电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定磷矿石中微量有毒元素铅砷镉

用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定磷矿石中微量有毒元素铅、砷和镉,并对溶样条件及共存元素干扰和仪器工作条件进行了试验。方法检出限为Pb0.042mg/L、As0.053mg/L、Cd0.006mg/L;相对标准偏差为(RSD,n=11)Pb0.86%、As1.36%和Cd1.08%;回收率为Pb109.3%、As94.0%和Cd90.0%。方法用于分析磷矿石标准样品和出口磷矿石检验样,分析结果与其他方法一致,能够满足日常检验的要求。     

Removal of heavy metals from paint industry’s wastewater using Leca as an available adsorbent

The ability of light expanded clay aggregate to remove lead and cadmium from paint industry’s effluents was studied at different levels of adsorbent, contact time and pH in April 2008. For this purpose, lead and cadmium removal from paint industry effluents were studied in batch reactors. lead and cadmium measurements have been taken with non-flame atomic absorption techniques and test methods were adapted from 19^th. Ed. of standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. In this study, different amounts of Leca (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 g/L) were investigated. The amount of adsorbed lead and cadmium exposure to Leca increased from 1.41 to 3 mg/g and 0.22 to 0.75 mg/g, respectively. The maximum removal efficiency for Pb was 93.75 % at pH = 7 and exposure to 10 g/L of Leca, while for cadmium, it was nearly 89.7 % at the same condition. In this study, adsorption process of lead and cadmium was fitted with Freundlich adsorption isotherm (R² _Pb = 0.97 and R² _Cd = 0.98). The sufficient contact time was deemed 1–2 h for lead and cadmium. According to the results, Leca is recommended as a low cost and available adsorbent to remove lead and cadmium from industrial wastewater.     

土壤中重金属元素Pb、Cd地球化学行为影响因素研究

通过研究湖南洞庭湖地区水稻土中Pb、Cd与土壤有机质、粘粒和pH值的关系,结果表明,(1)土壤中有机质含量与Cd、Pb有着显著的正相关性,土壤中有机质含量增加可明显降低Cd和Pb的离子态和可交换态含量。(2)随着粘粒含量增加,Pb和Cd离子可交换态占全量的比值略有增加,这说明粘粒表面吸附的Pb和Cd容易进入植物体中,对生态系统安全具有危害的组分。(3)Cd离子交换态与土壤pH值呈显著相关关系,土壤酸化使Cd的离子交换态比例上升,可直接导致农作物中Cd含量增加,防止土壤酸化是控制Cd对生态系统危害的有效途径;Pb的离子交换态与全量的比值与pH值具有显著的相关性,对于Pb污染严重的土壤,保持土壤pH值在弱酸性至弱碱性范围,防止土壤酸化和盐碱化,可以降低Pb危害。土壤有机质含量、pH值等是控制重金属元素地球化学行为的重要因素之一。     

改性氢氧化镁对地下水中铅镉的稳定化性能研究

为研究OH-缓释剂对铅、镉污染地下水修复的可行性,通过室内实验制备改性氢氧化镁,并对其去除地下水中Pb和Cd的性能进行研究。实验结果表明,重金属的稳定化机理主要为沉淀反应。在去除单一重金属(Pb或Cd)实验中,Pb和Cd的去除率都可达到99%以上,反应符合一级反应动力学,反应速率常数分别为0.173 7 min-1和0.003 7 min-1。改性氢氧化镁在处理Pb和Cd的复合污染时Pb优先于Cd反应,Pb的存在会对Cd的沉淀起到抑制作用。     

Association of trace metals with various sedimentary phases in dam reservoirs

In the present study sediment and water samples collected from Kowsar Dam reservoir in Kohkiluye and Boyerahmad Province, southwest of Iran, are subjected to bulk digestion and chemical partitioning. The concentrations of nickel, lead, zinc, copper, cobalt, cadmium, manganese and iron in water and bed sediment were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentrations of metals bounded to five sedimentary phases were estimated. On this basis, the proportions of natural and anthropogenic elements were calculated.The anthropogenic portion of elements are as follows: zinc (96 %)> cobalt (88 %)> iron (78 %)> magnesium (78 %)> nickel (78 %)> copper (66 %)> lead (63 %)> cadmium (59 %). The results show sediment contamination by nickel, cadmium and lead, according to the world aquatic sediments and mean earth crust values. Manganese and copper have strong association with organic matter and are of high portion of sulfide bounded ions. Finally, The degree of sediment contamination was evaluated using enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and pollution index (IPoll). The sediments were identified to be of high cadmium and lead pollution index. The pattern of pollution intensity according to enrichment factor is as follows; manganese (1.25) < copper (1.63) < zinc (1.93) < cobalt (2.35) < nickel (3.83) < lead (12.63) < cadmium (78.32). Cluster analysis was performed in order to assess heavy metal interactions between water and sediment. Accordingly, nickel, cadmium and copper are earth originated. Zinc, copper and manganese are dominated by pH. All the elemental concentrations in water and sediment are correlated except for sedimental copper.     

Determination of cadmium and lead in human milk

The objectives of this study were to determine cadmium and lead concentrations in the breast milk of healthy lactating women who were living in Zarrinshahr, an industrial area of Iran and to investigate the effect of mother’s age, parity and smoking habits in families living in the vicinity of areas contaminated with heavy metals. Cadmium and lead concentrations were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry in 44 milk samples from healthy lactating women collected on first to sixth postpartum week. Accuracy of the analysis was checked by various methods including the use of reference material. The mean ± standard deviation of cadmium and lead concentrations in human milk were 2.44 ± 1.47 μg/L (range 0.62–6.32 μg/L) and 10.39 ± 4.72 μg/L (range 3.18–24.67 μg/L), respectively. There was a positive correlation between the concentrations of lead in milk samples and mother’s age and parity (P < 0.05). Also the concentration of cadmium in breast milk significantly increased (P < 0.05) in mothers who were actively and/or passively exposed to smoking. The results of this study showed that lead and cadmium concentrations in milk samples from lactating women in Zarrinshahr were high. This can be a major public health hazard for the inhabitants living in this industrial region of Iran.     

Trace metals in surface seawaters and sediments from various habitats of the Red Sea coast of Yemen

The purpose of this study was to determine and assess the concentrations of trace metals in surface seawaters and sediments from different coastal habitats of the Red Sea coast of Yemen. Surface seawater and sediment samples were collected, treated and analyzed for cadmium, cobalt, manganese, chromium, lead, iron, nickel, copper, zinc and vanadium by the atomic absorption spectrometric analysis. The concentrations were high for cadmium, cobalt and lead and low or consistent with the natural background concentrations for the rest of the metals. However, the coastal habitats of the Red Sea coast of Yemen are still considered unpolluted, it is concluded that the cadmium cobalt and lead levels in surface seawaters are high and could have negative effects on marine life of the sites. Further studies are needed to characterize the sources fate, biogeochemical processes and impacts of these trace metals on coastal habitats and marine life of the region.     

港口环境镉和铅的迁移行为研究及模型的建立

港口矿产品堆场的重金属溶出作为港口土壤、水体的重要污染源不容忽视。本文在天津港口7个有代表性的矿产品堆场采集土壤和水体样品,确定重金属的污染状况;应用微宇宙系统模拟Cd和Pb在港口沉积物和水体生态系统中的迁移行为,通过建立多介质逸度模型对微宇宙系统的模拟情况进行拟合,探索Cd和Pb在沉积物和水体中的归趋和迁移规律。现场采样分析表明,矿产品堆场重金属污染较为严重,其中Cd污染显著,超过国家土壤三级标准。微宇宙系统试验表明,Cd的污染状况分析与现场采样分析结果一致;沉降是Cd和Pb在水环境中主要的迁移过程,在试验时长216 h内,Cd大约有61%保留在沉积物中,倾向于停留在水相中,容易通过水体的平流和扩散扩大污染范围,而Pb有99%保留在沉积物中,更容易吸附在悬浮物表面而向沉积物相沉积。研究表明,露天堆放的矿产品的影响是显著的,应尽可能采用集装箱堆放方式,减少矿石直接与雨水接触的机会,封闭污染通道,降低环境效应。     

改性沸石对重金属离子竞争吸附特性研究

以钠型改性沸石为吸附剂,以含有单一的镉、锌、铅溶液以及镉、锌、铅的混合溶液为吸附质,开展了改性沸石中重金属离子的竞争吸附及其影响因素等实验研究。结果表明,当溶液中有多种二价重金属离子存在时,各离子之间存在竞争吸附,竞争能力为Pb2+>Cd2+>Zn2+;Zn2+-Cd2+表现出显著的协同吸附效应,而Zn2+-Pb2+、Cd2+-Pb2+表现出拮抗吸附。     

The geochemistry of cadmium in some sedimentary rocks

The cadmium contents of 11 shales, 11 sandstones, 7 limestones, 14 metamorphic rocks and 28 stream sediments, all from Pennsylvania, were determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. On the basis of these cadmium values and those in the literature, cadmium is found to be enriched in dark shales and soils, depleted in red shales, sandstones and limestones, and about the same in stream sediments as in most igneous and metamorphic rocks and the crust. In stream sediments, cadmium correlates most significantly with zinc, followed by carbon, weight loss on ignition, cobalt, readily extractable lead and manganese. Examination of the correlation plots and of an Eh-pH diagram indicates that the primary cause of cadmium enrichment in the sedimentary environment is the adsorption and/or complexation of cadmium with organic matter followed by the accumulation of organic debris in a reducing depositional environment.     

福建沿海地区土壤-稻谷重金属含量关系与影响因素研究

福建沿海地区土壤Pb含量远高于我国其他地区及全国背景值,其对农产品安全、生态环境的影响值得关注。本文采集该地区典型耕作区58套土壤-水稻样品,查明Pb、Cd等重金属元素含量特征及其关键控制因素。研究表明从水稻根→茎叶→稻谷,重金属元素含量和富集系数呈现明显的下降趋势,有害重金属As、Pb等的递减速率远大于植物营养元素Cu、Zn,指示水稻根部对重金属元素具有一定的阻截作用。土壤-稻谷间Pb具有显著正相关性,显示土壤Pb是稻谷Pb的重要来源;稻谷Pb含量与土壤有机碳呈显著负相关关系,与土壤pH呈弱负相关关系,说明富含有机碳、相对碱性的土壤环境可降低土壤Pb的生物有效性,减少稻谷对土壤Pb的吸收富集。土壤理化条件对稻谷Cd富集系数有显著影响,富含有机碳、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、CaO、MgO、S的土壤条件有利于阻断稻谷对土壤Cd的吸收,降低土壤Cd污染的生态风险。本项研究为开展水田土壤重金属污染治理修复、预测稻谷食用安全提供了重要的依据。     

贵州地表土壤及沉积物中镉的地球化学与环境问题

镉(Cd)是对人体有害的微量元素。镉含量过高会给动植物带来危害,镉过量可导致人体多种疾病或中毒死亡。本文综述了镉的化学性质及其在自然界的分布规律、存在形式及生物地球化学效应,利用区域化探扫面成果资料,特别分析了贵州地表覆盖的土壤和水系沉积物等介质中镉的地球化学分布特征。研究表明,贵州的镉主要分布在碳酸盐岩及其风化的土壤和沉积物中,镉的高含量异常与中低温热液成矿作用中的锌和有机物含量密切相关。镉的化学结合形态有多种,但以可溶态和可交换态形式存在的镉才能具有生物地球化学效应。贵州应重视和防止镉及汞、砷、铅、铊等生命有害元素发生“化学定时炸弹”的可能性。     

Application of algae in biomonitoring and phytoextraction of heavy metals contamination in urban stream water

Biological technologies for wastewater remediation techniques employed to remove contaminants in urban stream water are increasingly receiving attention worldwide. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the concentrations of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, manganese and iron in algal biomass and establish the feasibility of using algae in phytoextraction and bio-monitoring of environmental quality. Analysis of algal biomass samples in the Nakivubo urban stream ecosystem, Kampala, Uganda, showed that there was contamination by lead, cadmium, copper and zinc as indicated by enrichment factor and pollution load index values. It is suspected that industrial and vehicular emissions are the major sources of these pollutants. Calculated bio-concentration factor was >- 1000 but with low concentration thresholds in each element, suggesting that algal biomass was a very good heavy metal accumulator. The bio-concentration values in algal biomass were found to be in the order of copper > zinc > lead > cadmium in the Nakivubo Channelized stream. In conclusion, algae can be a promising aquatic bio-filter plant for phytoextraction and bio-monitoring of polluted urban stream ecosystems and wastewater.     

Sorption behavior of heavy metal pollutants onto shales and correlation with shale geochemistry

The sorption of lead (II) and cadmium (II) on seven shales belonging to the Proterozoic Vindhyan basin, central India, and a black cotton soil, Mumbai, India, was studied and compared with sorbent geochemistry. The sorption equilibrium studies were conducted under completely mixed conditions in batch reactors (pH=5.0 and ionic strength= 0.01 M) at room temperature. The Freundlich model provided better fits to the experimental data compared to Langmuir model. High cadmium and lead sorption was observed for the calcareous shales with greater than 5% CaCO₃. The Freundlich isotherm parameter relating to sorption capacity, i.e., K_F, yielded a strong correlation with the calcium carbonate and calcium oxide content across the various geosorbents studied. The observed sorption pattern may be attributed to complex formation of CaCO₃ with Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ leading to surface precipitation. Moreover, the Ca²⁺ present in the sorbents may also involve in ion exchange reaction with lead and cadmium.     

Single and binary adsorption of lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solution using the clay mineral beidellite

Beidellite, a low-cost, locally available and natural mineral was used as an adsorbent for the removal of lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solutions in batch experiments. The kinetics of adsorption process was tested for the pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order reaction and intra-particle diffusion models. The rate constants of adsorption for all these kinetic models were calculated. Comparison amongst the models showed that the sorption kinetics was best described by the pseudo second-order model. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to the experimental equilibrium data for different temperatures. The adsorption capacities (Q°) of beidellite for lead and cadmium ions were calculated from the Langmuir isotherm. It was found that adsorption capacity was in the range of 83.3–86.9 for lead and 42–45.6 mg/g for cadmium at different temperatures. Thermodynamic studies showed that the metal uptake reaction by beidellite was endothermic in nature. Binary metal adsorption studies were also conducted to investigate the interactions and competitive effects in binary adsorption process. Based on the optimum parameters found, beidellite can be used as adsorbent for metal removal processes.     

重元素的甲基化合物及其在自然环境中的分布

根据有关资料,本文概述了铅、镉、汞、砷、锑、铊、铟、硒、碲和铋10种重元素在环境中的甲基化作用,以及其中汞、铅、砷、硒在环境中的分布水平的国外的一些研究成果。     

广西某铅锌矿区废水汇集洼地土壤重金属污染调查与评价

对某铅锌矿废水汇集的岩溶洼地土壤重金属镉、铜、铅、锌、铬、砷和汞的含量进行调查分析,运用单项污染指数与综合污染指数相结合的方法对土壤环境质量状况和采用Hakanson潜在生态指数法对土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明,该区块土壤受到重金属镉、锌、汞、铅的严重污染,其污染指数均大于1,尤其是镉污染指数高达88.4,其后依次为锌和汞,铅最小;剖面上,A、B、C层,即0~30 cm、30~60 cm和60~90 cm土壤,均已受到不同程度的重金属污染,而且污染程度A层>B层>C层,其综合污染指数分别为67.0、11.9和8.8,各自的潜在生态风险指数分别为2 921.0、543.4、421.2,对应的潜在生态风险程度分别为极强、强、强。由此可见,该岩溶洼地土壤不仅镉、锌、汞、铅污染严重,而且其生态风险也很大,但土壤中基本没有受铜、铬、砷污染。在该洼地土壤重金属污染物没有清除前,建议禁止种植食用农产品,而改为种植非食用型经济作物。      

基于重金属的区域健康风险评价——以成都经济区为例

开展重金属的区域健康风险评价,对于探讨重金属的风险及为区域的生态地球化学预测预警服务有重要的意义。以成都经济区植物和大气为研究对象,应用国外的风险评价理论对As、Cd、Hg和Pb 4种重金属进行了健康风险评价,探讨了区域风险评价的填图思路。对于非致癌效应,计算通过食物摄入和空气吸入2种暴露途径产生的危害指数。对于致癌效应,计算由吸入Cd引起的致癌风险。结果表明,对于非致癌效应,成都经济区生态风险较高的重金属为Cd和Pb,从总的风险来看,地域差别较明显,以德阳和成都存在的风险最高。谷类对总风险的贡献比例最高,其中又以Cd的贡献最大,其次为Pb。对于致癌效应,研究区的平均致癌风险为7.6×10-6,基本上处于可接受的风险水平,高风险区主要为德阳西部的什邡、广汉和乐山市周围地区,这些地区的大气环境问题应该引起更多的关注。     

Duration of soil cadmium and lead pollution from shale-based alum production

The scope of this study is to assess the present impact from an historical emission source, in order to provide information on the duration of this metal pollution problem.The present distribution of cadmium and lead, emitted from a Swedish alumworks between 1726–1840, was studied in soils, sediments and ground water. The soil data imply that cadmium has disappeared from the surface soils during the 150 to 250 years that have passed since the emissions ceased. Lead concentrations of the soil are elevated only within 200 m from the site of the works. Further away, the lead concentrations are almost at background level. A possible explanation for this pattern, is that lead dispersed in large particles has not yet fully disintegrated and leached down the soil profile, in contrast to the smaller particles deposited further away.The metal concentrations in the ground water wells are slightly higher than the Swedish average but probably governed by the pH of the water, rather than the occurrence of large amounts of metals. Elevated lead concentrations were found in a few sediment samples in the river mouth downstream from the works. These elevated concentrations coincided with the abundant occurrence of small particles of used shale, indicating their origin.Cadmium is not found, at present, in the soil around the alumworks in concentrations substantially above background levels. Consequently, it is likely that the cadmium deposited in the area, has leached through the upper layers of the soil profile on its way to the sea sediments. Likewise, the lead concentrations in the soil beyond 200 m from the alumworks are not above background levels which indicate that losses through leaching have occurred at a rate of 0.5 to 1.5% yr⁻¹.Finally, comparisons with other long-term perspective studies give an opportunity to discuss the rate for the disappearance of an environmental problem.     

Isolation and identification of cadmium- and lead-resistant lactic acid bacteria for application as metal removing probiotic

The purpose of the present study was to isolate and identify the metal-resistant lactic acid bacteria from sediments of coastal aquaculture habitats for removal of cadmium and lead from ambience. Collected sediment samples were used to isolate the cadmium- and lead-resistant bacterial colonies by spread plate technique using agar media (De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe) supplemented with cadmium or lead at 50?mg/l. Isolates were identified by bacterial colony polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid. Metal removing probiotic was determined by characterizing the lactic acid yield in culture media, viability in fish intestine, metal-resistant and metal-removal efficiencies. 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing data of five (Cd10, Cd11, Pb9, Pb12 and Pb18) and other all isolates clearly showed 99?% similarities to Enterococcus faecium and Bacillus cereus, respectively. The Pb12 exhibited higher lactic acid yield (180?mmol) than that of the remaining E. faecium strains and excellent viability without pathogenicity; therefore, further study was carried out using Pb12 strain. The selected Pb12 strain showed elevated metal resistant (minimum inhibitory concentrations 120 and 800?mg/l for cadmium and lead, respectively) and removal efficiencies [Cadmium 0.0377?mg/h/g and lead 0.0460?mg/h/g of cells (wet weight)]. From the viability and metal removal points of view, it can be concluded that isolated metal-resistant E. faecium Pb12 strains might be used as potential probiotic strains for removing heavy metals from fish intestinal milieu to control the progressive bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the fish.