支撑捆扎套入法结肠-肛管吻术(Povrk)在低位或超低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用

目的:介绍用支撑捆扎套入法结肠肛管吻合术(Povrk)在保留齿状线和肛门内括约肌的低位或超低位直肠癌中的应用方法。方法:37例低位直肠癌在术前放疗,在全直肠系膜切除基础上用支撑套入法结肠肛管吻合术完成手术,术后予希罗达口服化疗。结果:本组37例无死亡病例。近期吻合口瘘2例,均引流后治愈,直肠癌距肛门4～7cm术后排便功能恢复好。结论:支撑法结肠肛管吻合术用于低位直肠癌保肛手术可作为双吻合器保肛手术的替代或改良方法以应用。     

全直肠系膜切除支撑捆扎法低位或超低位结肠-直肠(肛管)吻合术

目的介绍在全直肠系膜切除基础上用支撑捆扎法完成低位直肠癌低位或超低位结肠-直肠(肛管)吻合手术术式。方法对346例低位直肠癌在全直肠系膜切除和根治性清扫基础上,用支撑捆扎法进行保留肛门括约肌手术,对直肠断端距齿状线≥1cm者用改良Welch手术完成结肠-直肠吻合术;直肠断端距齿状线≤1cm者行保留肛门内括约肌的结肠-肛管吻合术。结果本组346例手术中无死亡病例,术后近期出现吻合口漏4例(1·2%),局部引流2周治愈2例、横结肠造口转流2例,无吻合口出血。吻合口距离齿状线距离:2~3cm者114例,1~2cm者145例,0~1cm者87例。术后吻合口狭窄10例,狭窄率2·9%。Lifetable法计算5年生存率和局部复发率分别为78·6%及6·3%。手术后3个月排便功能的优良率为82·6%。结论支撑捆扎法用于低位直肠癌保肛手术可以完成耻骨直肠肌上缘到肌间沟平面的吻合,吻合口漏和吻合口狭窄发生率较低。     

支撑捆扎法在腹腔镜下全直肠系膜切除超低位结肠-直肠/肛管吻合术中的应用

目的 介绍支撑捆扎法在腹腔镜下对低位直肠癌进行全直肠系膜切除(TME)超低位结肠．直肠／肛管吻合的手术方法。方法 应用超声刀在腹腔镜下对11例低位直肠癌患实施TME原则的根治性切除，用支撑捆扎法完成超低位结肠．直肠／肛管吻合术。结果 11例患术中直肠系膜切除完整。超低位结肠-直肠／肛管吻合成功，吻合时间15—30min；吻合口距齿状线小于2cm8例。结肠与齿状线处肛管吻合的3例。术后恢复顺利。肛门括约肌功能、排尿功能良好，未发生吻合口瘘与吻合口狭窄。结论 腹腔镜结合支撑捆扎法可以对低位直肠癌行TME切除后进行超低位结肠-直肠／肛管吻合术。     

支撑捆扎法在超低位直肠癌保留肛门括约肌手术中的应用

目的探讨支撑捆扎法在超低位直肠癌保留肛门括约肌手术中的应用。方法对117例直肠癌患者采用支撑捆扎法完成超低位结肠-直肠(肛管)吻合术。患者均在术前行纤维结肠镜检查和活组织检查,确诊为直肠腺癌,且经直肠腔内B超、盆腔CT及MR I排除肿瘤侵犯肛提肌和盆腔淋巴结广泛转移。结果117例超低位直肠癌保肛手术围手术期呼吸衰竭死亡1例,术后吻合口漏2例,1例局部引流治愈,1例直肠阴道瘘行横结肠造瘘转流手术。未发生吻合口狭窄,术后3月排便功能评价:优29例,良44例,一般31例,差13例,优良率为62.4%(73/117)。结论支撑捆扎法用于直肠癌保留肛门括约肌手术安全、可行,可以完成从肛提肌内口到括约肌间沟的结肠-直肠(肛管)吻合,效果良好。     

支撑捆扎法在低位直肠癌超低位前切除术中的应用

目的介绍一种新的直肠癌保留肛门括约肌手术术式,即支撑捆扎法低位(超低位)结肠-直肠(肛管)吻合术。方法回顾性分析近12年来采用支撑捆扎法进行直肠癌保留肛门手术(保肛组)310例的临床资料。结果全组肿瘤距离肛缘的平均距离为(4.7±1.2)cm。TNM分期:Ⅰ期40例,Ⅱ期130例,Ⅲ期109例,Ⅳ期31例。吻合口距肛缘平均距离为2cm(1～4cm)。术后吻合口漏发生率2.3%,肛门括约肌控制力优良率为82.25%。中位随访时间为84个月(12～186个月),310例患者中5年内有18例局部复发,局部复发率为5.8%。全组中位生存时间(57.8±2.739)个月,平均生存时间(67.494±1.738)个月。结论支撑捆扎法是一种安全、可行的直肠癌保留肛门括约肌的手术技术,可以完成从肛提肌内口到括约肌间沟的结肠-直肠(肛管)吻合术,不影响肿瘤的根治原则、远期效果良好。     

支撑捆扎法回肠Pouch-直肠肌鞘内肛管一期吻合术

目的 探讨用肛门支撑吻合管支撑捆扎法进行回肠囊袋（Pouch）－直肠肌鞘内肛管一期吻合术，并分析该术式对结、直肠息肉病、溃疡性结炎治疗的价值。方法 对结、直肠息肉病行全结肠及上段直肠切除，保留齿状线上4－6cm直肠。距齿状线处2cm剥离直肠粘膜。回肠“J”型、“S”型、“W”型Pouch内置入肛门支撑吻合管8cm，结扎－缝扎、固定。距直肠粘膜残端1cm处用2号肠线全层内荷包缝合一周，在直肠肌鞘套内回肠Pouch与外科肛管吻合。溃疡性结肠炎直肠肌鞘内与解剖肛管吻合。结果 一期完成手术，吻合口愈合良好。无肌间血肿，无吻合口漏及吻合口狭窄。术后6个月排便功能优良率达88.8%，随访1－5年未发现息肉复发。结论 全结肠及部分直肠切除后用支撑捆扎法行一期手术即可完成回肠Pouch-直肠肌鞘内肛管吻合术，保留肛管直肠移行区的回肠Pouch外科肛管吻合术优于回肠Pouch解剖肛管吻合术。     

内括约肌切除术治疗超低位直肠肿瘤26例

目的 总结用肛门内括约肌切除术治疗超低位直肠肿瘤的临床经验.方法 对26例无外括约肌受侵的低位直肠肿瘤患者行全直肠系膜切除加经肛内括约肌切除术的临床资料进行回顾性分析.对肿瘤下缘距齿状线 2 cm者,行内括约肌部分切除;肿瘤下缘距齿状线 1.0 cm、<2.0 cm者,行内括约肌次全切除;肿瘤距齿状线<1.0 cm或侵及齿状线者,行内括约肌全切除,结肠肛管行端端吻合.结果 26例患者肿瘤下缘距齿状线距离为0～3 cm.病理类型:高分化腺癌6例,中分化腺癌16例.乳头状癌1例,绒毛状腺瘤癌变1例.巨大绒毛状腺瘤2例.病理分期:pTNM Ⅰ期11例,ⅡA期8例,ⅢA期4例,ⅢB期1例;T分级:T1 8例,T2 15例,13 1例.全组无手术死亡;无吻合口瘘;发生吻合口狭窄2例.术后早期肛门经常粪污,每日大便3～10次.术后1年控便时间可达5 min以上,患者排便次数减少,最少为每日1次,或每日2～4次.但内括约肌全切除者仍偶然粪污.术后平均随访时间28个月,术后5个月吻合口肿瘤复发1例,术后10个月肝转移1例,术后26个月心源性猝死1例.结论 对于癌灶局限于直肠壁内的超低位直肠癌,采用肛门内括约肌切除术可以达到根治效果,并保留肛门功能.     

套入式结肠直肠黏膜吻合术治疗低位直肠癌86例的临床研究

目的 探讨低位直肠癌保留肛门括约肌功能最理想的治疗术式。方法 对86例低位直肠癌切除后经肛门行套入式结肠直肠黏膜吻合术。肿瘤下缘距肛缘6－7cm 62例，8－10cm 24例。结果 全组无手术死亡，无吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄发生。术后8－12周时排便功能控制良好，排便次数为1－4次／d，18周时肛门排便功能基本恢复正常，排便次数为1－2次／d。术后随访3个月至8年，总的局部复发率为3．7％（3／81），总的5年生存率为66．7％（14／21）。结论 套入式结肠直肠黏膜吻合术可避免腹部结肠造口，并防止吻合口瘘的发生，作为低位直肠癌保肛手术，是一种安全的术式。     

低位直肠癌行乙状结肠齿状线吻合的保肛术的临床应用

目的：探讨低位直肠癌保留肛门括约肌功能的最佳治疗术式。方法：经腹和肛门齿状线切除直肠下段癌，行乙状结肠与肛管齿状线吻合22例。结果：全组无手术死亡，无吻合口漏和吻合口狭窄。术后随访11个月至5年，平均随访时间3年1个月。术后10～12周对排气和干大便控制良好，无大便失禁者。3例Dukes C1期于术后14、18个月和23个月死于远处转移，无局部复发病例。结论：根据直肠肿瘤临床分期和肿瘤生物学行为选择手术适应证。经腹、肛门齿线联合切除根治下段直肠癌，行乙状结肠与肛管齿状线吻合术是一种良好的保肛术式。     

超低位直肠癌保肛术22例临床分析

目的　探讨和研究超低位直肠癌保留肛门括约肌功能的最佳治疗术式。方法　经腹和肛门齿状线切除直肠下段癌 ,行乙状结肠与肛管齿状线吻合 2 2例。结果　全组无手术死亡、无发生吻合口漏和吻合口狭窄 ,术后 10 - 12周对排气和排便控制良好 ,无一例发生大便失禁。随访 11个月 - 8年 ,平均随访时间 3年 3个月。一、三、五年生存率分别为 13.6 % (3 2 2 )、5 9.1% (13 2 2 )、2 7.3% (6 2 2 )。 3例DukesC1期于术后 14、18个月和 2 3个月死于远处转移 ,无一例局部复发。结论　根据直肠肿瘤临床分期和肿瘤生物学行为选择手术适应证 ;经腹、肛门齿线联合切除根治下段直肠癌 ,行乙状结肠与肛管齿状线吻合是一种良好的保肛术式     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.