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Constructed wetlands (CWs) are artificial wastewater treatment systems appropriate for small communities because of their affordability, operability and reliability. These qualities are true whenever CWs are designed and constructed properly, and as long as the necessary operation and maintenance procedures are carried out correctly. Experience shows that the operation and maintenance procedures, and the frequencies with which these procedures are carried out, differ from one CW to another. With this in mind, and along with a projected increase in CWs in Catalonia, the Catalan Water Agency (Agència Catalana de l'Aigua) has developed an Environmental Decision Support System (EDSS) which proposes guidelines for monitoring and maintenance, according to the characteristics of each CW. This EDSS was developed following a methodology based on five steps: (i) problem analysis; (ii) collecting data and knowledge acquisition; (iii) model selection; (iv) model implementation and (v) validation. This paper describes the methodology followed to build the decision support system and presents some examples of the information provided by this EDSS. 相似文献
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近十年中国陆地水储量变化及其时空分布规律 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用GRACE重力卫星数据分析了我国及十大流域近十年水储量变化趋势、年变化特征、年内分布特征以及时空分布规律,结合TRMM降水数据分析了水储量与降水的关系。研究结果表明:近十年,中国水储量变化趋势具有空间差异性,西南大部、华北平原及黄河中下游、西北准噶尔盆地一带水储量呈减少趋势,东南部、长江大部分区域、长江黄河源头以及塔里木盆地区域水储量呈增加趋势;中国水储量年变化幅度较小,淮河、海河、珠江、松花江流域振幅较大,西北诸河流域振幅最小,全国除黄河、海河和西北诸河流域外,流域水储量年变化与降水年变化均呈显著正相关,东南诸河、珠江、长江流域相关系数均达0.7以上;年内分布上,我国冬春季水储量亏缺,夏秋季水储量盈余,3月-4月西南诸河及长江流域水储量亏缺严重,7月-9月则盈余较大,华北平原5月-7月水储量有亏缺,其他月份则水储量略为盈余。此外,黄河、长江、东南诸河、西南诸河以及珠江流域水储量与降水量年内分布一致性较好,西北诸河流域2月-4月份水储量与降水一致性较差,其他月份一致性较好,而其它流域则一致性较差。 相似文献
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水贫乏指数的概念及其在中国主要流域的初步应用 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
介绍了水贫乏指数WPI(Water Poverty Index)的概念及其计算方法,指出WPI是一种可以定量评价国家或地区间相对缺水程度的综合性指标。该指标考虑了资源、工程、管理、经济、环境等多方面因素,具体包括5个要素:即潜在水资源状况、供水设施状况、利用能力、使用效率和环境状况。本文将改进的WPI均衡计算方法应用于我国主要流域,结果表明,辽河、海河、淮河、黄河流域的缺水程度严重,长江和珠江流域的缺水程度相对较低,与我国水资源的客观状况基本相符,基本反映了我国各大流域间的相对缺水现状及相应的水资源管理水平。最后,依据WPI各要素的雷达图,初步分析了导致各流域缺水的主要原因和威胁其水资源安全的主要因素。另外,文中对 WPI方法的适用性和有待改进之处也进行了讨论。 相似文献
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L Alcalde M Folch J C Tapias E Huertas A Torrens M Salgot 《Water science and technology》2007,55(7):149-154
The demands established in the rules and regulations by the administration in Catalonia seem to exclude small communities from wastewater reclamation and reuse, due to the comparatively high costs associated with the practice at small scale. In the framework of the DRAC project (Demonstration on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse in Catalonia) two different pre-treatment systems, one extensive (infiltration-percolation) and another intensive (ring filter), each one followed by chlorine dioxide disinfection, were tested in order to be applied for small communities wastewater reclamation and reuse. The results of this study show that infiltration-percolation systems remove very efficiently physico-chemical contaminants and microorganisms. The ring filter system does not show a significant removal rate of contaminants, The use of infiltration-percolation as a pre-treatment for advanced chemical disinfection allows reducing the dose of disinfectant and the contact time needed to achieve a specific water quality, and diminishes disinfection byproducts (DBPs) generation. Therefore, this reclamation line is suitable for small communities due to its efficiency and low cost. However, further studies are needed in relation to the removal mechanisms of microorganisms, organic compounds in IP systems and the possible DBPs formation using chlorine dioxide. 相似文献
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为研究水利基建投资的经济效果,提出了关于最终需求对经济拉动作用的新概念———后向净效应和后向总效应及其计算方法,基于1999年全国九大流域片投入占用产出表,利用投入产出局部闭模型,计算了我国九大流域片水利基建投资的后向净效应和后向总效应.计算结果表明,和其它部门相比,除少数流域外,水利基建投资对经济的拉动作用非常显著,特别是水资源相对短缺的流域,例如在松辽河流域最显著,水利建筑业的后向净效应排在所有部门中的第2位;对于水资源较充沛的流域,水利基建投资的后向净效应相对较小. 相似文献
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莱茵河流域水环境管理的经验对长江中下游综合治理的启 总被引:17,自引:1,他引:16
以欧洲莱茵河流域近 5 0年的综合治理经验 ,尤其是近 10年相继开展的一系列流域管理行动计划的成果 ,介绍莱茵河从传统的单一流域水管理向以生存质量可持续发展为目标的可持续综合管理转变过程 ,即流域有关国家跨国协调的经验 ,流域内各国为共同治理莱茵河签署的控制化学污染公约、控制氯化物污染公约、防治热污染公约、2 0 0 0年行动计划、洪水管理行动计划等一系列协定 ,由此展望莱茵河流域可持续管理的未来。建议我国在长江三角洲经济发达地区尽快采用严格的欧洲环境管理标准 ,严密监测 ,强化监督 ,依法治理。 相似文献
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A method is proposed and demonstrated to specify a fish community to serve as a target for planning river restoration projects and as an endpoint for evaluating programme progress. Our target fish community is appropriate for small rivers in southern New England with basins characterized by dispersed human activities. Our study was part of a multi‐agency improvement effort of the Quinebaug River in southern Massachusetts and northeast Connecticut, USA. We identify fish species expected to be found in streams, lakes and river reaches of the Quinebaug River basin. An expected rank order of abundance was computed using fish surveys from rivers identified by restoration programme managers as being in a desirable condition for a human‐dominated landscape. The rank order of species was converted to expected community proportions following a theoretical log–log relation between species abundances and occurrences in complex communities. Criteria from a committee of agency and water use representatives were influential in specifying a target community; so the overall method blends policy, objective zoogeography analyses and theory‐based parameters of community structure. We believe the use of a target community can be an important element in the design and evaluation of river restoration where the aim cannot be to copy pristine, natural ecosystem properties. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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黄河流域人口聚集,生态、能源、粮食、矿产资源丰富,在中国战略地位显著.然而,黄河天然来水量不足,导致流域水资源供需情势严峻,黄河发展新战略与水利工程规划由此而生.厘清新形势下黄河流域未来水资源配置格局,对大型流域水资源管理和水量精细化调度具有重要意义.基于黄河流域现状水资源配置格局分析成果,解析黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展、流域相关城市群发展战略,探讨其对黄河水资源可能的影响;其次,分析黄河流域未来供需情势,提出全新的水资源配置思路,研究新战略与规划工程条件下的黄河流域未来水资源配置格局.研究成果可为全球其他流域在战略和规划工程影响下的水资源管理提供参考. 相似文献
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流域洪涝灾害的防范及应急处置能力对确保防洪安全至关重要。通过分析2007年钱塘江流域发生的两个典型案例提出.一是大多数流域防御洪涝灾害的工程措施未能得到全面实施,急需加强和完善;二是众多小流域在基本无防洪工程措施的情况下,必须从强化非工程措施建设方面来开展洪灾防范和应急处置。 相似文献
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基于SWAT模型的延河流域月径流量模拟分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
近年来SWAT模型在我国南方湿润半湿润流域以及众多大尺度流域取得了良好的应用效果,但在水文资料缺乏、气候相对干旱的流域应用不多。以黄土高原典型流域陕西省延河流域为例,结合国内外已有的研究和GIS技术,根据延河流域现有的数据成功构建了基于SWAT的水文模型,其中1980—1985年为模型的率定期,1986—1989年为模型的验证期。通过对模型的参数进行敏感性分析以及一系列率定,最终得到结果为率定期的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数NS和相关系数R2分别是0.644和0.832;验证期的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数NS和相关系数R2分别为0.63和0.872,均达到模型模拟的要求,表明SWAT模型基本上能够模拟延河流域月径流量水文过程,为SWAT模型在黄土高原典型流域的进一步应用提供了科学依据。 相似文献
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The Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins support 700 million people in Asia. The water resources are used for irrigation, drinking, industry, navigation and hydropower. This paper reviews the literature on the impact of climate change on the hydrological regime of these river basins and suggests that the different basins are likely to be affected in different ways. Climate change will have a marked affect on meltwater in the Indus Basin and may result in increased flood risk in the Brahmaputra Basin. The overall impact on annual discharge is likely to be low, but more studies are required to understand intra-annual changes and the impact of extreme events. 相似文献
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杨永利 《水资源开发与管理》2021,(1)
本文以辽河流域为例,将水质风险次序权重与组合准则权重相耦合构建评价模型,运用该模型计算评价了多种次序权重和河流水质等级。结果表明:风险水平α=1的条件下,国标法划分的监测点水质类别与该方法保持较好的一致性,对于河流水质的评价该方法符合实用性和可行性要求;石油类、总磷、氨氮、总有机碳等因子对流域水质的影响显著;入海口水质受地理位置制约,总体处于较差水平;水环境污染来源以工业废水、城市和农业污水为主。该耦合评价方法可为流域水环境保护和水质治理提供数据支撑。 相似文献
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流域初始水权分配有关问题的研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
松辽流域的大凌河流域、霍林河流域省(自治区)水量分配方案的制定,已进入协调阶段.在初始水权分配过程中,涉及流域水资源承载能力、水量分配中时空特征选择、对效率和公平的理解等,对这些问题的广泛研究探讨,是在水量分配方案编制过程中的必经阶段.这些问题涉及水资源承载能力的自然属性和经济社会属性. 相似文献