The Koryak strong earthquake of April 20 (21), 2006: Preliminary results

A number of terrain features and objects of the settlements of Tilichiki and Korf and the village of Khailino in the epicentral zone of the strongest earthquake in the north of the Kamchatka region were examined in the first days after the earthquake. Primary and secondary coseismic ruptures were identified on the surface. An outcrop of the seismic source was discovered in the form of an extended seismic fault about 140 km in traceable length. The settlements were inspected for the purpose of elucidating the macroseismic effect, structural maps were compiled, and the main types of ruptures were identified. The network of seismic stations on Kamchatka and in eastern Russia recorded a few thousand aftershocks. The gathered data provide insight into the structure of the source and its tectonic position at the Asian active continental margin.     

The seismotectonic and macroseismic features of the Wenchuan (Sichuan) earthquake (<Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">S</Emphasis></Subscript> = 8.0) of May 12, 2008

A disastrous earthquake with a magnitude M _S = 8.0 (M _W = 7.9), in China called “the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake,” occurred on May 12, 2008, in Sichuan province on the border between the Sino-Tibetan Mountains and the Sichuan depression. The instrumental epicenter was registered in the southeastern part of Wenchuan county, and the hypocenter depth was 14 km. As the strongest and most destructive earthquake within mainland China, it caused numerous human losses and destruction of buildings and infrastructure. The seismic effect from the main shock and aftershocks was felt in many counties, towns, and villages, though Sichuan province suffered the most. The maximum intensity of the shocks was estimated at 11 degrees, according to the Chinese macroseismic scale. In the process of source opening, from the southern part of Wenchuan county to the vicinities of Quingchuan, a seismic fault system with a total length up to 240 km out-cropped on the earth’s surface, confined to the Longmenshan fault belt. The seismic fault system disturbed the original ground, resulting in the collapse or damage to various constructions, such as buildings, homes, bridges, roads, etc. Fault offsets had a dextral strike-slip and thrust kinematic combination. The earthquake generated several tens of thousands of landslides, rockfalls, and debris flows. Many dammed ponds appeared in the epicentral zone due to the activation of landslides. Thus, the geological effects turned out to be the most destructive factor in this case. At the same time, the seismic intensity of surface shaking was abnormally low even in direct proximity to the seismic fault system. Usually it was no more than 7–8 degrees. This macroseismic phenomenon may turn out to be rather typical for many major earthquakes.     

盲断裂、褶皱地震与新疆1906年玛纳斯地震

１９０６年玛纳斯７．７级地震时沿准噶尔南缘断裂产生的地表破坏是由非构造成因的振动和重力效应而形成的。天山山前第二排逆断裂和褶皱带是这次地震的发震构造，沿带已发现了长约１３０ｋｍ的断续的地表破裂和最新隆起带。所以１９０６年玛纳斯地震是沿北天山主逆断裂带发生在深部的一次盲断裂地震。地表变形主要以褶皱隆起为主，是一次典型的“褶皱地震     

The earthquake of Carnuntum in the fourth century a.d. – archaeological results, seismologic scenario and seismotectonic implications for the Vienna Basin fault, Austria

Excavations in the former Roman provincial capital of Pannonia Superior, Carnuntum, 40 km east of Vienna revealed damaged masonry structures from many parts of the ancient settlements. A compilation of structurally damaged buildings has formerly been given by Kandler (Acta Archaeol Acad Sci Hung, 41:313–336, 1989), who related damage to an earthquake in the middle of the fourth century a.d. This paper reviews and supplements these data, and discusses the significance of the style of damage. It is concluded that seismic damage is the only likely interpretation for the damaging mechanism. Although archaeological age dating for the individual collapsed buildings only constrains the timing of their destruction to a few decades around 350 a.d., we assume a single damaging event. In spite of the restrictions on damage assessment by the nature of the archaeological data, it is possible to give a reasonable appraisal of macroseismic intensity. The tentative seismological interpretation of damage leads to an intensity estimate of about nine of the European macroseismic scale (EMS-1998). Comparison with macroseismic data of modern earthquakes in the region, which show a rapid decrease of intensity with distance form the epicentre, indicate a near-by seismic source unless exceptionally high epicentral intensities are assumed for the fourth century event. The most likely source is an active sinistral strike-slip fault (Lassee Fault) passing about 8 km NW of the archaeological site. The fault belongs to Vienna Basin fault system with about 2 mm sinistral movement per year. The system is characterized by fault segmentation and distinct seismicity along the different segments. Moderate seismicity during the last centuries at the southern segments (e.g., Schwadorf 1927, I ₀=8) strongly contrasts from the Lassee fault segment with Carnuntum as the only known severe earthquake. The earthquake of Carnuntum provides evidence for the overall seismic style of deformation along this segment, which previously has not been regarded seismically active. Also, the fourth century earthquake is the strongest event known from the Vienna Basin fault so far.     

2012年2月16日河源M4.8级地震

通过地震序列特征分析初步判断认为,河源ML4.8级地震与库水位变化的对应关系不明显,短期内震中区发生更大地震的可能性很小。现场宏观调查结果显示,极震区Ⅵ度等震线长轴为北北西向,震源机制解所反映的震源应力场主压应力方向为北西西向,与区域构造应力场方向一致;地震的发震构造应为北北西向,但震中区附近并无此组断裂出露地表,因此河源ML4.8级地震的成因,仍然值得深入研究。     

基于恢复地震数据获取震级、震源机制及破裂过程的评价——以2013年四川芦山MW6.6地震为例

区域地震波形对于震源研究非常重要,但限幅问题限制了区域地震台网数据的运用,并影响到震源参数测定的准确度.本文利用恢复后的芦山地震区域地震波形,研究了芦山地震的震级、点源机制解以及破裂过程.基于震中距99~300 km恢复前与恢复后地震数据获取的面波震级分别为7.01与7.06级.分别利用7个震中距150~250 km宽频带台站的恢复前和恢复后的数据反演点源机制解,与参考机制解相比,滑动角偏差自13°减小到了4°.基于7个震中距81~134 km的区域地震波形联合远场数据获得的震源破裂过程结果,其主要参数（如滑动分布、破裂速度等）与强地面运动波形联合远场数据得到的结果具有很好的一致性.研究结果表明,本文所采用的数据恢复方法具有较高的可靠性,有效提高了震源参数测定的准确度.     

Intensity attenuation in the Campania region,Southern Italy

Ground motion prediction equations (GMPE) in terms of macroseismic intensity are a prerequisite for intensity-based shake maps and seismic hazard assessment and have the advantage of direct relation to earthquake damage and good data availability also for historical events. In this study, we derive GMPE for macroseismic intensity for the Campania region in southern Italy. This region is highly exposed to the seismic hazard related to the high seismicity with moderate- to large-magnitude earthquakes in the Appenninic belt. The relations are based on physical considerations and are easy to implement for the user. The uncertainties in earthquake source parameters are accounted for through a Monte Carlo approach and results are compared to those obtained through a standard regression scheme. One relation takes into account the finite dimensions of the fault plane and describes the site intensity as a function of Joyner–Boore distance. Additionally, a relation describing the intensity as a function of epicentral distance is derived for implementation in cases where the dimensions of the fault plane are unknown. The relations are based on an extensive dataset of macroseismic intensities for large earthquakes in the Campania region and are valid in the magnitude range M _w = 6.3–7.0 for shallow crustal earthquakes. Results indicate that the uncertainties in earthquake source parameters are negligible in comparison to the spread in the intensity data. The GMPE provide a good overall fit to historical earthquakes in the region and can provide the intensities for a future earthquake within 1 intensity unit.     

Structural heterogeneity of the media and macroseismic field formation: Racha,April 29, 1991 earthquake

The points with normal, anomalously low, and anomalously high shaking intensities are recognized in the spatial distribution of macroseismic effects from the 1991 Racha earthquake, Greater Caucasus. Distribution of these points in the epicentral area is not random. Comparison between this distribution and the results of local tomography reveals that seismic wave velocities do not increase in the upper layers (from 0 to 3 km) beneath the points with anomalously high intensity, while a sharp increase in velocity is observed in the depth interval from 6 to 9 km. An original method of b-value mapping is suggested. Application of the method demonstrates that anomalously low intensities correlate to high b-values. This likely reflects higher intensity attenuation associated with higher b-value.     

利用高分影像识别门源MS6.9地震地表破裂带

北京时间2022年1月8日,青海省门源县发生了M_S6.9地震,震中位于冷龙岭断裂西端与托莱山断裂过渡区。地震发生后,文章利用亚米级分辨率的高分7号卫星影像对本次地震产生的地震破裂带进行详细解译,并与野外调查结果进行对比,获得此次地震地表破裂带分布及组合特征。结果显示,此次地震形成两条破裂带,长度分别约21 km和5 km,分别沿冷龙岭断裂西段和托莱山断裂东段展布。地震破裂带由一系列雁列式地震裂缝、挤压鼓包及拉张凹陷组成,破裂带组合特征反映出发震断裂明显的左旋走滑特征,但利用影像并未识别出同震位错等定量数据。在此基础上,文章对比冷龙岭断裂东段存在的历史地震破裂带,讨论了冷龙岭断裂未来地震危险性问题。     

Podhale,Poland, earthquake of November 30, 2004

Earthquake of November 30, 2004, in Podhale region, southern Poland, was of unexpectedly big size in this area of weak seismicity. As Poland is considered a country of low seismicity, the earthquake has caused concern about seismic hazard in Poland, especially since it took place shortly after the even more unexpected Kaliningrad Region, Russia, earthquakes of September 21, 2004, that inflicted minor damage in northern Poland. The paper presents the findings on the Podhale earthquake which reached macroseismic intensity up to 7 and magnitude 4.7 (m _b ; ISC). The event was felt up to a distance of about 100 km and inflicted slight damage to buildings in its narrow epicentral area, thus evidencing its relatively shallow depth. The quake has been located near the village of Skrzypne, about 15 km west-southwest of the district capital Nowy Targ. The source mechanism has been found to be of dip slip normal fault type, although a problem remains of association of this mechanism with known tectonic dislocations in the region. The earthquake has been followed by a long series of aftershocks. Their distribution in time is also studied and the biggest aftershocks have been located.     

2015年尼泊尔M_w7.9地震破裂过程:快速反演与初步联合反演

本文介绍了2015年4月25日尼泊尔Mw7.9(MS8.1)地震发生后的破裂过程快速反演工作,以及后续开展的地震波与少量GPS资料的初步联合反演工作.两项工作得到的反演结果尽管在最大滑动量估计方面存在一些差别,但都一致地显示此次地震是发生在低倾角俯冲断裂上的一次单侧破裂事件,破裂主要朝东南方向传播;断层滑动主要发生在震中至加德满都一带.在加德满都附近区域,其下方破裂与朝东南传播的地震波的多普勒聚焦效应可能造成较强的震感和较大的破坏.对比历史大地震发现,2015年尼泊尔Mw7.9地震的浅部破裂紧邻1934年Mw8.2地震的地表破裂,余震分布与1833年M7.6地震的宏观震中基本重合,其破裂填补了前两次地震破裂以西100km左右的空区,表明此次地震是1934年Mw8.2地震与1833年M7.6地震向西继续延伸的结果.     

甘孜-玉树断裂当江段地表破裂遗迹与1738年玉树西北地震的讨论

对历史记载的公元1738年玉树西北地震的震级及其发震构造目前仍存有争议。卫星影像解译和野外调查发现沿甘孜-玉树断裂当江段分布一条长约75km的左旋走滑地震地表破裂带,其最大同震水平位移约2.1m。综合分析该地表破裂带特征、探槽揭露信息、测年结果以及历史文献记载等资料,认为当江段应为1738年玉树西北地震的发震断层,基于震例类比和经验公式估算该次地震的震级为71/2级。沿甘孜-玉树断裂的历史地震破裂分布显示,玉树段在隆宝镇以西存在近50km长的破裂空段;当江段距1738年地震的离逝时间也可能已经接近其地震复发周期,上述两个段落未来均存在大震危险。     

Tectonic Features of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake and Its Aftershocks

The M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake occurred on the Longmenshan fault zone. Based on field investigation of the surface rupture and focal mechanism study of the aftershocks, we discuss the geological relationship of the main, secondary and triggered ruptures. The main rupture is about 200km long and can be divided into the south part and the north part. The south part consists of two parallel fault zones characterized by reverse faulting, with several parallel secondary ruptures on the hanging wall of the main fault, and the north part is a single main fault zone characterized by lateral strike-slip and reverse faulting. Compared to a 300km long aftershock distribution, the surface rupture only occupies 200km, and the remaining 100km on the northeast of the main rupture was triggered by aftershocks. Study on the ruptures of this earthquake will be useful for studying the earthquake risk evolution on the Longmenshan fault system.     

Fault parameters and macroseismic observations of the May 10, 1997 Ardekul-Ghaen earthquake

The Ardekul (Zirkuh) earthquake (May 10, 1997) is the largest recent earthquake that occurred in the Ardekul-Ghaen region of Eastern Iran. The greatest destruction was concentrated around Ardekul, Haji-Abad, Esfargh, Pishbar, Bashiran, Abiz-Qadim, and Fakhr-Abad (completely destroyed). The total surface fault rupture was about 125 km with the longest un-interrupted segment in the south of the region. The maximum horizontal and vertical displacements were reported in Korizan and Bohn-Abad with about 210 and 70 cm, respectively; moreover, other building damages and environmental effects were also reported for this earthquake. In this study, the intensity value XI on the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS) and Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI) scale was selected for this earthquake according to the maximum effects on macroseismic data points affected by this earthquake. Then, according to its macroseismic data points of this earthquake and Boxer code, some macroseismic parameters including magnitude, location, source dimension, and orientation of this earthquake were also estimated at 7.3, 33.52° N–59.99° E, ~ 75 km long and ~ 21 km wide, and ~ 152°, respectively. As the estimated macroseismic parameters are consistent with the instrumental ones (Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) location and magnitude equal 33.58° N–60.02° E, and 7.2, respectively), this method and dataset are suggested not only for other instrumental earthquakes, but also for historical events.     

对1976年河北唐山MS7.8地震地表破裂带展布及位移特征的新认识

1976年河北唐山MS7.8地震发生之后,诸多资料报道了唐山市南侧展布的长8～11km的地震地表破裂带.该地表破裂带由10余条NE方向、具右旋走滑特征的地表破裂呈左阶形式组成,总体走向N30°E,最大右旋位移2.3m,多数地段的垂直位移为0.5 ～0.7m.近年有学者提出,在更大范围内出现的地表破坏现象.分辨这些地表破...     

The macroseismic field of the Balkan area

A catalogue of 356 macroseimic maps which are available for the Balkan area was compiled, including information on the source parameters of the corresponding earthquakes, the macroseismic parameters of their strength and their macroseismic field. The data analysis of this catalogue yields new empirical relations for attenuation, which can be applied for the calibration of historical events, modelling of isoseismals and seismic hazard assessment. An appropriate analysis allowed the separation and estimation of the average values of the geometrical spreading, n, and anelastic attenuation factor, c, for the examined area which were found equal to –3.227 ± 0.112 and –0.0033 ± 0.0010. Scaling relations for the focal macroseismic intensity, I_f, and the epicentral intensity I₀, versus the earthquake moment magnitude were also determined for each Balkan country. A gradual decrease of the order of 0.5 to 1 intensity unit is demonstrated for recent (after 1970) earthquakes in Greece. Finally the depths of the examined earthquakes as they robustly determined (error <5 km) on the basis of macroseismic data were found to have small values ( 10 km). However large magnitude earthquakes show higher focal depths ( 25 km), in accordance with an increase of the seismic fault dimensions for such events.     

A macroseismic intensity prediction equation for intermediate depth earthquakes in the Vrancea region,Romania

The use of shake maps in terms of macroseismic intensity in earthquake early warning systems as well as intensity based seismic hazard assessments provides a valuable supplement to typical studies based on recorded ground motion parameters. A requirement for such applications is ground motion prediction equations (GMPE) in terms of macroseismic intensity, which have the advantages of good data availability and the direct relation of intensity to earthquake damage. In the current study, we derive intensity prediction equations for the Vrancea region in Romania, which is characterized by the frequent occurrence of large intermediate depth earthquakes giving rise to a peculiar anisotropic ground shaking distribution. The GMPE have a physical basis and take the anisotropic intensity distribution into account through an empirical regional correction function. Furthermore, the relations are easy to implement for the user. Relations are derived in terms of epicentral, rupture and Joyner–Boore distance and the obtained relations all provide a new intensity estimate with an uncertainty of ca. 0.6 intensity units.     

Long-term seismicity in regions of present day low seismic activity: the example of western Europe

In western Europe, the knowledge of long-term seismicity is based on reliable historical seismicity and covers a time period of less than 700 years. Despite the fact that the seismic activity is considered as low in the region extending from the Lower Rhine Embayment to England, historical information collected recently suggests the occurrence of three earthquakes with magnitude around 6.0 or greater. These events are a source of information for the engineer or the scientist involved in mitigation against large earthquakes. We provide information relevant to this aspect for the Belgian earthquake of September 18, 1692. The severity of the damage described in original sources indicates that its epicentral intensity could be IX (EMS-98 scale) and that the area with intensity VII and greater than VII has at least a mean radius of 45 km. Following relationships between average macroseismic radii and magnitude for earthquakes in stable continental regions, its magnitude M_s is estimated as between 6.0 and 6.5. To extend in time our knowledge of the seismic activity, we conducted paleoseismic investigations in the Roer Graben to address the question of the possible occurrence of large earthquakes with coseismic surface ruptures. Our study along the Feldbiss fault (the western border of the graben) demonstrates its recent activity and provides numerous lines of evidence of Holocene and Late Pleistocene large earthquakes. It suggests that along the 10 km long Bree fault scarp, the return period for earthquakes with magnitude from 6.2 to 6.7 ranges from 10,000 to 20,000 years during the last 50,000 years. Considering as possible the occurrence of similar earthquakes along all the Quaternary faults in the Lower Rhine Embayment, a large earthquake could occur there each 500–1000 years. These results are important in two ways. (i) The evidence that large earthquakes occur in western Europe in the very recent past which is not only attested by historical sources, but also suggested by paleoseismic investigations in the Roer Graben. (ii) The existence of a scientific basis to better evaluate the long-term seismicity in this part of Europe (maximal magnitude and return period) in the framework of seismic hazard assessment.     

Source model and the macroseismic effect of the 1991 Racha earthquake

Coherency of the source model of the 1991 Racha earthquake in the Greater Caucasus with different data types is analyzed. Authors, when interpreting macroseismic data, accept complex nature of macroseismic effects generation but, nevertheless, consider that its spatial distribution follows certain regularities. First time in the practice, method of evaluation of the mecroseismic material completeness is proposed based on the intensity attenuation along with distance. It is demonstrated the character of macroseismic intensity attenuation can be used for verification of the source model elements constructed based on other seismological data. Dependence of the macroseismic effect distribution on azimuth in near field of the 1991 Racha earthquake is recognized.     

2010年玉树超剪切破裂地震破裂过程反演

为探讨玉树地震是否为超剪切破裂事件,利用Yagi的方法重新进行了此次地震震源破裂过程的反演。通过给定不同的破裂速度进行对比,发现当破裂速度为4.7km/s时,理论与实际观测结果拟合残差最小,且反演结果更符合实际。另据P波高频辐射能量包络反演,破裂传播速度在4.7～5.8km/s范围内,而该地区的剪切波速度则为3.0～3.6km/s,从而证明了此次地震超剪切破裂现象的存在。反演结果表明,此次地震在玉树段的NW和SE段形成了19和31km的地表破裂,而震中所在的中段由于隆宝湖拉分盆地的存在,造成了15km的未破裂区。超剪切破裂是造成SE段玉树县城遭受严重破坏的原因之一。