陆地生态系统中水溶性有机物动态及其环境学意义

水溶性有机物(DOM)是陆地生态系统中最活跃的有机碳库,也是土壤圈层与相关圈层进行物质与能量交换的重要表现形式,它对重金属、养分元素和有机污染物的活化、迁移与生态毒性有较大影响,在农业土壤溶液中DOM浓度通常在10～80mgC·L^-1,湿地土壤中多数在25～50mgC·L^-1,与森林土壤剖面淋滤水中的DOM相近,但在某些微域土壤环境(如根际和有机肥施用点附近)中DOM浓度可高达200～1000mgC·L^-1,不同来源的DOM在土壤中的迁移性与降解性明显不同,含低分子量组分或亲水性组分较多的DOM不易被土壤吸持而易被微生物降解,pH值相对较高的土壤(如石灰性土壤)对DOM吸附较弱,但pH较低和含有大量氧化物的土壤(如红壤、赤红壤和砖红壤等)则对DOM的吸附较强,施用石灰、土壤淹水或干湿交替、温度升高等有利于土壤保持较高的DOM浓度,由于DOM-金属配合物的形成,DOM能明显促进土壤重金属活化和向下迁移,而且DOM中低分子量或亲水性组分所占比例越低活化作用越强,同样地,由于DOM具有两亲性质,也能明显提高疏水性有机污染物(如农药和持久难降解有机污染物)的水溶性,增加其对环境污染的风险,特别是含疏水性组分越多的DOM这种作用越强．可以认为,继续加强有关DOM在陆地生态系统中产生与消长规律,特别是DOM及其与污染物的配合物从陆地生态系统向水体迁移的机理及其通量的研究,对合理预测污染物的环境行为和科学地进行环境风险评估有重要意义。     

土壤中水溶性有机质及其对重金属化学与生物行为的影响

土壤水溶性有机质是陆地生态系统和水生生态系统中一种重要的、很活跃的化学组分,已成为环境科学、土壤学和生态学等学科的研究热点．土壤DOM对重金属化学与生物行为有重要影响。但其机理尚不清楚．文中从土壤性质、环境条件、人为因素等方面阐述了土壤DOM产生及影响因素,总结评述了DOM对重金属化学行为和生物有效性的影响,将DOM对重金属的影响机制归纳为络合机制、竞争吸附机制、酸碱缓冲机制．在此基础上,提出了DOM研究存在的问题及其展望．     

水溶性有机质对土壤中镉吸附行为的影响

水溶性有机质 (DOM)是陆地生态系统和水生生态系统中的一种很活跃的组分 .本文以赤红壤、水稻土和褐土作为供试土壤 ,研究了来源于稻秆和底泥的DOM对土壤中Cd吸附行为的影响 .DOM对土壤中Cd的吸附行为具有明显的抑制作用 .这种抑制作用与土壤类型和DOM种类有关 .在 3种供试土壤中 ,无论添加稻秆DOM还是底泥DOM ,都会使Cd的最大吸附容量和吸附率明显降低 ,其下降幅度为17 3%～ 93 9%.在添加同一种DOM的前提下 ,DOM对Cd吸附的抑制作用均为 :赤红壤 >水稻土 >褐土 .如果不添加DOM ,则土壤对Cd的最大吸附容量主要取决于土壤固相的吸附特性 ,添加DOM后土壤对Cd的最大吸附容量则主要取决于液相中的DOM .由此推断 ,传统的看法 ,通过施用有机肥来固定土壤中的Cd并达到治理重金属污染土壤的观点值得商榷 .     

溶解性有机质对土壤中有机污染物环境行为的影响

土壤中溶解性有机质(DOM)是生物活性和物理化学反应活性都很活跃的有机组分,主要通过疏水吸附、分配、氢键、电荷转移、共价键、范德华力等多种作用与有机污染物结合,提高溶液中有机污染物的溶解度,改变土壤中有机污染物的吸附-解吸、迁移-转化等环境行为．DOM对有机污染物的吸附-解吸、迁移-转化过程的影响有双重性：一方面,DOM与有机污染物在土壤表面的共吸附可增加土壤对有机污染物的吸附容量,促进有机污染物在土壤中的吸持;另一方面,DOM对有机污染物的增溶作用,有利于土壤中有机污染物的解吸,提高移动性．作为光敏剂,DOM能提高土壤中有机物的光解反应速率．在一定条件下,DOM也可影响土壤中有机污染物的水解过程．DOM对土壤中有机污染物环境行为的影响与DOM和有机污染物的性质及其相互作用的介质条件密切相关．     

土壤溶解性有机质及其表面反应性的研究进展

溶解性有机质(DOM)是土壤溶液中的一个重要的组成部分,在土壤化学和生物过程中起着十分重要的作用。虽然DOM在天然有机质中所占的比例并不高,但它将土壤中的矿物质、有机质联系在一起,并能调控环境污染物的迁移转化与归宿,因此国内外学者都很重视溶解性有机质对土壤环境中污染物环境行为影响的研究。综述了DOM的分类和分离技术,DOM的结构及其表征方法,DOM的表面反应性以及对有机污染物、重金属在土壤中吸附、迁移的影响等,并提出了有待于进一步研究的一些问题。     

森林生态系统DOM的来源、特性及流动

可溶性有机物质（Dissolved Organic Matter)是森林生态系统主要的可移动碳库及重要的养分库。系统综述了森林生态系统DOM的来源,组成,性质,季节动态;DOM释放与存留机制及影响因素,森林生态系统DOM的流动及干扰对DOM动态影响等,已有研究表明DOM的森林生态系统C、N、P循环,成土作用,污染物迁移等方面起着重要作用。今后森林生态系统DOM的研究应集中于以几方面：（1）确定森林生态系统中DOM源和汇;（2）评价森林水文条件对DOM释放与存留的调节作用;（3）探讨全球气候变化对森林生态系统DOM的影响;（4）可溶性有机氮（Dissolved Organic Nitrogen),可溶性有机磷（Dissolved Organic Phosphorus)动态与可溶性有碳（Dissolved Organic Carbon）动态的差别。     

土壤碳库构成研究进展

土壤碳库是陆地生态系统中最大的碳库。土壤碳库的构成影响其累积和分解,并直接影响全球陆地生态系统碳平衡,同时也影响土壤质量变化。弄清土壤碳库的组分及构成,是进一步研究土壤碳库变化机制的关键。综述了土壤碳库的组分和构成,对有机碳库进行不稳定性有机碳库和稳定有机碳库归类,描述各类碳库的性质,并对各类碳库的分析测定方法进行了评述。提出在土壤碳构成中增加黑碳和煤炭(碳)以完善土壤有机碳构成框架。在未来研究中,应加强土壤无机碳及湿地土壤和新开发新复垦的重构土壤碳库构成及变化,各类碳库化学构成,交叉重叠的定量关系,碳库之间的转化及在土壤中的迁移,黑碳对土壤碳库稳定性及土壤质量的影响,煤开采扰动区煤炭(碳)对土壤质量的影响及环境效应等科学问题的研究。     

冰川退缩区不同演替阶段土壤溶解性有机质光谱特征及环境响应

溶解有机质(DOM)作为土壤中最活跃的有机组分,在土壤生物地球化学过程中起着关键作用,探讨植被演替过程中DOM的来源、组成、环境响应与累积规律,对预测土壤碳循环过程具有重要意义。本研究从海螺沟冰川退缩区植被原生演替序列选取演替年龄分别为12、30、40、50、80、120年的样地采集表层和亚表层土壤样本,测定DOM浓度并进行紫外-可见光光谱和三维荧光光谱分析,研究原生演替过程中DOM含量和组成的变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明: 土壤DOM浓度随演替年龄的增加而显著增加。土壤DOM中类蛋白组分、荧光指数和生物指数随演替时间的增加而减小,类腐殖质组分和腐殖化程度随演替过程不断增加,土壤DOM芳香化程度先增加后减小。pH值、铵态氮含量解释了62.2%的表层土壤DOM组分变异,土壤含水率和pH值解释了64.3%的亚表层土壤DOM组分变异,说明环境因素是影响海螺沟冰川退缩区原生演替过程中土壤DOM数量和组成的重要因子。     

陆地生态系统中人为因素对DOM影响研究进展

尽管DOM和WEOM只占土壤有机质的一小部分,却是土壤溶液的重要组成部分,参与众多土壤过程。本文着重介绍DOM和WEOM的定义、研究方法及森林和农田两种不同生态系统中DOM和WEOM的研究现状及耕作、施肥等农业措施对DOM和WEOM的影响。已有研究主要集中于DOC,而缺乏对DON、DOP的研究,且研究方法间差异较大。森林生态系统DOM／WEOM含量要高于草地和耕地。土地利用方式变化对DOM的影响主要取决于改变后的土地利用方式。管理措施对DOM／WEOM通常只有短暂的影响．且不同因素作用结果不一。     

森林生态系统碳循环对全球氮沉降的响应

森林土壤和植被储存着全球陆地生态系统大约46%的碳,在全球碳平衡中起着非常重要的作用。过去几十年来,森林生态系统的碳循环和碳吸存受到了全球氮沉降的深刻影响,因为氮沉降改变了陆地生态系统的生产力和生物量积累。以欧洲和北美温带森林区域开展的研究为基础,综述了氮沉降对植物光合作用、土壤呼吸、土壤DOM及林木生长的影响特征和机理,探讨了森林生态系统碳动态对氮沉降响应的不确定性因素。热带森林C、N循环与大部分温带森林不同,人为输入的氮对热带生态系统过程的影响也可能不同,因此指出了在热带地区开展碳氮循环耦合研究的必要性和紧迫性。     

Water repellency of Casuarina windbreaks (Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.) caused by fungi in central Taiwan

The water repellent layer (WRL) in the Casuarina plantation near Taichung Harbor in central Taiwan is mainly due to the development of filamentous fungi. The hyphae of the isolated fungi and the metabolites of the TCHC-5 and TCHC-20 fungi are also significantly hydrophobic. In the soil layers, humic substances decrease the phosphorus fixation and contribute to the formation of WRL. The hydrophobic properties of humic substances are unfavorable for the nutrient cycling in this area. The water contact angles of fulvic acids and humic acids are pH-dependent. Increasing the solution pH value reduces the hydrophobic strength for fulvic acids and/or humic acids. TCHC-15 and TCHC-16 isolated fungi exude strong acidic metabolites (pH 2.7–3.0). This may result in polymerization and/or precipitation of fulvic acids and humic acids and increase the hydrophobic strength of the soil layers. Humic substances with aliphatic chains are the main components that form WRL in soils. Soil pH may be an indicator of the hydrophobic potential for organic matters.     

土壤有机质概念和分组技术研究进展

土壤有机质一直是土壤学研究领域的重点,在过去的50年里,对土壤质量可持续性观念的增强和寻找快速判断人为因素对土壤质量影响方向指标的强烈愿望导致了土壤有机质的研究重点发生了急剧变化：对农业措施反映慢的土壤腐殖质类物质的研究正在退出土壤有机质研究领域,而侧重点逐渐转向了土壤中未受微生物作用或正在受微生物降解的有机残体;也出现了新的土壤有机质研究概念和对应测试手段：土壤有机质的比重分组、与有机质结合的土壤颗粒大小分组、土壤团聚体中的POM和iPOM以及土壤水溶性有机质和微生物体C等概念和测试手段被相继提了出来,土壤有机质的研究重点正在从土壤微生物的作用产物(腐殖质)向土壤微生物作用前的、具有部分生物活性的有机质(轻组有机质、砂粒组和粗粉砂粒组中的有机质、POM和iPOM)和完全具有生物活性的有机质(微生物体C和水溶性有机质)转移,这一过程与土壤有机质概念的拓展密不可分。     

Biodegradation behavior of natural organic matter (NOM) in a biological aerated filter (BAF) as a pretreatment for ultrafiltration (UF) of river water

In this study, biodegradation of natural organic matter (NOM) in a biological aerated filter (BAF) as pretreatment of UF treating river water was investigated. Photometric measurement, three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy and liquid chromatography with online organic carbon detector (LC-OCD) were used to investigate the fate of NOM fractions in the BAF + UF process. Results showed that the BAF process could effectively remove particles and parts of dissolved organic matter, which led to a lower NOM loading in the UF system, but different NOM fractions showed different biodegradation potentials. Further biodegradation batch experiments confirmed this observation and identified that polysaccharides and proteins (quantified using photometric methods) contained a large proportion of readily biodegradable matter while humic substances were mainly composed of inert organic substances. According to EEM measurements, it is evident that protein-like substances were more readily eliminated by microorganisms than humic-like substances. LC-OCD data also supported the phenomena that the polysaccharides and large-size proteins were more degradable than humic substances.     

Mercury (II) Adsorption on Three Contrasting Chinese Soils Treated with Two Sources of Dissolved Organic Matter: II. Spectroscopic Characterization

To reveal the influencing mechanism of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on mercury (Hg II) adsorption by black, red, and fluvo-aquic soils in China, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and three-dimensional excitation emission matrix (3DEEM) fluorescence spectroscopy were employed to characterize the DOM samples and DOM-Hg complexes. FTIR spectra showed that the complexation of Hg (II) mainly acted on the C=O, COO^?, and O-H groups of DOM from swine manure (DOMs) and wheat straw (DOMw). The NMR spectra indicated that the complex reaction of Hg (II) and DOM corresponded with the change in carboxyl C. The NMR results also showed that the dominant C components in DOM were aromatic C, O-alkyl C, alkyl C, and carboxyl C, and that DOMw imposed more influence on Hg (II) adsorption than DOMs, which was consistent with that of FTIR spectroscopy. The 3DEEM showed that DOM contained both aromatic protein-like and fulvic-like substances, and that the protein-like properties of DOMs and UV fulvic-like fluorescence substances of DOMw can better participate in the formation of Hg complexes. This result provides strong direct evidence to elucidate the DOM-Hg (II) binding mechanism, and further interprets the effect mechanism of exogenous DOM on Hg adsorption by soil.     

The effect of forty years of continuous corn cropping on soil organic matter characteristics

Changes in humus and some of the major extractable components of soil organic matter were examined, following forty years of conventionally tilled continuous corn cropping compared with those of an adjacent untilled native grassland soil. Results indicate that long-term continuous cropping caused a significant reduction in the content of alkali extractable and water soluble carbon, as well as in the phenolic and chloroform extractable compounds, while no differences in volatile acids and n-hexane extractable substances were found. On the basis of organic C, corn cropping led to a relative enrichement of phenolic compounds, volatile acids and substances extractable by Na₄P₂O₇, but it did not affect the substances extractable by water. Except for the humification ratio (HR), the humification parameters, such as humification degree (HD), the extracted humic and fulvic acids, the C_HA/C_FA ratio and the humification index (HI) revealed a higher degree of humification of the organic matter in native grassland than in the continuous corn cropping system. IR spectra of n-hexane, chloroform, alkaline and water extracts failed to show significant differences between sites under native grassland and sites under continuous corn.     

川西亚高山森林凋落物去除对土壤腐殖质动态的影响

森林凋落物作为森林土壤腐殖质的主要来源, 在土壤腐殖质的形成中发挥着重要作用, 但不同森林类型凋落物因其含量、组成等的不同, 对土壤腐殖质的影响也不同。该研究以川西亚高山针叶林、阔叶林和针阔混交林3种不同森林类型为对象, 采用凋落物原位控制实验, 对比研究不同关键期凋落物去除对土壤可提取腐殖质、胡敏酸和富里酸含量及胡敏酸/富里酸、胡敏酸/可提取腐殖质的影响。主要结果: (1)土壤可提取腐殖质、胡敏酸和富里酸含量在不同森林类型中差异显著。土壤可提取腐殖质含量总体表现为针叶林>针阔混交林>阔叶林, 胡敏酸含量总体表现为针阔混交林>针叶林>阔叶林, 而富里酸含量则表现为针叶林>阔叶林>针阔混交林, 其中3种林型中土壤腐殖质的主要成分为富里酸, 总体均表现为富里酸型。不同采样时期也显著影响了土壤可提取腐殖质、胡敏酸和富里酸含量, 总体均表现为先升高后下降的趋势。除个别采样时期外, 凋落物去除总体降低了土壤可提取腐殖质、胡敏酸和富里酸的含量。(2)胡敏酸/富里酸和胡敏酸/可提取腐殖质的结果显示3种林型土壤总体腐殖化程度均较低, 整体表现为针阔混交林>阔叶林>针叶林, 凋落物去除在一定程度上有利于提高阔叶林与针阔混交林的腐殖质品质。(3)相关分析表明不同凋落物处理间土壤可提取腐殖质与土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量和土壤含水量呈显著正相关关系, 与温度呈显著负相关关系。综上所述, 短期的凋落物去除会降低土壤腐殖物质的含量, 但不同林型间由于凋落物类型差异会导致土壤腐殖质的不同变化, 说明土壤腐殖质的动态变化受凋落物类型以及环境因素的综合调控。因此, 关于凋落物变化对土壤腐殖质的影响还需进一步的长期研究。     

Pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry of agricultural soils and humic substances: Effect of cropping systems and influence of the mineral matrix

Whole soil samples, extracted humic substances, the corresponding fulvic (FA) and humic acids (HA) and the extraction residues (humins) from long-term, agricultural test plots were investigated by in-source pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS). For the soils distinct differences in the chemical composition of the organic matter in differently managed fields were observed. The FI mass spectra of the extracted humic substances gave complementary chemical information, as they cover a larger mass range compared to the whole soil spectra. The chemical, structural information of the conventional alkaline extraction residues was demonstrated by Py-FIMS spectra to be similar to that of the related soil samples. Influences of mineral matrix to organic matter ratios were studied on mixtures of extracted humic substances with defined mineral components such as quartz, basalt, iron oxide (Fe₂O₃), Ca-montmorillonite, kaolinite and illite. It was shown that in these mixtures the number of mass signals detected and the covered mass range decreased, when organic carbon concentrations (C_org) in this synthetic mineral matrix dropped below 2% (w/w). Limitations in the direct application of Py-FIMS might arise in the case of natural soil samples with C_org concentrations below 0.5% (w/w), high contents of swelling clay minerals and iron oxides. ei]{gnR}{fnMerckx}     

Mercury (II) Adsorption on Three Contrasting Chinese Soils Treated with Two Sources of Dissolved Organic Matter: I. Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherm Evaluation

The behavior and fate of mercury (Hg) in soil is mainly controlled by adsorption and desorption processes with various adsorbents, particularly dissolved organic matter (DOM). This study was conducted to assess the effect of DOM from wheat straw (DOMw) and swine manure (DOMs) on Hg (II) adsorption of black, red, and fluvo-aquic soils in China. Results showed that the Hg (II) adsorption isotherms fitted well with Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The maximum Hg (II) potential adsorption capacity by the three soils followed this trend: black soil > red soil > fluvo-aquic soil. The amount of Hg (II) adsorbed on the soils significantly decreased when DOMw and DOMs were added to the soil samples. Furthermore, the extent by which DOMw affected the Hg (II) adsorption of the three soils was higher than the effect of equivalent amounts of DOMs. Therefore, DOM is important to determine the fate of Hg (II) and control Hg (II) pollution in the environment.     

华南典型树种凋落叶的野外分解和溶解性有机质溶出动态

选用华南亚热带地区常见阔叶树种木荷和针叶树种湿地松的新近凋落叶,在野外分解0、30、60、90、150、210、240、365 d,分析溶出的溶解性有机质(DOM)浓度、组成和性质的变化,以及对土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)的影响.结果表明: 随着分解的进行,尽管木荷叶片的DOM浓度高于松针,但是2种凋落叶DOM浓度、性质和物质组成变化规律一致;2种凋落叶的DOM浓度均呈下降趋势,芳香化程度和分子量增大,富里酸、腐殖酸类物质逐渐增多,可降解的简单芳烃蛋白(如酪氨酸)逐渐减少.在分解初期,DOM主要由亲水中性和酸性部分组成,易分解、易迁移,对表层土壤DOC影响不显著;在分解后期,DOM主要为腐殖酸和富里酸类物质,吸附性强,表层土壤DOC浓度显著下降.