江苏溧阳神墩遗址地层的孢粉记录研究

对采自太湖西部的江苏溧阳市神墩遗址地层的17块土样进行了孢粉分析和研究,结果表明:在距今约7千年以前,研究地区尚无人类活动的痕迹,遗址点周围主要生长常绿和落叶阔叶混交林,如青冈、枫香、胡桃、栎、枫杨、悬铃木、榆和松等,反映比较温暖湿润的气候条件。马家浜文化早期气候温暖湿润,体现出良好的生存环境,但向晚期过渡时,气候环境发生变化,温凉偏干。马家浜文化晚期,遗址周围为亚热带常绿阔叶林,森林繁茂,气候温暖湿润,自然环境比较适宜人类活动与居住。良渚文化时期,木本植物花粉明显减少,草本花粉增加,约占孢粉总数的50%,气候环境为温凉。草本植物花粉中直径大于37μm的禾本科含量很大,达37.1%,可能是先人类进驻,开始进行农作,有水稻和小麦等农作物的大量种植。春秋时期,气候条件比良渚时期要好,较温湿,环纹藻等藻类孢子有较多出现,说明遗址区可能曾被淡水淹没成湖沼环境。     

云南丽江老君山表土花粉与植被关系的研究

通过云南丽江老君山18个样点山地林下表土花粉组合特征及其与植物群落之间关系的分析,结果发现:(1)花粉组合中木本植物花粉占83.3%,木本植物与草本植物花粉比值(AP/NAP)约为5,以常绿栎类、桦属(Betula)和冷杉属(Abies)为主;(2)针叶常绿落叶阔叶混交林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林的花粉组合与植物群落有较好的对应关系,针叶落叶阔叶混交林花粉组合基本能够反映母体植被特征,针叶林花粉组合未能反映植物群落的数量特征;(3)主要花粉类型中冷杉属、柳属(Salix)和杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)花粉具低代表性;常绿栎类、松属(Pinus)和桦属花粉具超代表性,其花粉产量和散布范围为松属常绿栎类桦属;(4)通过花粉相对含量,DCA分析能较好地区分不同植物群落。该研究成果可为西南地区古植被和古环境重建提供基础数据资料。     

云贵高原抚仙湖近13300年的花粉/炭屑记录*

抚仙湖是云贵高原著名的断陷深水湖,其沉积物蕴藏着流域地质历史时期丰富的环境信息。对钻取自该湖的900cm 湖泊沉积物岩芯进行花粉/炭屑分析及花粉数据的主成分分析表明,抚仙湖流域的植被、气候与火灾在过去的13 300年经历了5个阶段的变化：(1)13 300—10 400cal．a BP,植被以松林为主,伴有山地暗针叶林和常绿阔叶林,表明该时期气候较为冷湿,森林火灾多发,在后期随着温度和湿度的降低,森林火灾愈加频繁。(2)10 400—5 700cal．a BP,松林收缩,常绿阔叶林扩张,出现一定数量的落叶阔叶林,显示该时期气候偏暖偏干;此阶段早期随着气候变暖变干森林火灾的发生延续上阶段高发的状态,直到9 500cal．a BP后随着湿度的增加森林火灾明显减少。(3)5 700—1 800cal．a BP,松林变化较小,常绿/落叶阔叶林比重增大,首次出现了暖热性的枫香林,显示该时期暖湿的气候特征,火灾发生频率低。(4)1 800—500cal．a BP,松林扩张,阔叶林收缩,本阶段后期草本植被比重开始增加,显示该时期气候相对冷干,森林火灾发生频率较高。(5)500cal．a BP至今,松林收缩,落叶阔叶树种增多,草本植物花粉明显增多,显示该时期气候温凉偏干,森林火灾发生频率降低。     

中国中全新世（6Ka BP）和末次盛冰期（18Ka BP）生物群区的重建

利用中国第四纪孢粉数据库提供的 116个 6kaBP (± 5 0 0年 )和 39个 18kaBP (± 2ka)的花粉数据 ,根据生物群区化方法 (biomization)重建了中国中全新世 (6kaBP)和未次盛冰期 (18kaBP)两个关键时段的生物群区。结果表明 ,中全新世东部森林系统地向北推进 ,温带落叶阔叶林向北推进约 4个纬度。大部分森林明显向草原区推进 ,青藏高原的冻原大面积退缩 ,在西南地区局部和热带地区气候较今略为冷湿 ,热带季雨林转变为热带雨林。末次盛冰期 ,草原大面积向南扩张 ,抵达现代的常绿阔叶林区的北缘 ,热带森林消失 ,常绿阔叶林退缩到现代热带区域边缘。     

再论华南地区末次冰盛期植被类型

根据南海北部17940孔和台湾中部头社孔孢粉序列对比结果,首次提出了华南地区15—40kaBP期间的三个具代表性植物群1)以青栲类为主的亚热带常绿阔叶林为第1植物群,该植物群在MIS2阶段(20—15kaBP),为南海北部周边地区和台湾中部头社盆地周围地带性植被;2)以松属或桤木属为主的木本植物为第2植物群,对应于间冰阶,夏季风盛行,降水充沛,气候暖湿,高海面(高湖面);3)以蒿属或以禾草为主的草本植物为第3植物群,对应于冰阶,冬季风盛行,降水少,气候暖干,低海面(低湖面)。第2、3植物群在末次冰期时段呈交替出现,表现出东亚季风在本区的旋回特征。文中推论了LGM时段大陆架上的植被类型为陆架前缘的浅水区分布着红树林,裸露的陆架前后缘分别生长着草地、灌木丛和常绿阔叶林。最后,本文提出了蒿属峰值与北大西洋Heinrich事件的对比。     

神农架南坡植物群落多样性的海拔梯度格局

神农架南坡在我国植被区划中具有十分重要的意义。在神农架南坡沿海拔梯度设置50个样方进行植物物种多样性调查,通过对样方的数量分类和DCA排序,结合物种丰富度、区系分化强度、区系成分和生活型构成等方面的分析,研究神农架南坡植物物种多样性的垂直格局。结果表明：(1)神农架南坡的植被垂直带谱为：海拔900—1000m以下为常绿阔叶林;1000-1700m为常绿落叶阔叶混交林;1600—2100m为落叶阔叶林;海拔2000—2400m为针阔叶混交林;海拔2300m以上为暗针叶林。(2)植被基带群落中,在物种数量、区系成分和重要值方面,常绿和落叶阔叶树种所占的比例都相差无几。(3)植物多样性的垂直格局基本符合“单峰”模式。峰值出现在海拔1400—1500m;但混交林类型的多样性和区系分化强度较高。(4)在植物区系中,温带成分处于主导地位;世界广布属的比例随海拔上升而增加;而中国特有属仅见于海拔2000m以下。亚热带成分和东亚区域性区系成分都随海拔上升而减少,峰值都位于山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林。(5)蕨类植物丰富度随海拔上升而减小;草本植物丰富度与海拔高度之间没有呈现显著的相关关系;木本植物丰富度总体沿海拔梯度减少,但峰椎处于常绿落叶阔叶林带。针阔混交林样方的平均木本物种数也超过落叶阔叶林带。     

南京紫金山山麓湖泊表层沉积物的孢粉分析*

本研究对南京紫金山山麓玄武湖和前湖共17个湖泊表层沉积物样品进行孢粉分析,旨在获得花粉组合新数据,揭示湖泊表层花粉与现生植被的关系,为开展第四纪湖泊地层孢粉学研究提供现代过程的参考.研究结果表明,花粉组合在剔除非自然分布的种植木本植物干扰花粉外,主要以木本花粉的松属(Pinus)和栎属(Quercus)占优势,其他常见木本植物有枫香属(Liquidambar)、栗属/栲属/柯属(Castanea/Castanopsis/Lithocarpus)、漆树科(Anacardiaceae)等.表土孢粉谱反映了研究区周边山地丘陵针叶、常绿-落叶阔叶林为主的植被,与现生北亚热带森林植被面貌对应良好.此外,陆生草本植物花粉主要是禾本科(Poaceae)和蒿属(Artemisia),湖泊湿生植物如水鳖属(Hydrocharis)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)等含量丰富.玄武湖与前湖中不同样点的主要木本植物花粉表现出优势类型高度一致、含量稳定、受采样位置的影响较小、指示地域植被类型的代表性较强等特点.通过对比南京地区已发表的紫金山及周边丘陵林下表土花粉分析结果,发现湖泊表土花粉组合受局部生境影响小,百分比含量较稳定,故其花粉信息在反映区域地带性植被的稳定性和可靠性方面更具优势.因此,开展表土花粉研究时应优先选择湖泊表层沉积物,藉此可提高基于孢粉重建区域地带性植被的代表性与可靠性.本研究结果为长江下游地区,尤其是南京地区解释第四纪孢粉组合与植被的对应关系提供了新数据和必要的现代过程参考.     

浙江天童常绿阔叶林、常绿针叶林与落叶阔叶林的C:N:P化学计量特征

以浙江天童常绿阔叶林、常绿针叶林和落叶阔叶林为对象, 通过对叶片和凋落物C:N:P比率与N、P重吸收的研究, 揭示3种植被类型N、P养分限制和N、P重吸收的内在联系。结果显示: 1)叶片C:N:P在常绿阔叶林为758:18:1, 在常绿针叶林为678:14:1, 在落叶阔叶林为338:11:1; 凋落物C:N:P在常绿阔叶林为777:13:1, 常绿针叶林为691:14:1, 落叶阔叶林为567:14:1; 2)常绿阔叶林和常绿针叶林叶片与凋落物C:N均显著高于落叶阔叶林; 叶片C:P在常绿阔叶林最高, 常绿针叶林中等, 落叶阔叶林最低, 常绿阔叶林和常绿针叶林凋落物C:P显著高于落叶阔叶林; 叶片N:P比也是常绿阔叶林最高、常绿针叶林次之, 落叶阔叶林最低, 但常绿阔叶林凋落物N:P最低; 3)植被叶片N、P含量间(N为x, P为y)的II类线性回归斜率显著大于1 (p < 0.05), 表明叶片P含量的增加可显著提高叶片N含量; 凋落物N、P含量的回归斜率约等于1, 反映了凋落物中单位P含量与单位N含量间的等速损耗关系; 4)常绿阔叶林N重吸收率显著高于常绿针叶林与落叶阔叶林, 落叶阔叶林P重吸收率显著高于常绿阔叶林和常绿针叶林。虽然植被的N:P指示常绿阔叶林受P限制, 落叶阔叶林受N限制, 常绿针叶林受N、P的共同限制, 但是N、P重吸收研究结果表明: 受N素限制的常绿阔叶林具有高的N重吸收率, 受P限制的落叶阔叶林并不具有高的P重吸收率。可见, 较高的N、P养分转移率可能不是植物对N、P养分胁迫的一种重要适应机制, 是物种固有的特征。     

滇南红河地区现代花粉雨特征及其与气候因子的关系

我国低纬度热带亚热带地区现代花粉雨与气候关系的研究相对缺乏。本研究以滇南红河地区43个水体(湖泊、水库和池塘)的表层沉积物为对象,探讨研究区现代花粉雨与气候因子之间的关系。花粉分析结果表明,木本植物花粉含量高,占优势的是松属、桤木属和壳斗科;次为草本植物,主要为禾本科、菊科和莎草科;花粉谱中蕨类孢子以三缝孢为主,藻类的盘星藻也常见。同时,通过红河地区13个气象观测站1961—2010年月观测数据的线性插值,获得了各水体的现代气候数据(温度包括1月均温、7月均温、春、夏、秋、冬季均温,以及雨季、旱季和年均温;降水包括春、夏、秋和冬季降水量,雨季、旱季和年降水量),并对现代花粉和气候数据进行冗余分析,以揭示影响研究区现代花粉雨的气候因子。冗余分析结果表明,春季、旱季和年降水量及7月、雨季和年均温是控制滇南红河地区现代花粉雨的主要气候因子,温度的增加导致常绿阔叶林占优势,降水减少导致松林占主导。本研究结果能够为滇南红河地区利用化石花粉记录的古气候定量重建提供重要的理论支持。     

西藏西部札盆地上新世孢粉植物群及古环境

孢粉组合以松科两气囊花粉与被子植物藜科花粉为主,禾本科及麻黄花粉有一定的含量,含有少量亚热带常绿或落叶阔叶林分子,蕨类孢子少量,时代属上新世中晚期,亦不能完全排除更新世的可能,孢粉植物群显示比较清晰的植被垂直分带现象,反映了较高海拔下的草原,灌丛草原,亚高山针叶林,低山落叶阔叶林,低山常绿阔叶一针叶林植被,当时气候偏干,可能与现在当地气候已较相似,盆地内地势可能为南低北高,其最低处的海拔可能在2000－2500m左右。上新世至今地势无疑又有1千多米的隆升。     

Vegetation history with implication of climate changes and human impacts over the last 9000 years in the Lake Nanyi area,Anhui Province,East China

Palynological analyses in combination with radiocarbon dating on a Holocene borehole from the Lake Nanyi, Anhui Province, East China demonstrate a well-documented local vegetation evolution since 9000 cal BP, which is the first record of Holocene climate change and human impact in this region. Since 9000 cal BP a mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest dominated by Cyclobalanopsis and Quercus developed in this area, indicating a warm climate condition with enhanced insolation. A mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest was fully developed between 6600–4500 cal BP, which corresponds to the Holocene Climate Optimum with the strong influence of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). After 3000 cal BP the broad-leaved forest decreased rapidly, while land herbs and ferns increased. It seems that the climate condition in East China was similar to the present after Holocene Climate Optimum. Pollen results show a potential interface between environment changes and human activities. Pollen diagram demonstrates that human impacts on the natural vegetation remained weak at the early stage but significantly enhanced upwards. The distinctive fluctuations of the pollen contents among AP (trees and shrubs), and the possible agriculture indicators might infer the potential human behaviors for environment changes. Due to the enlargement of organized farming and increase in population, natural forest was eventually replaced by farmland since 3000 cal BP. This study would increase our knowledge of Holocene vegetation transition related to the monsoon dynamics on a long timescale in East China and provide an environmental background for more detailed studies on cultural developments in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region.     

根据孢粉资料推论长江三角洲地区1200年以来的环境变迁

根据长江三角洲地区全新世９个具代表性钻孔的孢粉分析结果讨论了本区约自１２０００年以来的环境变迁。孢粉序列表明：本区约在距今１２０００年前就已发育了亚热带性质的落叶常绿阔叶林,约在９０００—５０００ａＢ．Ｐ．常绿阔叶林获得大发展。孢粉序列良好地记录了古季风盛衰的历史,表现在：１２０００—１０８００ａＢ．Ｐ．较温湿,东南季风强度加强;１０８００（或１１０００－１００００（或１０３００）ａＢ．Ｐ．偏闵干,东南季风强度减弱,对应于新仙女木期;约自１００００ａ．Ｐ．起,气候好转,气温明显上升,东南季风强度再次增强,约在９０００—５０００ａＢ．Ｐ．温暖湿润,为东南季风强盛期。此外．还讨论了约在距今１１０００年前的海侵,全新世下限和哥德堡事件的年代问题,并确定哥德堡事件的年限为１１０００—１０００ａＢ。Ｐ。     

我国6ka BP植被变化的气候模拟研究

根据花粉恢复的古植被表面中国森林区的常绿阔叶,和叶阔叶林以及针叶林在6Ka BP向北扩张,反映了6ka BP夏季和冬季均比现代温暖的气候特征,然而,根据地球轨道参数变化驱动的气候模式,由于6kaBP时北半球夏季太阳辐射高于现代,而冬季太阳辐射低于现代,模拟的6ka BP夏季温度比规划温暖,但冬季比现代寒冷,模拟得出的冬季寒冷与地 冬季增温不一致,说明6ka BP的气候和植被变化并不完全受到太阳辐射变化的控制,针对这一重大缺陷,我们利用具有陆面过程的全球大气环流模型（ACCM＋SsiB),采用了外动力太阳辐射变化和古地表状史的强迫边界场进行了古气候模拟试验,模拟结果能够捕捉到亚洲季风地区6kaBP冬季气候变暖的气候特征,初步阐明6ka BP植被变化的气候动力学机制。     

Late-Glacial and Postglacial Vegetation and Associated Environment in Jianghan Plain

Pollen percentage and influx diagrams were prepared from two cores in Jianghan Plain, and studied by means of Fuzzy cluster and radiocarbon dating. This paper reports that there was a cool-temperate evergreen coniferous forest in late-glacial epoch, representing that the climate was cold and wet. In Holocene, the hypsithernaal interval took place about 9100–3500 year B. P. and the maximum was about 8000 year ago. At that time, the vegetation, was that of an evergreen and deciduous broad-leaf mixed forest, and the climate was warmer and damper than that of present. It also shows that the history of vagetational development and climate chenges in this area in the past 21900 years can be divided into five stages: (1). During 21000--10000 year B. P., the vegetation was one of the cool-temperate evergreen coniferous forest, dominated by Abies. The climate was cold and wet. (2) During 10000–9100 year B. P., the vegetation was that of the coniferous and deciduous broad-leaf mixed forest, consisting of Pinus. Quercus, Ulmus and Liquidambar, with a mild and cool climate. (3) During 9100–3500 year B. P., the mixed forest of evergreen and deciduous broad-leaf was predominant, consisting of Cyclobalanopsis, Fagus, Castanopsis, Castanea, Pterocarya, Quercus and Ulmus. The palaeoecological environment was warm and damp. (4) During 3500–2400 year B. P., there was deciduous broad-leaf, consisting of Quercus, Pterocarya, Liquidambar. and Pinus. The climate was droughter and cooler than that of stage(3). (5) During 2400 year B. P. to present, the broad-leaf forest, consisting of Quercus, Fagus, Liqui-dambar and Castanea, was dominant. The climate was warm and damp.     

青藏高原东南部18ka以来气候与水文变化

青藏高原东南部众多封闭小湖的湖相沉积记录着重要的地理信息,是恢复当地晚更民以来古环境演变的理想材料。西藏海登湖和仁同分辨率的花粉组合,ＡＭＳ＾１４Ｃ测年及磁化率和有机质含量测定,揭示了研究区与鳊季风密切相关的古植被,古气候和古水文变化历史。高分辨率的花粉记录反映,在１６ｋａＢｍ,Ｐ,以前花粉组合以黎科（Ｃｈｅｎｏｐｏｄｉａｃｅａｅ）和蒿属（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ）为主,花粉浓度很低,应为荒漠草原植被。     

香港壕涌遗址孢粉、植硅石组合及其环境考古

香港壕涌遗址孢粉、植硅石组合表明：自新石器时期以来该遗址周围植被以热带-亚热带蕨类植物为主;草本植物以禾本科、莎草、藜科等主为;在遗址附近的高地及山坡上生长了常绿阔叶林,其成分包括：阿丁枫香属（Altingia）、栲属（Castanopsis ）、常绿栎（evergrenn Quercus）、棕榈（Palmae）等;植被面貌是人类活动干扰的结果。新石期时期,遗址受海水影响,人类活动以采集、捕捞为主;唐宋时期,禾本科花粉及典型水稻硅酸体的大量出现,反映了稻作农业的发展及人类生存方式的改变。     

A Palynological Survey of Neogene Strata in Xiaolongtan Basin,Yunnan Province of South China

A palynological investigation of 24 samples from the representative Neogene strata of the Xiaolongtan Basin (23°48′N, 103°ll′E) were novelly carried out. Pollen samples were collected from the strata of N1 (clay, sandstone and conglomerate), N2 (clay intercalated with thin bedded lignite at the lower part, and coal bed at the upper part), N3 (marl), and N4 (clay intercalated with thin bedded lignite) in ascending order respectively. Pollen flora was characterized by the predominant appearance of angiospermous elements, representing the parent plants of evergreen broad-leafed types. Variations in the pollen flora were recognized between sample 15 and 16, as more herbaceous pollen of the Compositae types increasing upward in the strata, while certain woody types were minimized or even disappeared, thus dividing the pollen flora into two subzones. According to the current study, the geological age of the flora was suggested to be Middle-Late Miocene (Subzone A) to Early Pliocene (Subzone B), and the inferred vegetational type was evergreen broad-leafed forest, accompanied by a few deciduous elements.     

孢粉、炭屑揭示的黔西高原MIS3b期间古植被、古气候演变

将孢粉与炭屑结合应用于贵州盘县坪地晚更新世剖面,对比高分辨率的NGRIPδ18O、石笋记录分析,用以揭示黔西高原MIS3b期古植被、古气候演变。结果显示:45.16—44.44 ka BP期间,孢粉缺失,炭屑少,说明此时植被稀少,气候寒冷,可能指示H5事件。44.44—44.04 ka BP期间,以禾本科、百合科为主的草本及喜冷湿的蕨类占优势,乔、灌木稀少。炭屑浓度低,但末期出现峰值,说明气候开始由冷湿向温干过渡。44.04—42.5 ka BP期间,禾本科草类继续增加,成为草原植物的主要成分;乔木种类增加,但含量不高。炭屑浓度高,峰值频繁出现,指示气侯温干。42.5—41.29 ka BP期间,草原萎缩,森林面积扩展。针叶、常绿及落叶阔叶林迅速扩展。炭屑浓度总体偏低稳定,指示该时期气候温凉湿润。总之,MIS3b整体较冷,干湿交替出现。     

Modern pollen rain from the Biligirirangan-Melagiri hills of southern Eastern Ghats, India

A total of 39 soil surface samples collected between 11 degrees 30'N 76 degrees 45'E and 12 degrees 45'N 78 degrees 15'E from the mainly deciduous forests in the Biligirirangan-Melagiri hills of the southern Eastern Ghats were analysed for their pollen content. The samples are distributed among four different deciduous and evergreen vegetation types between 210 and 1700m altitudes and fall within three distinct rainfall regimes. The aims of this paper are to provide new data on the modern pollen rain from the Southern Eastern Ghats, a region characterized by a unique and complex climate and vegetation, and to interpret these data using multivariate statistics and the diagram of pollen percentages. We could distinguish first between the deciduous and the evergreen forests and then also between different types of deciduous forest. The distinction between the evergreen and deciduous forests was based on a humidity gradient and that among the deciduous forests on a physiognomic gradient identified through correspondence analysis. The above analysis also allowed us to identify a set of 14 pollen taxa markers and 11 associated pollen taxa that help differentiate the evergreen from deciduous forests. Similarly, a set of 12 pollen taxa markers and six associated pollen taxa was demarcated to help distinguish woodland formations from scrub and thicket formations, among the deciduous vegetation. We could also differentiate amongst the four distinct vegetation types sampled, on the basis of distinct associations of both tree and herb pollen taxa according to their relative abundance in the pollen diagram as well as on the proportion of total arboreal pollen. The ground cover of grasses and other herbaceous plants in the deciduous forests is effectively demonstrated by percentages of non-arboreal pollen varying between 40 and 70%. The 1000m altitude limit reflecting a gradient of humidity and the physiognomic gradient among deciduous forests seem to be important in this region.