单肺通气时对血气值及肺分流量影响的临床研究

【目的】探讨肺癌行肺叶切除术单肺通气时,单肺通气(OLV)对患者动脉血气值及肺内分流的影响。【方法】择期肺癌行肺叶切除术患者40例,ASAI～Ⅱ级,静脉快速诱导后插入双腔气管导管,行双肺机械通气(TLV),30min后改健肺单肺通气。同时术侧肺通气随机分为4组,每组10例:A组,不给氧;B组,持续氧流量给氧5L/min;C组,用Bain环路行CPAP;D组,用高频喷射通气(HFJV),并在双肺通气和单肺通气各30min后取动静脉血作血气分析并计算分流率(Qs/Qt)。【结果】A、B两组OLV与TLV相比,PaO2和PVO2有极显著或显著性差异,AaDO2和(Qs/Qt)也有极显著或显著性差异,证明低氧血症与OLV时严重肺内分流有关。而C、D两组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。【结论】Bain环路和高频喷射通气用于手术侧肺,能使患肺扩张并进行气体交换,有助于提高氧合,减少肺内分流,改善低氧血症。     

不同通气方式对单肺通气时血气值及肺分流量的影响

目的:探讨肺癌行肺叶切除术单肺通气时,不同通气方式对病人动脉血气值及肺内分流的影响。方法:择期肺癌行肺叶切除术病人40例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,静脉快速诱导后插入双腔气管导管,行双肺机械通气(TLV),30min后改健肺单肺通气(OLV);潮气量(VT)6mL/kg,呼吸频率(f)16次/min,均吸入纯氧。同时术侧肺通气随机分为4组,每组10例。A组不给氧;B组持续氧流量给氧5L/min;C组用Bain环路行CPAP(压力0.5kPa,氧流量5L/min);D组用高频喷射通气(HFJV),驱动压力1kg/cm2,频率(f)100次/min,并在TLV30min,OLV30min后取动静脉血作血气分析并计算分流率(Qs/Qt)。结果:A、B两组OLV与TLV相比,PaO2和PVO2极显著或显著降低,A-aDO2和(Qs/Qt)极显著或显著升高,证明低氧血症与OLV时严重肺内分流有关。而C、D两组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:Bain环路和高频喷射通气用于手术侧肺,能使患肺扩张并促进气体交换,有助于提高氧合,减少肺内分流,改善低氧血症。     

适应性支持通气对ICU呼吸衰竭患者呼吸力学及血气指标的影响

目的探讨适应性支持通气对ICU呼吸衰竭患者呼吸力学及血气指标的影响。方法回顾性收集2019年1月至2019年12月在郑州大学第五附属医院ICU接受治疗的63例呼吸衰竭患者临床资料,依据机械通气模式分为对照组(同步间歇指令通气,n=31)与观察组(适应性支持通气,n=32)。比较两组呼吸力学及血气指标。结果呼吸保持平稳后,两组每分钟通气量(MV)、潮气量(VT)、平均气道压(Pmean)水平较治疗前低,气道峰压(Ppeak)水平较治疗前高,且观察组较对照组优,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);呼吸保持平稳后,两组SaO2、PaO2水平均较治疗前高,PaCO2水平较治疗前低,且观察组较对照组优,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论ICU呼吸衰竭患者采用适应性支持通气效果显著,可有效降低患者呼吸做功,改善其血气指标,值得临床推广应用。     

压力控制通气-容量保证单肺通气模式对老年食管癌根治术患者呼吸力学的影响

【目的】探讨压力控制通气-容量保证（PCV-VG）单肺通气（OLV）模式对老年食管癌根治术患者呼吸力学的影响。【方法】将40例行食管癌根治术的老年患者（ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级）分为两组,每组20例。所有患者采取七氟烷吸入维持麻醉,插入双腔气管导管。手术进胸前先行双肺定容通气（VCV）,潮气量（VT）10mL/kg,通气频率（f）12次/分钟;进胸后行OLV。A组采用VCV模式,VT为8mL/kg,f为12次/分;B组采用PCV-VG模式,压力限定设为双肺通气时的气道峰压（Ppeak）,VT为8mL/kg,f为12次/分。分别于OLV前（T1）、OLV30min（T2）、OLV60min（T3）、和恢复双肺通气（TLV）30min（T4）4个时点观察患者 VT、分钟通气量（MV）、Ppeak、平均气道压（Pmean）、呼气末二氧化碳分压（PET CO2）和计算肺有效动态顺应性（Cdyn）。【结果】与A组比较,B组Ppeak、Pmean降低,VT 、MV、PET CO2无显著性差异,而Cdyn升高。【结论】老年患者食管癌根治术OLA时采用PCV-VG模式可降低Ppeak ,同时又保证了通气量,改善了Cdyn ,利于老年患者肺保护。     

主动循环呼吸训练结合肺保护性通气策略对胸腔镜肺癌根治术后患者疗效观察

目的 探究主动循环呼吸训练(ACBT)结合肺保护性通气对胸腔镜肺癌根治术后患者肺功能、氧化应激反应的影响.方法 选取某院125例胸腔镜肺癌根治术后患者按照随机数字表分为两组,两组患者在手术前后给予肺保护性通气策略,对照组62例给予反馈式呼吸刺激,观察组63例给予ACBT训练,对比疗效.结果 手术后1个月观察组最大肺活量...     

肺透明膜病患儿机械通气时呼吸力学动态变化及临床意义

目的探讨肺透明膜病患儿机械通气时呼吸力学的变化特征及其临床意义。方法126例机械通气的肺透明膜病患儿,按照有无并发症分为有并发症组(43例)和无并发症组(83例)。于第1次机械通气后2、24、48和72h及第1次脱机前进行血气分析及呼吸力学指标监测。结果与机械通气2～72h比较,无并发症组和有并发症组患儿脱机前呼吸系统动态顺应性〔分别为(0.55±0.10)ml·cmH2O-1·kg-1和(0.43±0.10)ml·cmH2O-1·kg-1〕和每分通气量〔MV,分别为(0.65±0.10)L/min和(0.62±0.30)L/min〕均明显增加,氧合指数〔OI,OI=吸入氧浓度×平均气道压×100/动脉血氧分压,分别为(10.2±1.9)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)和(13.6±4.3)mmHg〕均明显降低。无并发症组呼吸系统动态顺应性和MV在机械通气后48h明显高于有并发症组;两组气道阻力和肺过度膨胀系数均无明显变化。呼吸系统动态顺应性与OI呈显著负相关(r=0.208,P<0.01),与MV呈显著正相关(r=0.218,P<0.01)。无并发症组均一次性脱机成功,脱机成功时呼吸系统动态顺应性平均为(0.55±0.10)ml·cmH2O-1·kg-1,MV平均为(0.65±0.20)L/min;有并发症组28例脱机失败,脱机失败时呼吸系统动态顺应性平均为(1.03±0.30)ml·cmH2O-1·kg-1,MV平均为(0.33±0.30)L/min。结论动态监测肺透明膜病患儿机械通气时呼吸力学的变化,可以判断肺部病变的严重程度,预测呼吸循环系统并发症发生的可能性,评估通气策略,掌握脱机指征。     

保护性肺通气对肺功能正常患者呼吸力学的影响

目的:观察肺功能正常的患者术后使用保护性肺通气对呼吸力学的影响.方法:40例ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,择期全麻下耳鼻喉科术后患者使用常规机械通气模式.30 min后随机分为对照组和研究组,每组20例.对照组(C组)维持常规机械通气模式.研究组(P组)改为保护性肺通气模式.30 min后观察呼吸力学参数的改变.结果:与对照组比较,研究组气道峰压升高,气道平均压升高,呼气末二氧化碳升高,呼吸系统总阻力降低,呼吸系统总顺应性升高但无统计学意义.结论:时肺功能正常患者实施保护性肺通气,与常规机械通气模式对比,其气道峰压升高,气道平均压升高,呼气末二氧化碳分压升高,呼吸系统总阻力降低.     

参附注射液对单肺通气细胞免疫及呼吸力学的影响

目的:观察参附注射液对单肺通气(OLIV)患者呼吸力学及T淋巴细胞亚群(CD4+、CD8+)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的影响.方法:将30例开胸手术患者随机分为参附组(参附注射液加手术组,S组)及对照组(单纯手术组,C组),每组15例,参附组于手术前3 d至手术当天,除常规治疗外,每天加用参附注射液1 mL/kg静脉滴注;对照组行常规治疗.观察CD4+、CD2+、血清IL-2、CRP和TNF-α水平及术中两组pH值、PaCO2、氧合指数、气道峰压的变化.结果:参附组TNF-α、CRP水平明显低于对照组(P<0.05),参附组CD4+、IL-2较对照组明显升高(P<0.01);单肺通气60 min后参附组pH显著高于对照组(P<0.01),气道峰压、PaCO2低于对照组(P<0.05),氧合指数对照组低于术前(P<0.05).结论:参附注射液能改善单肺通气患者的免疫功能,降低气道峰压,改善氧合.     

肺保护性通气策略对胸腔镜肺癌根治术患者氧化应激反应的影响

目的探究肺保护性通气策略对胸腔镜肺癌根治术患者氧化应激反应的影响。方法选择2020年5月至12月我院收治的150例胸腔镜肺癌根治术患者作为研究对象,按照随机抽签法将其分为对照组和研究组,每组75例。对照组给予传统常规通气策略,研究组给予肺保护性通气策略。比较两组的氧化应激指标水平、呼吸力学指标、肺功能指标及术后并发症发生情况。结果术前,两组的丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后1 d,两组的MDA水平高于术前,GSH-Px、SOD及CAT水平低于术前,但研究组优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术前,两组的气道峰压(Ppeak)、气道阻力(Raw)、肺静态顺应性(Cs)及肺动态顺应性(Cdyn)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);通气30 min、手术结束即刻,两组的Ppeak、Raw高于术前,Cs、Cdyn低于术前,但研究组优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术前,两组的第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV₁)、用力肺活量(FVC)及FEV₁/FVC比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后3 d,两组的FEV₁、FVC及FEV₁/FVC均低于术前,但研究组高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组的术后并发症总发生率低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论肺保护性通气策略应用于胸腔镜肺癌根治术的临床效果显著,可减轻机体氧化应激反应,稳定患者的Ppeak、Raw及肺顺应性,保护肺功能,降低肺部并发症发生率,值得临床推广应用。     

高平原硬膜外麻木至肺通气和血气的影响

目的：探讨高平面硬膜外阻滞麻醉对肺通气功能的影响。方法：对２９例无明显心肺疾患的择期手术成年病人于硬膜外麻醉前后进行肺功能和血气分析。结果：麻醉后肺活量、肺活量预计值百分比、补呼气量、补吸气量、最大通 量及最大用力呼气流量容积曲线的呼气流量均有显著降低。结论：选择高位硬膜外阻地对肺通气功能有一定影响,应用时应有呼吸支持的准备。     

Influence of respiratory rate on gas trapping during low volume ventilation of patients with acute lung injury

OBJECTIVE: Reduction in tidal volume (Vt) associated with increase in respiratory rate to limit hypercapnia is now proposed in patients with acute lung injury (ALI). The aim of this study was to test whether a high respiratory rate induces significant intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi) in these patients. DESIGN: Prospective crossover study. SETTING: A medical intensive care unit. INTERVENTIONS AND MEASUREMENTS: Ten consecutive patients fulfilling criteria for severe ALI were ventilated with a 6 ml/kg Vt, a total PEEP level at 13+/-3 cmH(2)O and a plateau pressure kept at 23+/-4 cmH(2)O. The respiratory rate was randomly set below 20 breaths/min (17+/-3 breaths/min) and increased to 30 breaths/min (30+/-3 breaths/min) to compensate for hypercapnia. External PEEP was adjusted to keep the total PEEP and the plateau pressure constant. PEEPi was computed as the difference between total PEEP and external PEEP. The lung volume retained by PEEPi was then measured. RESULTS: Increase in respiratory rate resulted in significantly higher PEEPi (1.3+/-0.4 versus 3.9+/-1.1 cmH(2)O, p<0.01) and trapped volume (70+/-43 versus 244+/-127 ml, p<0.01). External PEEP needed to be reduced from 11.9+/-3.4 to 9.7+/-2.9 cmH(2)O ( p<0.01). PaO(2) was not affected but the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference slightly worsened with the high respiratory rate (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: An increase in respiratory rate used to avoid Vt reduction-induced hypercapnia may induce substantial gas trapping and PEEPi in patients with ALI.     

Effects of tidal volume on work of breathing during lung-protective ventilation in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of step-changes in tidal volume on work of breathing during lung-protective ventilation in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) or the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). DESIGN: Prospective, nonconsecutive patients with ALI/ARDS. SETTING: Adult surgical, trauma, and medical intensive care units at a major inner-city, university-affiliated hospital. PATIENTS: Ten patients with ALI/ARDS managed clinically with lung-protective ventilation. INTERVENTIONS: Five patients were ventilated at a progressively smaller tidal volume in 1 mL/kg steps between 8 and 5 mL/kg; five other patients were ventilated at a progressively larger tidal volume from 5 to 8 mL/kg. The volume mode was used with a flow rate of 75 L/min. Minute ventilation was maintained constant at each tidal volume setting. Afterward, patients were placed on continuous positive airway pressure for 1-2 mins to measure their spontaneous tidal volume. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Work of breathing and other variables were measured with a pulmonary mechanics monitor (Bicore CP-100). Work of breathing progressively increased (0.86 +/- 0.32, 1.05 +/- 0.40, 1.22 +/- 0.36, and 1.57 +/- 0.43 J/L) at a tidal volume of 8, 7, 6, and 5 mL/kg, respectively. In nine of ten patients there was a strong negative correlation between work of breathing and the ventilator-to-patient tidal volume difference (R = -.75 to -.998). CONCLUSIONS:: The ventilator-delivered tidal volume exerts an independent influence on work of breathing during lung-protective ventilation in patients with ALI/ARDS. Patient work of breathing is inversely related to the difference between the ventilator-delivered tidal volume and patient-generated tidal volume during a brief trial of unassisted breathing.     

Differential ventilation in unilateral lung disease: Effects on respiratory mechanics and gas exchange

Conventional PEEP ventilation has been recently reported to be deleterious in some cases of ARF with unilateral pneumonia. In such respect, two cases of unilateral bacterial pneumonia were intubated with a Carlens tracheal tube.Measurement of tidal volume, static complicance, and functional residual capacity of each lung showed marked inequality. Subsequently, both patients were ventilated with a selective distribution circuit, allowing the introduction of a PEEP valve in the expiratory line of the diseased lung. Evident improvement in blood gases was obtained within 24 hours, as tidal volume, static compliance, and FRC of the diseased lung were markedly improved. In one case equalisation of V/Q ratio was documented using the 81^m Kr method. Final recovery was obtained in one case.D. Rivara was research fellow from October 1978 to July 1979     

Lung collapse during low tidal volume ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome

BACKGROUND: Current ventilator management for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) incorporates low tidal volume (V(T)) ventilation in order to limit ventilator-induced lung injury. Low V(T) ventilation in supine patients, without the use of intermittent hyperinflations, may cause small airway closure, progressive atelectasis, and secretion retention. Use of high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels with low V(T) ventilation may not counter this effect, because regional differences in intra-abdominal hydrostatic pressure may diminish the volume-stabilizing effects of PEEP. CASE SUMMARY: A 35-year-old man with abdominal compartment syndrome (intra-abdominal pressure > 48 cm H2O developed ARDS and was treated with V(T) of 4.5 mL/kg and PEEP of 20 cm H2O. Despite aggressive fluid therapy, appropriate airway humidification and tracheal suctioning, the patient developed complete bronchial obstruction, involving the entire right lung and left upper lobe. After bronchoscopy the patient was placed on a higher V(T) (7.0 mL/kg). Intermittent PEEP was instituted at 30 cm H2O for 2 breaths every 3 minutes. This intermittently raised the end-inspiratory plateau pressure from 38 cm H2O to 50 cm H2O. With the same airway humidity and tracheal suctioning practices bronchial obstruction did not reoccur. CONCLUSION: Low V(T) ventilation in ARDS may increase the risk of small airway closure and retained secretions. This adverse effect highlights the importance of pulmonary hygiene measures in ARDS during lung-protective ventilation.     

Aspiration of dead space allows isocapnic low tidal volume ventilation in acute lung injury. Relationships to gas exchange and mechanics

OBJECTIVE: In acute lung injury (ALI) mechanical ventilation damages lungs. We hypothesised that aspiration and replacement of dead space during expiration (ASPIDS) allows normocapnic ventilation at higher end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and reduced tidal volume (V(T)), peak and plateau pressures (Paw(peak), Paw(plat)), thus avoiding lung damage. SETTING: University Hospital. PATIENTS: Seven consecutive sedated and paralysed ALI patients were studied. Interventions and measurements: Single breath test for CO(2) and multiple elastic pressure volume (Pel/V) curves recorded from different end-expiratory pressures guided ventilatory setting at ASPIDS. ASPIDS was studied at respiratory rate (RR) of 14 min(-1) and then 20 min(-1) with minute ventilation maintaining stable CO(2) elimination. RESULTS: Alveolar and airway dead spaces were 24.3% and 31.3% of V(T), respectively. Multiple Pel/V curves showed a shift towards lower volume at decreasing PEEP, thus indicating that patients required a higher PEEP. At ASPIDS, PEEP was increased from 8.9 cmH(2)O to 12.6 cmH(2)O and VT reduced from 11 ml/kg to 8.9 ml/kg at RR 14 min(-1) and to 6.9 ml/kg at RR 20 min(-1). A significant decrease in Paw(peak) (36.7 vs 32 at RR 14 min(-1) and 28.7 at RR 20 min(-1)) and Paw(plat) (29.9 vs 27.3 at RR 14 min-1 and 24.1 at RR 20 min-1) were observed. PaCO(2) remained stable. No intrinsic PEEP developed. No side effects were noticed. CONCLUSIONS: ASPIDS allowed the use of higher PEEP at lower V(T) and inflation pressure and constant PaCO(2). Multiple Pel/V curves gave insight into the tendency of lungs to collapse.     

不同潮气量联合呼气末正压通气对急性肺损伤犬小肠的影响

目的 比较大、小潮气量(VT)机械通气(MV)对急性肺损伤(ALI)犬小肠组织的影响.方法 用静脉注射油酸法制备犬ALI模型,制模成功后随机分为两组,分别接受不同VT的MV,通气时间均为6 h.小VT MV组(LV组,n=6):VT 6 ml/kg,呼气末正压(PEEP)10 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa);大VT MV组(HV组,n=6):VT 20 ml/kg,PEEP 10 cm H2O.通气6 h后放血处死动物,开腹取小肠组织,用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色,观察组织病理学改变;用原位末端缺刻标记法(TUNEL)观察小肠组织细胞凋亡情况.结果 机械通气6 h后HV组ALI犬小肠胀气明显;而LV组无此表现;LV组小肠损伤评分低于HV组[(3.17±0.75)分比(2.00±0.89)分],差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);但各组犬小肠组织细胞凋亡均罕见.结论 大VT通气可诱导小肠功能不全;小VT通气在一定程度上可避免出现小肠功能障碍.     

容积保证压力支持通气时不同水平恒定供气流量对呼吸衰竭患者肺力学的影响

目的　探讨在容积保证压力支持 (VAPS)通气时不同水平的恒定供气流量 (CF)对呼吸衰竭患者肺力学参数的影响。方法　呼吸衰竭患者 14例 ,其中男性 11例 ,女性 3例 ,年龄 (6 7± 2 )岁。基础疾病为慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD) 8例 ,急性肺损伤 (ALI) 6例 ,所有患者均接受气管插管及机械通气支持 2 4h以上。保持患者处于镇静状态 ,首先应用定容型通气模式 (VCV) ,潮气量 (VT) 7～ 9ml/kg;随后转为VAPS通气 ,吸气压 (Pinspl)等于VCV时的Pplat,CF分别为 15L/min和 10L/min ,最后予以压力支持通气 (PSV)。COPD呼吸衰竭患者在沙丁胺醇 6 0 0 μg后重复上述各模式通气。 结果　与VCV相比 ,COPD患者在VAPS通气时的气道峰压 (PSV)以及峰压与气道平台压之差 (PIP Pplat)明显降低 ,在VT 相近的情况下 ,平均吸气流量 (VT/TI)呈显著下降 [(17 8± 3 6 )L/min (CF为 15L/min) ,(13 6± 2 7)L/min (CF为10L/min)与 (31 3± 2 9)L/min (VCV) ],而与PSV时相近 (均P <0 0 5 )。吸入沙丁胺醇后 ,VAPS时的吸气峰流量 (PIF)明显增高 [(2 7 1± 1 3)L/min与 (937 1± 1 9)L/min ,P <0 0 5 ) ],但PIP与PIP Pplat却进一步降低。ALI患者在VAPS时的PIF增高最为明显 ,CF为 10L/min时PIP Pplat降至 (1 2± 0 3)cmH2 O ,此时CF/PIF为