基于GIS的海域海岸带空间管制分区研究——以三亚市为例

随着陆地发展空间开发日益饱和及海洋经济快速发展,对海域海岸带空间资源开发利用的范围和规模迅速扩大,可持续开发利用海域海岸带空间资源已经成为多数沿海城市区域面临的重大问题。空间管制是近年来规划界关注的热点理论,是一种调节社会、经济、环境可持续发展的重要方式。文章基于三亚市海域海岸带空间保护与利用的现状和阶段特点,采用生态安全格局理论、土地适宜性评价方法构建包括地形地貌、城镇与交通、自然生态、海域海岸带开发利用、未明确用途海域海岸带等5大类因素,23个具体评价指标的评价指标体系模型,计算海域海岸带保护与利用适宜性的综合得分;然后结合Arcgis软件,采用空间分析模块对三亚市海域海岸带进行空间管制分区,分析结果划分为4类区域,即严格管控开发区、限制开发区、重点开发区和优化开发区;最后根据分区结果提出三亚市海域海岸带不同空间管制区域的管控要求与引导建议。     

海岸带综合管理和陆海统筹的概念内涵研究进展

随着海洋与海岸带开发利用活动的复杂化和深入化，海岸带地区的资源环境问题逐渐显露出来，经济效益降低，传统单一的海岸带管理模式无法满足海洋开发的需求。国外由此提出了海岸带综合管理的概念，我国与之对应的是陆海统筹发展战略。文章对海岸带综合管理与陆海统筹的发展历程进行梳理，分析其概念内涵及发展变化，并从战略目标、空间范围、功能范围和实施手段4个方面比较了二者内涵的异同。最后，指出海岸带综合管理与陆海统筹后续研究应加强海岸带综合管理典型案例研究，推动海岸带综合管理走向海岸带综合治理，探讨人、陆、海三者耦合的机理和过程，加强陆海统筹的发展路径研究。     

山东省海洋空间开发保护现状、问题及对策

海洋是国民经济发展和社会进步的重要空间载体,海洋国土空间开发与保护对于实现可持续的经济增长、改善全球气候环境和提升人民生活福祉具有重大战略意义。山东省海域使用类型基本齐全,但开发利用结构规模不均衡,渔业用海比重较大,不合理的开发利用给海岸带和近海生态环境带来巨大威胁,严重制约了海洋经济的健康发展。文章根据山东省海域使用调查数据,综合分析了山东省海洋空间使用现状的特点以及存在的自然岸线保有压力增大、海洋空间开发利用科学性不足、近岸海域生态系统及服务功能受损较重、海洋污染造成的环境风险不容忽视、现代海洋产业体系不够完善、陆海统筹机制不健全等主要问题,在此基础上,从海洋空间资源、陆海统筹污染防治体系、现代海洋产业体系等角度提出了优化山东省海洋国土空间开发保护的相关对策建议。     

日照市海岸带保护与利用初探

在生态文明建设背景下,如何构建人-海和谐的海岸带空间发展格局,是海岸带开发利用过程中亟须探索的问题。文章通过SWOT分析方法对日照市海岸带的优势与劣势、机遇与威胁进行了详细分析,并据此提出了差别化管制的海岸线分类、海岸带功能分区利用和陆海统筹的空间管控策略,同时强调了海岸带综合管理体系建设的重要意义,为协调日照海岸带资源开发利用与生态建设的关系,合理布局海洋产业带来思考。     

海岸带整治修复评价标准探索

海岸带整治修复工作的开展有利于贯彻落实科学发展观,促进海洋生态文明建设;有利于落实海洋功能区划制度,强化海洋综合管理;有利于促进海洋生态环境保护,保障海洋生态安全;有利于优化海岸资源配置,规范海域开发秩序;有利于改善海岸景观质量,提升海域资源价值;有利于履行各级海洋行政主管部门的职责,提升海洋综合管理水平。但在我国现有的标准体系中,在国家层面尚没有与海岸带整治修复相关的标准,海岸带整治修复缺乏系统的过程控制、质量管理、结果评价标准。文章基于浙江省海岸带开发利用现状和面临的问题,为了更好地推进海岸带整治修复工作顺利开展和实施,研究探索海岸带整治修复评价标准。     

国土空间规划体系改革背景下海洋空间规划的发展

文章立足国家提出推进治理体系与治理能力现代化的战略要求,剖析当前在国土空间规划改革背景下,海洋空间规划面临的主要挑战及调整的方向,以期为构建科学的海洋空间规划体系提供建议和参考。研究认为未来的海洋空间规划,必须准确把握陆域和海域空间治理的整体性和独特性,加强陆海统筹,协调匹配陆海主体功能定位、空间格局划定、开发强度管控、发展方向和管制原则设计、政策制定和制度安排,促进陆海一体化发展和保护。     

自然资源管理改革基本逻辑下海洋自然资源 年度利用计划的思考

重构自然资源管理体系的重点并不在于直接干预和调整资源配置的结果,而在于优化重塑自然资源配置制度和手段。自然资源管理改革在机构方面基本实现了"两统一",并在海域管理方面取消了过去的围填海年度计划。文章以此为背景,梳理了自然资源管理制度重构的基本逻辑,以围填海为例解析了自然资源管理模式调整思路。基于以上提出海洋自然资源利用年度计划的初步构想,包括将海洋自然资源年度利用计划作为国土空间用途管制中的基础性制度。并提出政策建议:坚持陆海统筹,加强计划管理对海洋资源开发、保护和修复的约束与引导;探索"总量不变、盘活存量"的海洋空间资源供给思路;完善围填海"总量控制、中央统筹"的管理流程;聚焦解决围填海历史遗留问题;加强自然资源法治建设。     

陆海统筹背景下胶州湾陆海系统耦合协调发展评价研究

海岸带是陆海协调发展的核心区域,进行陆海系统耦合协调发展评价对推动陆海统筹战略的实施至关重要。本文通过构建陆海耦合协调发展评价指标体系,对胶州湾地区陆海耦合协调发展程度进行定量评价,结果表明：2007-2021年,胶州湾地区陆海两系统综合得分均呈上升趋势,至2015年,海域系统综合得分赶超陆域系统成为陆海耦合协调发展的主要力量;区域陆海耦合协调发展等级从“勉强协调发展类”过渡到“良好协调发展类”,由“陆域主导型”过渡到“海域主导型”;统筹陆海资源环境承载力和发展潜力有助于陆海复合系统耦合协调发展能力的提升。同时,运用系统动力学建立陆海复合系统仿真模型,模拟陆海统筹背景下胶州湾陆海系统中各变量的发展态势。以上研究结果可为海岸带地区探索陆海统筹背景下可持续发展新途径提供参考与借鉴。     

海洋空间规划的陆海统筹路径研究——《海岸带资源治理：对可持续蓝色经济的意义》的启示

“多规合一”后,我国海洋空间规划体系正经历重塑,在陆海统筹落实方面仍有所欠缺,存在陆海空间综合管理机制缺失、规划中陆海相互作用考虑不足、陆海生态系统缺乏整体性保护等问题。本文通过梳理国际资源委员会《海岸带资源治理：对可持续蓝色经济的意义》报告中的主要观点,立足我国国土空间规划管理现状和问题,总结出其对我国落实陆海统筹的具体启示,提出陆海统筹落实国家战略、统筹陆海产业健康发展、分层施行陆海一体化保护与利用策略、实施基于生态系统的海岸带管理等建议,旨在服务和完善我国海洋空间规划管理工作。     

海岸带韧性:陆海统筹生态管理的核心机制

为满足新时代自然资源综合研究和管理的迫切需求,深入落实陆海统筹的战略部署,文章分析陆海统筹生态管理及其核心机制,即海岸带韧性。研究结果表明:陆海统筹生态管理的有效开展将对协调我国海岸带社会经济高质量发展和生态系统适应性管理,解决海岸带土地利用和海域使用的空间统筹、淡水和咸水的环境质量统筹以及洄游动物的生境修复统筹等基本问题发挥至关重要的作用;韧性聚焦复杂非线性系统的状态转换和突变过程,可研究耦合系统的多要素测度,有助于识别和分析海岸带面临的复杂压力和潜在风险,其本质是陆海统筹生态管理的核心机制;通过海岸带土地-水-生物多样性的联结,构建海岸带韧性研究新框架,以实现海岸带韧性的多维时空测度以及社会-生态耦合系统的转型模式应用,可服务于海岸带系统评价、空间规划和综合管理,支撑科学决策。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.