root, rotor and tower loads significantly increase if one follows the IEC standards (by up to 28% for the tower loads) and decrease if one considers several stability classes (by up to 13% for the tower loads). The substantial decrease found for the specific stability classes can be limited by considering one stability class that coincides with the mean stability of a given hub height wind speed. The difference in simulated fatigue loads by adopting distinct stability classes is primarily caused by neglecting strong unstable conditions for which relatively high fatigue loads occur. Combined, it is found that one has to carefully consider all stability conditions in wind turbine fatigue load simulations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.