腹腔镜直肠癌直肠全系膜切除保肛手术的临床应用

目的 探索腹腔镜下行直肠癌直肠全系膜切除（TME）保肛手术的可行性。方法 对2年余住院的54例直肠癌患者文施在腹腔镜下行TME保肛于术。54例中51例在腹腔镜下完成手术，包括前切除14例，低位前切除（吻合门距离齿状线2．0cm以上）19例，超低位前切除（吻合口与齿状线的距离小于2．0cm）16例，结肠-肛管吻合（吻合口位于齿状线）2例。3例中转开腹；其中2例因Dukes C期肿瘤已浸润肠管周围，1例因骨盆狭小，肿瘤距肛缘7cm．腹腔镜下操作困难而中转开腹。结果 51例腹腔下TME的患者手术顺利。手术时间110～210（平均145）min；术中出血30～80（平均50）mL；术后48～36h恢复胃肠功能并下床活动，住院时间7～14（平均9）d。术后应用止痛剂20例。术中术后均无并发症发生．术后控便功能的恢复旧吻合口高低而存在差异．6个月后均恢复正常排便功能。51例术后均随访，随访时间为6～36个月。均尤操作孔种植和肿瘤复发。结论 腹腔镜直肠癌TME保肛手术安全可行，其创伤小、出血少、术后恢复快，是极具应用前景的微创新技术。     

结肠J型贮袋在低位直肠癌吻合术32例中的应用

目的探讨结肠J型贮袋在低位直肠癌手术中的应用。方法对我科2001年~2004年实施的直肠癌结肠J型贮袋肛管(直肠)吻合术32例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果全组无术中意外损伤及大出血病例。无死亡病例。发生吻合口狭窄1例。无吻合口漏及便秘。病人术后1年内排便状况满意。结论低位直肠癌行结肠J型贮袋肛管(直肠)吻合术具有操作方便、易于观察、容易推广等特点,有明显改善排便功能的作用,可显著提高病人术后的生活质量。     

Transanal division of the anorectal junction followed by laparoscopic low anterior resection and coloanal pouch anastomosis: A technique facilitated by a balloon port

We performed a laparoscopic ultra low anterior resection in two patients with low rectal cancers (3 cm from dentate line). A transanal division and continuous suture closure of anorectal junction was performed first followed by laparoscopic low anterior resection. A handsewn anastomosis between colonic pouch/transverse coloplasty and anal canal was facilitated by use of a transanal balloon port.     

肛外手工吻合在腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛术中的应用

目的 探讨肛外手工吻合技术在腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛术中的应用价值.方法 应用超声刀在腹腔镜下对15例低位直肠癌患者实施全直肠系膜切除原则的根治性手术,用肛外手工吻合的方式完成超低位结肠-直肠/肛管吻合术.结果 15例患者手术经过均顺利,无中转开腹.术后发生吻合口瘘1例,无腹腔出血、感染、吻合口狭窄等并发症.手术时间125～270 min,平均156 min.术中出血30～180 ml,平均70 ml.住院时间9～14 d,平均11 d.15例术后随访2～37个月,平均14个月.术后局部无复发,远处肝转移1例.结论 低位直肠癌行腹腔镜下超低位切除、肛外手工吻合保肛术是一种安全、经济、创伤小、疗效可靠的术式.     

腹腔镜直肠癌全直肠系膜切除保肛术611例分析

目的探讨腹腔镜直肠癌全直肠系膜切除（Total mesorectal excision,TME）保肛术的适应症、术式选择、操作要点及治疗效果。方法回顾单中心611例直肠癌TME前切除术,分析手术及近期随访资料。结果204例行高位吻合术,104例行低位吻合术,129例行超低位吻合术,余174例行结肠肛管吻合术。手术平均耗时117．8min,失血28．5ml。术中直肠损伤穿孔9例（1．5％）,术后吻合口瘘27例（4．4％）;患者术后平均2．8d始进流质饮食,平均住院日8．4d（5～15d）。术后排尿障碍32例（5．2％）,214例（91．8％）低位／超低位吻合病例术后控便功能良好。结论腹腔镜TME手术的适应证、治疗效果同开腹术式,腹膜后盆筋膜脏层与壁层解剖入路的准确定位及其间隙的锐性解剖技术是难点,是防止术中重要组织结构及邻近脏器损伤,减少术后并发症发生的关键。     

Technical and oncological feasibility of laparoscopic total mesorectal excision with pouch coloanal anastomosis for rectal cancer

Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical and oncological feasibility of laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (TME) with coloanal anastomosis for mid and low rectal cancer. Methods During a 2‐year period, 50 patients underwent laparoscopic TME with coloanal anastomosis for rectal carcinoma located at a median of 4.5 (range 2–11) cm from the anal verge. Pre‐operative radiotherapy was used in 46 patients. Intersphincteric dissection was combined with the laparoscopic procedure to achieve sphincter preservation. Results Conversion to a laparotomy was necessary in six patients. Postoperative mortality and morbidity were 2% and 28%, respectively. Morbidity was lower in patients operated on during the second part of the study, who had extraction of the rectal specimen through a small laparotomy incision, than in those operated on during the first part of the study when removal of the specimen was by transanal extraction. Oncological quality of excision was safe in 44 patients with intact or almost intact rectal fascia in 88% and R0 resection in 90%. At a median follow‐up of 18 months, there was no local or port‐site recurrence. Conclusion This study confirms our preliminary results of oncological feasibility of laparoscopic TME with sphincter preservation for mid and low rectal cancer, and showed that morbidity can be decreased by using a standardized surgical procedure.     

腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除保肛治疗低位直肠癌

目的：探索腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除（TME）低位、超低位前切除治疗低位直肠癌的可行性。方法：按TME原则、用双钉合技术（DST）,在腹腔镜下对62例低位直肠癌患者实施TME、DST低位、超低位结肠-肛肠吻合术。结果：手术时间11-210min,平均125min;术中出血5-80ml,平均20ml;术后1-2d恢复胃肠功能并下床活动,住院时间5-14d,平均8d。1例患者因凝血障碍中转开腹,其他61例患者手术顺利。术后疼痛剂应用28例,除1例吻合口漏、1例尿潴留外,其余患者未见术中及术后并发症。结论：腹腔镜TME、低位、超低位吻合术治疗低位直肠癌,创伤小、保肛率高、术后疼痛轻、恢复快,是极具应用前景的微创新技术。     

深部弧形切割吻合器在低位和超低位直肠癌手术的应用价值

目的 探讨深部弧形切割吻合器在低位/超低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用价值.方法 2005年10月至2006年3月,对52例术前确诊为低位/超低位直肠癌的患者使用弧形切割吻合器施行直肠远端切割与闭合,配合圆形吻合器完成规范化直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术或微创化小切口全直肠系膜切除术低位/超低位/结肛吻合术.结果 患者均顺利完成吻合,切缘均无癌残留.术后未发生近期并发症.术后随访6-12个月无局部复发病例.结论 使用深部弧形切割吻合器具有更快捷的切割闭合程序、术中污染少、远切缘更安全、拓宽了深部闭合范围、适用于极低位直肠癌的远端钉合等优点,并可作为微创化/小切口直肠癌根治术的重要辅助工具.     

Laparoscopic coloanal anastomosis for low rectal cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Low anterior resection with hand-sutured coloanal anastomosis for low rectal cancer is technically feasible, and it does not compromise oncologic results. We describe herein the effectiveness of the operation in treating low rectal cancer by a laparoscopic approach followed by intraanal canal dissection. METHODS: From February 1999 to October 1999, we used a laparoscopic procedure to divide the inferior mesenteric vessels and to dissect downward into the pelvic cavity as low as possible. A purse-string suture 1-cm distal to the lower margin of the tumor was secured and transection of the rectum was performed circumferentially via the anal canal near the dentate line. The specimen was removed by the pull-through method and coloanal anastomosis was completed with hand suture. A protective loop ileostomy was fashioned. RESULTS: We operated on 8 patients (4 males) with low tumor localization (average 4-cm above the dentate line). The age ranged from 45 to 83 years, with a median age of 64. The average operation time was 210 minutes (150 to 360 minutes), and the average blood loss was 250 cc (minimal to 750 cc). No operative mortalities occurred, but 2 patients had minor anastomotic slough complications. The average hospital stay was 13 days (7 to 26 days). The postoperative pathologic stage was T2N0M0 in 4 patients, T3N0M0 in 2 patients, T2N1M0 in 1 patient, and T3N2M0 in 1 patient. No local recurrence or distant metastasis occurred during the median 14 months (12 to 20 months) of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic coloanal anastomosis combined with intraanal canal dissection is safe and technically feasible. The oncologic results seem not to be compromised, but need further evaluation.     

腹腔镜与开腹全直肠系膜切除保肛术治疗低位直肠癌的对照研究及短期疗效分析

目的 探索应用腹腔镜技术实施全直肠系膜切除保肛术治疗低位直肠癌的可行性。方法将171例低位直肠癌患者(肿瘤下缘均位于齿状线以上1.5～7.0 cm内)随机选取82例行腹腔镜下全直肠系膜切除(TME)保肛术(腹腔镜组);另89例作为对照组在开腹条件下完成相同手术(开腹组)。结果 手术均获成功,保肛率100％。腹腔镜组和开腹组的平均手术时间分别为120 min和106 min(P>0.05),术中平均失血量分别为20ml和92ml(P<0.05)。两组术后镇痛和术后进食时间差异无显著性意义。腹腔镜组较开腹组术后并发症发生率低、胃肠功能恢复快、住院时间短(P<0.05)。腹腔镜组52例(63.4％)和开腹组59例(66.3％)患者在术后1个月内恢复控便能力;其余出现不同程度控便能力障碍(大便次数10～20次/d)的患者,经过药物治疗和括约肌功能训练,6个月后也逐渐实现了良好的控便。术后随访1～18个月,两组均无腹壁切口种植、局部复发以及死亡病例。结论 应用腹腔镜技术实施低位直肠癌TME保肛术安全可行,其创伤小、出血少、保肛率高、术后恢复快,是极具应用前景的微创新技术。     

Coloanal anastomosis: indications and surgical technique

The coloanal anastomosis has evolved from the older "sleeve" pull through techniques and is used as a sphincter-saving procedure in those patients requiring excision of the rectum where adequate removal of all disease necessitates transection of the rectum close to the dentate line. For very low rectal carcinomas, however, abdominoperineal resection remains the procedure of choice for curative treatment. The appropriate choice of low anterior resection, coloanal pull through anastomosis, or abdominoperineal resection depends on many other variables besides the location of the tumor, and the correct choice may not be apparent until the rectum has been mobilized at surgery. The coloanal procedure requires wide excision of the lesion; full mobilization of the splenic flexure, distal transverse colon, and descending colon; precise transanal removal of the rectum; accurate suturing of the descending colon to the anus; and a temporary defunctioning colostomy. With careful technique, longterm results are good in most patients.     

Neoadjuvant imatinib in a gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the rectum: Report of a case

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, and of these, GISTs involving the rectum are uncommon. This report describes a case of effective neoadjuvant therapy for a rectal GIST expressing the c-kit gene, where a laparoscopic ultralow anterior resection was successfully performed, thus preserving the anus. A 57-year-old woman visited our hospital due to constipation and was found by a digital examination to have a soft mass on the right wall of the rectum. Computed tomography revealed an 8.0 × 5.0-cm mass with an unclear margin adjacent to the rectum. A biopsy specimen was positive for CD34 and the c-kit gene product, but it was not positive for smooth muscle actin or S-100 protein, and thus the tumor was diagnosed as GIST. An abdominoperineal resection is generally essential for large rectal GISTs; however, she refused this operation. Neoadjuvant treatment with Imatinib decreased the tumor size (4.0 × 3.5 cm) and the anus was preserved by a laparoscopic ultralow anterior resection with direct coloanal anastomosis. She had no evidence of disease for 24 months postoperatively. To preserve the anus, a rectal GIST expressing the c-kit gene is best treated with Imatinib as neoadjuvant therapy.     

低位/超低位直肠癌结肛吻合术中运用单吻合器及双吻合器技术的疗效比较

目的比较在低位/超低位直肠癌结肛吻合术中运用单吻合器技术（SST）和双吻合器技术（DST）进行吻合重建的效果。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2010年12月期间四川大学华西医院胃肠外科中心结直肠外科专业组收治的351例低位/超低位直肠癌患者的临床资料,比较采用SST（n=49）和DST（n=302）进行结肛吻合患者的术中和术后情况。结果与DST组比较,SST组患者的肿瘤下缘距齿状线距离较短（P〈0.05）,远端切缘长度较短〔（1.83±0.59）cm比（2.07±0.56）cm,P〈0.05〕,手术时间较长〔（112.86±39.29）min比（100.10±36.75）min,P〈0.05〕,住院费用较低〔（24 350.48±7 812.73）元比（29 455.32±7 869.33）元,P〈0.05〕。而2组患者的术中出血量,首次下床活动时间,首次排气、排便时间,拔除胃管、尿管及引流管时间,术后住院时间、总住院时间及术后并发症发生率比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。术后所有患者的肛门控便功能均恢复良好。术后全部获访,随访时间6～24个月,平均16个月。随访期间,局部复发1例（SST组）;远处转移3例（均为DST组）;死亡15例（4.27%）,其中DST组13例（4.30%）,SST组2例（4.08%）。结论低位/超低位直肠癌结肛吻合术中SST的远端切缘长度较DST短,适用于肿瘤位置较低的患者,并且其住院费用也较DST低。     

Cáncer de recto del tercio inferior: resección anterior interesfintérica con anastomosis manual según técnicas de Parks o Turnbull-Cutait

Rectal ultralow, intersphincteric anterior resection (RIE) can be used in selected cases with the intention of improving the quality of life of patients avoiding permanent colostomy. RIE is indicated for tumors that are located from 1-2 cm above the anorectal ring to the top of the internal anal sphincter without involvement of the pelvic floor, puborrectalis muscle or external anal sphincter. RIE aims to get a free distal margin tumour not less than 1 cm. Correct preoperative staging and anatomical tumour location and relation with adjacent structures and organs is fundamental. Intestinal transit reconstruction can be performed manually with a coloanal anastomosis according with Parks and with a lateral ileostomy or, alternatively, by a two-stage coloanal anastomosis technique as Turnbull-Cutait avoiding the stoma protection.Postoperative morbidity and mortality and the rate of local recurrence and overall disease-free survival at 5 years after RIE are comparable to those observed in standard ultra low anterior resection. Postoperative functional alterations of the RIE can affect the quality of life of patients regardless of reconstructive technique. Published studies do not provide sufficient data to establish the most efficient reconstruction method in terms of functional outcomes.     

Robotic versus laparoscopic coloanal anastomosis with or without intersphincteric resection for rectal cancer

Robotic surgery is increasingly used in the field of rectal cancer surgery. This study aimed to compare the short- and long-term outcomes between robotic and laparoscopic ultralow anterior resection (uLAR) and coloanal anastomosis (CAA). Between January 2007 and December 2010, a retrospective chart review was performed for all patients with low rectal cancer who underwent curative uLAR and CAA with or without intersphincteric resection using either a robotic or a laparoscopic approach. The study excluded patients with tumors invading the levator ani or external sphincter, patients with T4 cancers invading the prostate or vagina, and patients for whom an open approach was used. Patients’ short- and long-term outcomes were evaluated. This study enrolled 84 consecutive patients (47 in the robotic group and 37 in the laparoscopic group). The patient characteristics and operative data did not differ significantly between the groups except for the rate of conversion to open surgery (robot, 2.1 % vs laparoscopy, 16.2 %; p = 0.02). The postoperative outcomes also were similar in the two groups, but the hospital stay was shorter in the robotic group than in the laparoscopic group (robot, 9 days vs laparoscopy, 11 days; p = 0.011). No postoperative mortality occurred. The median follow-up period was 31.5 months. No difference was shown in local recurrence, 3-year overall survival, or disease-free survival between the two groups. Robotic uLAR and CAA with or without ISR is a safe and feasible surgical approach with a lower conversion rate, a shorter hospital stay, and similar oncologic outcomes compared with a laparoscopic approach. Further prospective and case–control cohort studies with longer follow-up periods are required.     

早期低位直肠癌经腹肛门拖出切除双吻合器吻合的临床应用

目的 总结分析早期低位直肠癌经腹肛门拖出切除双吻合器吻合I临床应用的经验体会.方法 对2001年5月至2008年3月25例早期低位直肠癌采用经腹直肠游离,远端直肠腔内翻转经肛门拖出、直视下切除,双吻合器吻合.其中男性17例,女性8例,平均年龄45岁(26～57岁).肿瘤下缘距齿线的平均距离为(3.2 ±0.5)cm(2.0～4.5 cm),肿瘤平均最大直径为(2.8±0.8)cm(2.0～3.5 cm).结果 肿瘤下缘距切缘的平均距离为(1. 5±0.4)cm(1.1～2.2 cm),切缘肿瘤均阴性.吻合口位于齿状线以上18例,距离0.3～2.1 cm[(1.7±0.2)cm],7例吻合口位于齿状线以下0.1～0.5 cm(平均0.3 cm).一例术后吻合口漏,保守治疗愈合.术后随访6～62个月(平均32个月),局部复发1例(4.0%),远处肝脏转移3例(12.0%);肺部转移2例(8.0%).轻度大便失禁7例.结论 对于早期低位早期直肠癌的切除,与经腹在盆腔内离断相比,将直肠经肛门翻出在直视下离断可以更准确地把握切断的位置,既保证安全的切除距离,又尽可能地多保留远端直肠,保留控便功能.     

弧形切割缝合器在直肠癌低位前切除术中的应用

目的:探讨新型弧形切割缝合器(凯途TM)在直肠癌低位前切除术中的应用.方法:回顾性分析2005年11月至2006年6月收治的46例低位直肠癌应用新型弧形切割缝合器施行低位前切除的临床资料.双重器械吻合前切除术40例中,1例家族性腺瘤样息肉病行全大肠切除回肠J型贮袋肛管吻合术;39例直肠癌,其中Dukes A期 11例,Dukes B期15例,Dukes C期13例,分别行低位或超低位前切除术、或前切除术.Hartmann术6例为5例Dukes D期和1例高龄体虚Dukes B期低位直肠癌.结果:双重吻合前切除40例中,超低位吻合33例(33/40,82.5%);无吻合口瘘发生,无局部复发出现;吻合口出血3例(3/40,7.5%),直肠阴道瘘2例(2/18,11.1%).行Hartmann术6例,直肠切割闭合处平均距肛缘2.8 cm.结论:弧形切割缝合器在低位直肠癌的保肛手术中的应用与直线形切割缝合器相比有着较大的优势.     

Rectal resection with colo-anal anastomosis for ergotamine-induced rectal stenosis

Anorectal ulcers due to ergotamine suppositories are extremely rare. We report the first case of rectal stenosis following regular abuse of ergotamine suppositories which required rectal resection and coloanal anastomosis, despite stopping the intoxication 1 year previously. The rectal eversion during the perineal procedure allowed a low anastomosis to be performed, on the dentate line. One year later, the functional result was considered to be good, demonstrating the place of coloanal anastomosis in benign rectal pathology.     

腹腔镜联合经肛门拖出适形切除术治疗极低位直肠癌初步报道

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合经肛门拖出适形切除术治疗极低位直肠癌的手术安全性、可行性和经验体会。方法:2013年6月至2014年6月对8例符合Rullier极低位直肠癌外科学分类标准中Ⅱ、Ⅲ型病人施行腹腔镜联合经肛门拖出适形切除术。结果:本研究8例病人均在腹腔镜下完成切除手术,平均手术时间为(168.4±27.3)min,术中出血量(47.0±13.0)m L,远切缘距离(0.6±0.3)cm,肠系膜淋巴结(14.9±2.8)枚。1例术后发生骶前感染,经抗感染及引流后治愈。术后随访未发现肿瘤局部复发及远处转移病人,3例回肠造口还纳术后病人肛门功能良好。结论:治疗极低位直肠癌的腹腔镜联合经肛门拖出适形切除术是一种极限位保肛技术,决定能否保肛的最重要因素不是肿瘤与齿线距离,而是肿瘤对肛管直肠环的侵犯及类型。     

Sphincter-preserving surgery: per anal coloanal anastomosis

Since the introduction of the stapling technique, sphincter-preserving surgery for treatment of rectosigmoid and upper rectum carcinoma has been widely performed in the view of its radicality and postoperative quality of life. Sphincter preservation is still controversial in carcinoma of the lower rectum. Since we introduced per anal coloanal anastomosis (PAA) in 1980 and per anal intersphincteric dissection and coloanal anastomosis (PIDCA) in 1993 for the treatment of lower rectal carcinoma, the sphincter has been preserved in 78.7% of patients. There was no significant difference in the 5-year survival rate between patients in whom the sphincter was preserved and those who underwent abdominoperineal resection during the same period. PAA and PIDCA are safe when anastomosis must be performed at the dentate line. They are the best sphincter-preserving techniques for lower rectal carcinoma and do not result in serious postoperative dysfunction.