经皮经肝胆系引流与内镜逆行胰胆管造影对接治疗良性梗阻性黄疸

目的 介绍经皮经肝胆系引流(PTBD)与内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)对接治疗良性梗阻性黄疸的方法,评价此方法治疗良性梗阻性黄疸的临床效果.方法 8例经ERCP失败而采用PTBD与ERCP对接治疗的良性梗阻性黄疸患者,首先行PTBD,将导丝超选通过梗阻段到达十二指肠,对接是指导丝经由PTBD通道导入十二指肠,再经十二指肠镜的活检孔道导出的过程,或导丝经十二指肠镜活检孔道沿PTBD通道通过梗阻段的过程.对接后行支架置入.结果 8例均获得成功.采取右侧肝管穿刺3例,左侧肝管穿刺4例;一次性对接成功3例,分次对接5例,分次对接的患者ERCP在PTBD后1周至1年进行;无严重并发症发生,术后1周胆红素基本恢复正常.结论 PTBD与ERCP对接是治疗良性梗阻性黄疸的较好方法.该方法简便易学,值得临床进一步推广应用.     

经内镜胆道支架治疗梗阻性黄疸

目的：探讨梗阻性黄疸时塑料和镍钛记忆合金镀金网状支架内镜置入的操作技术及其临床疗效。方法：本组塑料支架组129例,包括：十二指肠乳头炎性狭窄28例,胆总管下段炎性狭窄16例,老年胆总管巨大结石11例,胆漏17例,胆管外科损伤狭窄10例,肝移植术后胆管吻合口狭窄34例,肝门部胆管狭窄8例,胰腺癌5例;镀金支架组42例,包括：中下段胆管癌15例,肝门部胆管癌8例,十二指肠乳头癌9例,胰腺癌10例。所有病人均行ERCP以证实狭窄部位及其程度,选择合适的支架。经十二指肠镜插入导丝至梗阻远端,狭窄明显者沿导丝进行球囊扩张;在x线监视下沿导丝用支架推送器将支架送至狭窄远端2cm。术后观察病人黄疸改善情况,同时观察肝功能、血清淀粉酶变化,并随访3-6月。结果：本组支架均一次置入成功,成功率200％。镍钛记忆合金网状支架置入后1周,患者血清总胆红素（STB）下降68.50％,谷丙转氨酶（ALT）下降64.37％,r-谷胺酰转肽酶（r-GT）下降51.12％,碱性磷酸酶（ALP）下降45.10％;塑料支架置入后1周,STB下降64.24％,ALT下降59.70％,r-GT下降52.83％,ALP下降44.61％。早期并发症包括：高淀粉酶血症、ERCP术后胰腺炎、胆管炎,晚期并发症有支架堵塞。镀金支架组随访期间有4例（14.29％）死于肿瘤进展。结论：经内镜塑料和镍钛记忆合金镀金网状支架治疗胆道梗阻性黄疸安全、有效、并发症少;塑料支架在胆漏及胆道损伤治疗中的应用为肝胆外科手术并发症的治疗提供了较好的弥补手段。     

国产胆道支架置入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸

目的:报道国产金属胆道支架置入术治疗恶性阻塞性黄疸的初步经验.方法:12例患者均行PTC检查,了解胆管梗阻部位、程度和范围,然后在透视下选择性穿刺理想的肝管,引入导丝设法使其越过阻塞段后,交换硬导丝置入适宜的国产金属内支架.同时经支架内引入外引管,待支架扩张良好后撤除引流管.结果:12例患者共置入支架14枚,支架扩张满意.其中9例黄疸于2～4周完全消退,1例1周后死于肝肾综合症,2例术后2周自动出院失访.跟踪随访9例:4例存活5～7个月,3例存活11个月,另2例分别存活20个月、25个月,支架置入术后有8例患者分别进行了1～5次的介入化疗/栓塞.结论:经皮肝穿刺胆道支架引流术是治疗恶性阻塞性黄疸的有效的姑息性治疗方法,可明显缓解黄疸,提高患者的生存质量,结合介入化疗/栓塞可有限的延长患者生存时间.     

顺逆结合治疗胆总管结石合并肝胆管结石的临床分析

目的探讨经十二指肠镜逆行取石(ERCP)与经皮肝胆道镜顺行取石(PTCS)联合治疗胆总管结石合并肝胆管结石的疗效。方法对25例胆总管结石合并肝胆管结石患者行ERCP+PTCS治疗,即在ERCP治疗胆总管结石后即可行经皮肝穿刺胆道造瘘术,术后5～7天行经瘘道胆道镜取石术。总结临床资料,并与同期27例行胆总管切开胆道镜探查取石治疗的患者资料对比分析。结果 ERCP与PTCS术联合治疗胆总管结石合并肝内胆管结石25例,结石取净率为96.0%,优于对照组的70.4%(P<0.05);并发症发生率相当,住院时间较短,花费相对较多(P<0.01)。结论 ERCP联合PTCS是治疗胆总管结石合并肝胆管结石的安全有效的方法。     

超声在梗阻性黄疸诊断中的价值探讨

目的探讨超声在梗阻性黄疸诊断中的价值。方法对156例梗阻性黄疸的超声声像图特征进行回顾性分析和总结。结果通过对超声图像特征的分析与逆行经胰肝胆管造影(ERCP)、经皮肝胆管造影(PTC)及手术病理对照,超声诊断梗阻性黄疸的病因诊断正确率为78.8%,定位诊断正确率为92.5%。结论超声在判断梗阻性黄疸的梗阻部位及病因方面具有很高的临床实用价值,不失为一种首选的诊断方法。     

经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸观察

目的研究恶性梗阻性黄疸介入经皮肝穿刺胆道引流的疗效、方法。方法对4例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者采用经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术治疗，均先行PTC后探查能否通过阻塞段，如不能越过阻塞段，则直接进行外引流。如能越过阻塞段，置入金属内支架行内引流。结果本组4例患者单纯外引流2例，金属内支架置入内引流2例，总胆红素由手术前的438～313umol／L（平均362umol／L），下降211～150umol／L（平均178umol／L），明显好转2例，改善2例。术后生存3～7个月，生存期均无黄疸再发生。结论经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术，是对失去外科手术根治的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的一种安全有效的姑息性治疗方法，可明显地缓解或消除黄疸，减轻痛苦，提高患者生存质量和有限地延长生存时间。     

超声检查与CT和ERCP对梗阻性黄疸诊断价值对比

目的探讨超声与CT、内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值.方法对89例确诊的梗阻性黄疸病例的超声、CT、ERCP检查结果与手术病理结果进行回顾性对比分析.结果超声、CT、ERCP对梗阻性黄疸的梗阻部位诊断准确率分别为93.3%、92.6%、97.9%,无显著性差异(P＞0.05).超声、CT、ERCP对梗阻性黄疸的病因诊断准确率分别为70.8%、77.8%、93.8%,超声与CT间无显著性差异,超声、CT与ERCP相比有显著性差异(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),差别主要显示在对十二指肠乳头癌的诊断,ERCP占优势.结论超声在诊断梗阻性黄疸时,具有很高的临床价值,可做为首选方法,当超声不能明确诊断时可行CT检查,对超声、CT未显示病灶的低位胆道梗阻,作ERCP将有助于发现壶腹部的肿瘤.     

B超检查在梗阻性黄疸诊断中的价值

目的探讨B超检查在梗阻性黄疸诊断中的价值。方法回顾分析我院69例梗阻性黄疸采用超声诊断仪多方向、多切面扫查梗阻性黄疸患者的肝内外胆管病变,测量胆管内径扩张情况,观察胆管内回声,记录检查结果,对总胆管下段、壶腹部等未确定梗阻原因,行CT、ERCP等其它检查。结果 69例梗阻性黄疸患者中,59例患者与手术病理确认结果稳合,诊断符合率85.5%,误诊或未确定梗阻原因的10例。结论在梗阻性黄疸诊断中,B超检查因其经济高效、实用无创且无并发症,目前仍是筛查病因的首选方法,可以为其它影像检查提供方向,有非常的临床价值。     

PTCD联合胆管支架对恶性梗阻性黄疸姑息性治疗的临床研究

目的研究经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术（PTCD）联合胆道内金属支架置入作为一种姑息性方法对恶性梗阻性黄疸的治疗价值。方法2005年1～12月，行PTCD治疗的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者76例。穿刺肝左叶胆管46例，肝右叶胆管36例，同时穿刺6例。减黄3d后，经引流管行常规胆道造影，30例维持原PTCD外引流，6例改为内外引流，40例置入镍钛形状记忆合金支架并维持PTCD外引流，其中5例行左右肝管双支架同时置入，2例因导丝通过狭窄段困难，于3d后重试，成功置入支架。结果1例因胆道大出血于术后8d死亡，余75例患者治疗后血清总胆红素有39例下降明显，33例呈不同程度的下降，3例仍呈上升趋势。72例患者治疗前后血清总胆红素、直接胆红素差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。72例患者在皮肤瘙痒、厌食、皮肤黄疸及尿液颜色方面均较术前有不同程度的改善，3例患者无改善，甚至加重。12例发生术后并发症，发生率为15．8％，有6例发生两种或两种以上并发症。随访至2006年4月，有54例患者死亡，排除因术后严重并发症短期死亡1例，平均生存时间为7．6个月，单纯PTCD患者为5．8个月，联合胆道支架置入患者为9．5个月。结论PTCD联合胆道内金属支架置入作为一种微创介入治疗技术，安全性高，可有效解除恶性胆道梗阻，对于无手术机会且未合并肝细胞性黄疸的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者不失为一种较好的姑息性减黄手段。在生存质量和生存时间两方面，联合胆道支架置入患者均优于单纯PTCD患者。     

经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸观察

目的研究恶性梗阻性黄疸介入经皮肝穿刺胆道引流的疗效、方法。方法对4例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者采用经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术治疗,均先行PTC后探查能否通过阻塞段,如不能越过阻塞段,则直接进行外引流。如能越过阻塞段,置入金属内支架行内引流。结果本组4例患者单纯外引流2例,金属内支架置入内引流2例,总胆红素由手术前的438～313umol/L(平均362umol/L),下降211～150umol/L(平均178umol/L),明显好转2例,改善2例。术后生存3～7个月,生存期均无黄疸再发生。结论经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术,是对失去外科手术根治的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的一种安全有效的姑息性治疗方法,可明显地缓解或消除黄疸,减轻痛苦,提高患者生存质量和有限地延长生存时间。     

长春新碱过量引起严重毒副反应1例的护理体会

报道1例霍奇金淋巴瘤患者因误用长春新碱（VCR）10mg一次性静脉推注后治疗护理情况。其出现间断性神志恍惚、眼睑闭合不全、言语不清、口腔黏膜糜烂、全身疼痛、麻痹性肠梗阻、尿潴留、手足麻木等症状,经积极解救,禁食,持续胃肠减压、胃管内注入麻油、开塞露、生理盐水灌肠,合理应用肠外营养,注重疼痛、心理护理,做好口腔、肛周护理,预防感染加重,患者病情得到控制好转出院。     

Correlates of stages of change of smoking among inhabitants of deprived neighbourhoods

BACKGROUND: This study examines the prevalence and correlates of stages of change of smoking, in terms of psychosocial, structural and sociodemographic factors, among inhabitants of deprived neighbourhoods. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were obtained from a survey on health related behaviour. Subjects were 2009 current and former smokers, aged 20-46, living in deprived neighbourhoods in Rotterdam, the second largest city in the Netherlands. Three groups of smokers were formed according to the stages of change-definitions of the Transtheoretical Model: smokers not planning to quit (precontemplators), smokers planning to quit (contemplators/preparators) and former smokers (actors/maintainers). Smokers planning to quit and smokers not planning to quit were compared regarding psychosocial factors (attitude, social norm, self-efficacy), structural factors (neighbourhood problems, material deprivation, financial problems, employment status) and sociodemographic factors (age, gender, marital status, cultural background, educational level). Former smokers were compared with smokers planning to quit regarding structural and sociodemographic factors. Logistic regression was used to assess correlates of stages of change. RESULTS: Smokers planning to quit (prevalence = 19%) reported a more positive attitude, stronger social norms and higher self-efficacy expectations in quitting smoking than smokers not planning to quit (prevalence = 57%). Smokers planning to quit less often were Dutch-born, more often had attended higher vocational schooling or university and more often reported experiencing two or more neighbourhood problems compared to smokers not planning to quit. Former smokers (prevalence = 24%) were older, more often Dutch-born, married, employed and higher educated, compared to smokers planning to quit. Furthermore, former smokers less often reported material deprivation and financial problems than smokers planning to quit. CONCLUSION: Among people living in deprived neighbourhoods, different factors correlate with different stages of change of smoking. Implications for health promotion are discussed.     

Choice of measures of vaccination and estimates of risk of pediatric pertussis

BackgroundVaccination uptake at the individual level can be assessed in a variety of ways, including traditional measures of being up-to-date (UTD), measures of UTD that consider dose timing, like age-appropriate vaccination, and risk reduction from individual doses. This analysis compared methods of operationalizing vaccination uptake and corresponding risk of pertussis infection.MethodsCity-wide case-control study of children in Philadelphia aged 3 months through 6 years, between 2001 and 2013. Multiple logistic regression was used to isolate the independent effects of each measure of vaccination uptake and the corresponding relative odds of pertussis.ResultsBeing UTD on vaccinations was associated with a 52% reduction in risk of pertussis (OR 0.48, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.69). Evaluation of delayed receipt of vaccine versus on-time UTD yielded similar results. There was a decrease in risk of pertussis for each additional dose received with the greatest reduction in pertussis infection observed from the first (OR 0.48, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.83) and second dose (OR 0.17, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.34). Additional doses conferred minimal additional protection in this age group.ConclusionExamining vaccination status by individual doses may offer improved predictive capacity for identifying children at risk for pertussis infection compared to the traditional UTD measure.     

两种不同肌瘤剔除术治疗子宫肌瘤的临床疗效比较

目的:比较腹腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除术与腹式子宫肌瘤剔除术的临床疗效。方法:回顾分析63例腹腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除术与61例腹式子宫肌瘤剔除术的临床资料,比较2种手术方式的手术时间、术中出血量、肛门排气时间、使用抗生素时间、术后感染率、体温恢复正常时间、住院时间等情况。结果:两组患者接受子宫肌瘤剔除术顺利完成,腹腔镜组手术时间长于开腹组(P0.05),腹腔镜组术中出血量及剔除肌瘤个数均少于开腹组(P0.05),术后腹腔镜组体温恢复正常时间、肛门排气时间、抗生素使用及住院时间均短于开腹组,两组患者最多随访6个月,腹腔镜组平均康复时间较开腹组短(P0.05),两组随访B超均未发现明显肌瘤结节。结论:腹腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除术损伤小,恢复快,住院时间短,是值得推广的微创手术。     

上海市某医院骨科平均住院日影响因素分析

对上海市某医院2003年-2007年骨科出院病人的住院日描述性分析．2003年-2007年骨科的床位利用指数与平均住院日相关性分析．2003年-2007年骨科床位与医护比例分析．2007年骨科前10大病种平均住院目影响因素分别进行单因素相关性分析和多因素逐步回归分析（STATA软件）。通过对骨科10大病种住院日影响因素分析,术前等待天数、手术类型、是否输血分别对10个、9个和8个病种的住院目有影响。输血因素和手术类型是医院不可控、由病人的病情决定的,术前等待天数是管理因素,是最值得医院重视的影响因素。     

性发育异常发病机制的研究进展

正常的性腺分化可分为3个过程：原始性腺形成、性别决定和卵巢/睾丸发育。在任一环节中,基因表达或调控发生异常均有可能导致性发育异常疾病的发生。性发育异常是指染色体、性腺和解剖性别不典型。随着分子生物学技术的发展,不断地发现新的基因或信号通路参与性腺分化和发育,如SRY、SF1、WT1、Sox9等基因与睾丸发育密切相关,Wnt/Rspo1/B连环蛋白通路、Dax1、Foxl2等基因在卵巢分化中发挥着重要作用,一些非编码RNA和转化生长因子也有重要的调节功能,且睾丸和卵巢发育均为主动过程,即使在出生后因某些基因的改变两者间也可出现横向分化。这些为揭示性分化异常的发病机制提供了可能。     

尘肺病患者145例死因调查

目的分析汉中市尘肺病的发生、发展和死亡原因，以提高尘肺病患者的生存质量。方法对145例尘肺病患者的死因进行回顾性分析，计算其平均发病年龄、死亡年龄及患尘肺病后的存活年限。结果矽肺的平均发病年龄和死亡年龄均早于煤工尘肺和石棉肺，尘肺病的主要死因为患肺部疾患，患尘肺病后的平均存活年限为12a。结论加强职业健康体检工作，对尘肺病人做到早发现早治疗和预防并发症的发生。     

One-year stability of the Measure of Processes of Care

BACKGROUND: The Measure of Processes of Care (MPOC) is a 56-item self-administered measure designed to examine what parents of a child with a chronic health problem think of the services they and their child receive, and to measure the extent to which these services are family-centred. Reliability and validity of the MPOC were established in prior studies. The aim of the present study was to assess the 1-year stability of the MPOC to justify its use as an evaluative tool. METHODS: Nine paediatric rehabilitation centres in the Netherlands participated in this short longitudinal survey study. Subjects were 205 parents (response rate 74.8%) of children aged 1-18 years who received care in one of the participating paediatric rehabilitation centres. All subjects filled out two MPOCs with a 1-year interval. RESULTS: All correlations between the scale scores of the MPOC at the first and second administration were relatively high and significant (range: 0.443-0.609, all P < 0.001), demonstrating high inter-individual stability. However, all mean scale scores, except for Providing General Information, significantly reduced after 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: The MPOC has a moderate 1-year stability. However, because of its tendency to score lower when repeated after 1 year, its use as an evaluative follow-up instrument to assess the effectiveness of a programme intervention is restricted.     

儿童皮质发育畸形的MRI诊断

目的探讨儿童皮质发育畸形(MCD)的MRI表现特点,为MCD的早期诊断提供依据。 方法选择2010年1月至2012年12月在四川省医学科学院·四川省人民医院放射科经MRI检查确诊为MCD的44例患儿为研究对象。回顾性分析及总结其MRI影像学特征。本研究遵循的程序符合四川省医学科学院·四川省人民医院人体试验委员会制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,征得受试对象及其监护人知情同意,并与监护人签署临床研究知情同意书。 结果本组44例经MRI确诊为MCD患儿中,巨脑回-无脑回为17例,多小脑回为14例,灰质异位为9例,脑裂畸形为4例。MCD的MRI特点中,巨脑回表现为脑回增宽、皮质增厚及白质变薄;无脑回表现为正常脑沟、脑回消失,皮质增厚及白质变薄;多小脑回表现为脑回增多、细小;灰质异位表现为皮质下及侧脑室周围深部白质区结节状、团块状或带状病灶,信号与灰质信号相同;脑裂畸形表现为从侧脑室到脑表面贯穿大脑半球的裂隙,表面覆盖灰质。 结论MRI是诊断儿童MCD的可靠影像学方法。     

244株真菌鉴定结果分析

目的 了解某院2000～2001年各类真菌的检出率。方法 用酵母样真菌同化试验编码鉴定板TH-15进行编码鉴定。结果 真菌分离率为8．85％；244株真菌分为10种，其中以白色念珠菌和热带念珠菌较高，分别占真菌总数的75．41％和11．47％；检出真菌的主要标本是痰和阴道分泌物。结论 及时进行真菌培养，有利于合理使用抗菌药物和控制真菌感染。