中试膜生物反应器中猪场沼液部分亚硝化快速启动试验

膜生物反应器(Membrane Bioreactor,MBR)具有出水水质好、污泥龄(Solid RetentionTime,SRT)长等优势,该研究在中试MBR中开展猪场沼液部分亚硝化工艺研究,为部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺在实际工程上的示范应用提供技术参数。结果表明,常温状态下控制反应器内溶解氧(Dissolved Oxygen,DO)在0.2～0.5 mg/L,p H值8.0±2.0条件下,成功启动并稳定运行部分亚硝化工艺,亚硝酸盐氮积累率保持稳定,最高达到87.95%,出水的亚硝酸盐氮和氨氮浓度比值稳定在1.1∶1,达到进行厌氧氨氧化反应的基质需求。部分亚硝化过程中,氨氧化细菌活性明显的提高且维持在(0.4±0.02)g/(g·d)。反应器内微生物多样性增加,菌群结构发生明显变化,优势菌门由Chloroflexi(绿弯菌门)、Firmicutes(厚壁菌门)变为Proteobacteria(变形菌门),Nitrosomonas(亚硝化单胞菌)成为反应器内的优势菌属。     

增设回流提高厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮效能

采用2套上流式反应器接种厌氧氨氧化污泥,研究了高基质浓度下增设回流对厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能影响.研究结果表明,增设出水回流的反应器1经过116 d的运行,进水NH4+-N和NO2--N质量浓度由初始100、130 mg/L达到602、782 mg/L时,出水质量浓度仅增加到44、60 mg/L,氮容积去除负荷最高达到7.87 kg/(m3·d).NO2--N与NH4+-N的转化比维持在1.303,NO3--N生成量与NH4+-N转化量之比维持在0.24.无回流的反应器2经过67 d运行,进水NH4+-N和NO2--N质量浓度由最初100、130 mg/L分别增加到456和600 mg/L,相应出水质量浓度达到174和253 mg/L,氮容积去除负荷最高达到4.31 kg/(m3·d).NO2--N与NH4+-N的转化比维持在1.298左右, NO3--N生成量与NH4+-N转化量之比维持在0.21.说明回流对进入反应器的基质具有较强稀释作用,有助于避免高基质浓度对厌氧氨氧化活性的影响,同时对厌氧氨氧化反应过程中氮素转化比不产生影响.增设出水回流后的反应器1污泥粒径主要分布在1.25~2 mm之间,而反应器2污泥粒径主要分布在0.9~1.6 mm.说明在反应器运行过程中增设回流有助于反应器内液体上升流速的增加,颗粒污泥具有良好的流态,能够更好地与底物接触,有利于微生物增长.     

利用上流式双层厌氧滤器启动厌氧氨氧化研究

厌氧氨氧化是一种高效的脱氮处理工艺,但其启动和运行过程困难,高效反应器是解决此问题的有效手段。本文利用改进的上流式双层厌氧滤器开展厌氧氨氧化启动反应的试验研究。在反应器填料上分别接种反硝化污泥、厌氧污泥、混合污泥,通过模拟废水提供自养反硝化条件,并逐步提高基质浓度和水力负荷,促使菌群向厌氧氨氧化反应转变。试验发现,反硝化污泥、厌氧污泥、混合污泥均可启动厌氧氨氧化反应,启动时间分别为42、54 d和45 d。以反硝化污泥为接种物的启动效果最好,启动时间较短且废水氮素去除率高,总氮去除率最高达到82.2%。双层填料的反应器有效提高了厌氧氨氧化的稳定性,该反应器中厌氧氨氧化菌对氨氮、亚硝氮的适宜浓度负荷为270、360 mg·L~(-1),废水中COD浓度不宜超过150 mg·L~(-1),系统中存在厌氧氨氧化和甲烷化共存的效应。     

烟草薄片生产废水中烟碱的厌氧降解及反硝化强化

为强化废水中烟碱的厌氧生物降解性能,对造纸法制烟草薄片产生的废水,在厌氧颗粒污泥UASB小试反应器中的生物降解进行监测和分析,测定了厌氧处理过程中烟碱的降解曲线,发现微生物对烟碱的降解过程可能涉及协同降解机理。提出了以反硝化反应强化厌氧过程中烟碱降解的思路,通过外加硝酸盐来诱导驯化厌氧颗粒污泥中硝化菌的代谢活动,经过驯化,厌氧颗粒污泥UASB小试反应器出水中烟碱浓度由120 mg/L以上降至约25 mg/L,同时反硝化反应促进了废水中其他有机物的深度降解,出水化学需氧量（CODCr）由约600 mg/L降至200～300 mg/L,反硝化强化造纸法烟草薄片废水中烟碱生物降解作用明显。     

Anammox反应器的启动及其菌群演变的研究

为了研究工艺条件对反应器内微生物多样性的影响,该论文采用城市污水处理厂活性污泥接种,通过培育硝化污泥,进行了启动厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)反应器的试验,并对启动过程中细菌的多样性变化作了跟踪研究。研究结果表明,以好氧活性污泥作为接种物,可成功地培育硝化生物膜;通过反应器运行条件的控制,硝化生物膜可从进行好氧氨氧化反应过渡到进行厌氧氨氧化反应。在此过程中,异养型细菌的数量大幅度下降,硝化细菌、反硝化细菌和厌氧氨氧化细菌的数量增大,推测它们都与厌氧氨氧化作用有关。运用PCR-DGGE技术证明,随着反应器运行时间的延长,菌群发生明显变化并呈现简化趋势。     

生物絮凝反应器对中试循环水养殖系统中污水的处理效果

试验设计了一种生物絮凝反应器,用作中试规模循环水养殖系统(recirculating aquaculture system,RAS)的唯一水处理装置,研究其在不同水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT,12、6、4.5、3 h)条件下的运行效果。试验结果表明,反应器可耐受最小HRT为4.5 h,当HRT降低至3 h,反应器发生不可逆的洗出现象而使试验不能继续进行。反应器絮体沉降性能一般,随着HRT的减小(12、6和4.5 h HRT),絮体体积指数(SVI-30)逐渐降低,但是始终大于150 m L/g,为丝状菌膨胀,主要的丝状细菌由TM7 genera incertae sedis逐渐演变为Haliscomenobacter和Meganema菌属,相对丰度逐渐降低。12 h HRT反应器污染物去除率最高。反应器亚硝氮(NO_2~--N)、硝氮(NO_3~--N)在4.5 h HRT出水质量浓度最低,分别为(0.02±0.01)、(1.70±0.06)mg/L;氨氮(total ammonium nitrogen,TAN)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、悬浮颗粒物(suspended solids,SS)出水质量浓度在12 h HRT时最低,分别为(0.48±0.05)、(4.47±1.00)、(14.20±8.14)mg/L,同时未造成有机污染。4.5 h HRT对RAS养殖区污染物的控制效果最佳,TAN、NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N、SS质量浓度分别被控制在0.76、0.10、2.95、60.00 mg/L以下。反应器在不同HRT条件下均以异养细菌为主,主要通过同化作用去除TAN,好氧反硝化细菌和厌氧反硝化细菌同时是反应器的优势菌属。反应器可获得较长的稳定运行状态和良好的水处理效果,具有用作RAS核心水处理装置的可行性,该研究可为其在RAS的进一步研究和应用提供参考。     

猪场废水常温短程硝化特性

为实现短程脱氮处理高氨氮猪场废水,在非限制溶解氧条件下,采用序列式活性污泥法（SBR）工艺处理某猪场废水,考察了温度、氨氮质量浓度及曝气时间等因素对短程硝化特性的影响。试验结果表明,SBR工艺能够有效去除猪场废水中的氨氮,处理效果稳定,且全部试验过程均有短程硝化现象发生,短程硝化的实现为低化学需氧量（COD）、高质量浓度尿素废水处理工艺的优化奠定基础。当进水氨氮质量浓度在250 mg/L以下时,氨氮质量浓度和反应温度（即使其在15℃时）对氨氮去除效果和亚硝酸盐积累率影响不大,二者均在80%左右,长时间曝气并未对短程硝化造成影响;高质量浓度氨氮废水生物处理过程中,亚硝酸盐积累是游离氨（FA）和游离亚硝酸（FNA）共同抑制作用的结果。     

Cu污染条件下封闭循环水养虾系统的效能

为获得Cu2+污染对封闭循环水养虾系统的影响,选用0.3 mg/L Cu2+浓度,研究其对系统中水质、对虾生长、存活及生物滤器水处理效能的影响。结果表明,经过84 d的试验,养殖水体中Cu2+质量浓度在系统水处理单元作用下降为(0.089±0.012)mg/L,对虾能正常生长和存活,0.3 mg/L Cu2+处理质量浓度对生物滤器的化学需要量（COD）、NH4-N和NO2-N去除率及滤器中异养细菌、氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌的数量不造成显著影响。处理系统对虾体内Cu质量分数为(42.91±6.10)mg/kg,与对照中质量分数(29.36±4.06)mg/kg相比,具有显著差异,但均在国家无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量标准（Cu≤50 mg/kg）范围内。在0.3 mg/L Cu2+质量浓度污染下,封闭循环水养虾系统仍能提供较好的水质条件,获得较高的产量和较低的饵料转化率,所养对虾符合无公害水产品要求。     

反硝化技术对模拟养殖池塘修复的研究

浙江奉化市池塘的底泥经过反复培养、驯化,从中筛选、分离出反硝化细菌,在模拟实验条件下,研究其对不同浓度的硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除情况,讨论反硝化菌种的生长情况。结果表明,在初始浓度为1、25、50mg·L^-1的硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮模拟池塘中,随着实验的进行,对污染物的去除效果逐渐提高。其中在1mg·L^-1的浓度组中,3d内硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮去除率就分别达到了95．8％和90．2％;在25mg·L^-1的浓度组中,第6d硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐的去除率分别为93．8％和87．8％;在50mg·L^-1的浓度组中,第6d硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐的去除率分别为89．7％和78．7％。此外,反硝化菌对硝酸盐氮的去除效果略优于亚硝酸盐氮,而且硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的浓度越低,对其去除效果越好,达到稳定状态的时间越短。在模拟池塘中,菌种的生长情况与硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的浓度呈负相关,即污染物的浓度越高反硝化菌的生长情况越差。对反硝化菌的生态影响因子研究表明,其反硝化最适宜的pH值为6～7,温度为25～35℃;而且在同一pH值和温度条件下,硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度越低,反硝化菌对其去除效果越好。     

稻田土壤厌氧氨氧化菌群落结构对长期不同施肥的响应

研究长期不同施肥稻田土壤厌氧氨氧化微生物丰度和群落结构组成,深入认识稻田厌氧氨氧化菌对不同施肥的响应机理,可为合理施肥和理解湿地生态系统厌氧氨氧化过程提供科学依据。设置不施肥(CK)、单施无机肥(NPK)、无机肥配施牛粪(NPKM)、无机肥加秸秆还田(NPKS)四个处理,采用荧光定量PCR和高通量测序对不同施肥模式下水稻土厌氧氨氧化细菌丰度和群落结构进行分析。结果发现,不同处理之间厌氧氨氧化细菌丰度具有显著差异(p0.05),表现为NPKMNPKSNPKCK,且与有机质、全氮和铵态氮含量具有显著相关性(p0.05)。高通量测序结果表明,不同施肥处理主要的厌氧氨氧化菌为Candidatus Brocadia、Candidatus Anammoxoglobus和Candidatus Scalindua,其中优势种群为Candidatus Brocadia。菌群的多样性分析表明,CK和NPKS处理的厌氧氨氧化菌群落结构多样性香农指数(Shannon index)、辛普森指数(Simpson index)和丰富度指数(Chao 1 index)显著高于NPKM和NPK处理(p0.05)。上述结果表明,长期施肥改变了厌氧氨氧化菌的数量和群落结构。有机无机肥配施更有利于提高厌氧氨氧化菌丰度。然而,不同施肥措施对厌氧氨氧化菌的多样性影响不同,无机肥加秸秆还田提高了厌氧氨氧化菌多样性,但单施无机肥和无机肥配牛粪降低了厌氧氨氧化菌多样性。厌氧氨氧化菌的数量和群落结构对不同施肥的响应不同。     

NaCl浓度对SBBR同步脱氮及N2O释放的影响

盐度是影响生物脱氮过程的重要因素。盐度增加会导致生物硝化和反硝化过程中N_2O的产生并释放。该文以添加NaCl的生活污水为研究对象,采用固定填料序批式生物膜反应器(sequencing batch biofilm reactor,SBBR),考察了不同NaCl浓度(0、5、10、15和20g/L)对SBBR脱氮性能及N_2O释放的影响。结果表明,试验NaCl浓度范围内,SBBR出水COD稳定在40～60mg/L。硝化过程NO_2~-/NO_3~-随NaCl浓度增加而增加。NaCl浓度≤10g/L时,NH_4~+-N去除率大于95%,N_2O产率由4.08%(NaCl浓度为0)增至6.72%(NaCl浓度为10 g/L)。NaCl浓度为20 g/L时,驯化后SBBR内平均NH_4~+-N去除率为70%,平均N_2O产率为13.60%。无添加NaCl时,N_2O主要产生于硝化阶段的AOB好氧反硝化过程,SBBR内缺氧区有助于减少N_2O释放;高NaCl浓度条件下,N_2O主要产生于AOB好氧反硝化过程和内源同步反硝化过程,高盐度加剧内源反硝化阶段NO_2~-和N_2O之间电子竞争,抑制N_2O还原,其活性抑制性能与电子受体和初始C/N有关。与硝态氮还原速率和亚硝态氮还原速率相比,氧化亚氮还原速率受NaCl抑制最为明显,是导致高盐度条件下N_2O释放量增加的重要因素。     

Hydraulic Loading Rate Effect on Removal Rates in a BioSand Filter: A Pilot Study of Three Conditions

Safe drinking water is a luxury to approximately 800 million people worldwide. The number of people without access to clean water has been reduced, thanks to technologies like the biosand filter (BSF), an intermittently operated household scale slow sand filter. The BSF outlet (control diameter 0.5??) was modified in this study by reducing the outlet diameter (0.37?? and 0.25??) to determine the effects of hydraulic retention time on removal rates. Filters were dosed with 20?L of spiked lake water daily and observed for pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), fecal coliforms (FC), turbidity, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, and ammonia until initial flow rates dropped below 0.2?L/min. Consistent with previous studies, the average turbidity was reduced to below 1?NTU; the average DO was reduced by 45?%. No significant difference was observed between the modified BSFs and the control BSF. Removal efficiency of FC was not significantly different between the modified BSFs (93.3?% and 91.9?%) and the control BSF (89.6?%). Mean FC reduction during the startup period (17?days) was significantly greater in the modified 0.25?? BSF when compared with the control during the same time period. After the first 17?days of the experiment, the average reduction efficiency of all filters was >97?%. While source water was below guideline values for nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and sulfate during the course of the experiment, total nitrogen reduction was observed. The reduction indicates that the plastic BSF is capable of accomplishing limited denitrification during the filtering process.     

Transformations and effects of urea derivatives in soil

The application of urea phosphate, urea nitrate and thoiurea to a silty clay soil from Nile Delta (pH 7.4, 1,9% CaCO₃) inhibited soil urease activity if compared to urea. The nitrification process of ammonia formed from urea hydrolysis was retarded. The use of these urea derivatives eliminated nitrite accumulation and greatly retarded nitrate formation with increased recovery of urea-N throughout the experimental period. Gaseous losses of urea-N as ammonia or by denitrification were reduced. These derivatives may be much more advantageous than urea if fertilizer effeciency is to be increased.     

Abundance of ammonia oxidizing microbes and denitrifiers in different soil horizons of an agricultural soil in relation to the cultivated crops

The role of subsoils and their microbial communities for the nutrient supply for plants is to a large extent unknown, especially in comparison to well investigated topsoil layers. Therefore, in this study, the influence of three different plant species with different rooting systems and different N uptake strategies on ammonium and nitrate levels and microbial communities involved in ammonia oxidation and denitrification was investigated in different soil horizons. Overall, our results show a higher genetic potential for both processes in topsoils than in subsoils independent of the present plant. Although we found accumulation of N in top and subsoils in plots with legumes, we could not observe an impact of the higher nitrate content on the genetic potential of denitrification and ammonia oxidation. However, differences in the ratios of ammonia oxidizing archaea to bacteria and also between denitrifying bacteria harboring genes for copper- (nirK) or cytochrome- (nirS) dependent nitrite reductase in top and subsoil samples reveal different ecophysiologies of microbes involved in N turnover in top and subsoil habitats.     

茶园一株异养硝化-好氧脱氮菌的鉴定及特性研究

经过菌株富集培养、 分离纯化等一系列步骤,从山东茶园土壤中筛选出一株菌株F1,通过对其进行16S rRNA测序及生理生化指标的测定,结合负染电镜观察结果,参照《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》鉴定该菌株属于黄杆菌属。同时对其硝化和反硝化脱氮能力进行了研究。结果表明,菌株F1能在利用有机物的同时进行硝化和反硝化脱氮作用。经过60 h的培养,在硝化培养基上对氨氮的去除率达到84.54%,对亚硝酸盐的去除率达到91.87%; 在反硝化培养基上对硝酸盐的去除率达到79.17%,对亚硝酸盐的去除率达到84.30%; 在以铵态氮为初始氮源的条件下脱氮能力最强。     

Bionutrient Removal with a Sequencing Batch Reactor

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from a domestic wastewater using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was evaluated at solid retention times (SRTs) of 9.3, 13.8, and 18.3 days respectively. Oxygen uptake rates (OURs) and sludge settling characteristics were determined at each SRT investigated. COD removal, nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorus removal were accomplished by using the following operating cycle: 15-min unmixed fill; 2-hr mixed anaerobic period; 3-hr mixed aerobic period; 3-hr mixed anoxic period; 0.5-hr reaeration period; 1-hr settling period; 1-hr decant period; and a 1.5-hr idle period. Advanced wastewater treatment (AWT) standards of 5/5/3/1 mg L^-1 for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), suspended solids (SS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) could not be achieved with the bench-scale SBR.     

Anarwia工艺处理猪场废水节能效果的研究

分析比较了厌氧-加原水-间隙曝气(Anarwia)工艺、SBR(序批式反应器)以及厌氧-SBR工艺处理猪场废水的效果。比较三种工艺处理效果表明：厌氧-SBR工艺处理猪场废水，污染物去除效率低，出水污染物浓度高，不适于猪场废水的处理。Anarwia工艺处理效果与SBR工艺相当，污染物去除率高，出水COD和NH₃-N浓度低。在此基础上，以一个日处理1200 t猪场废水处理工程为例，分析比较了Anarwia与SBR工艺的能耗。就能量消耗有关的工艺参数——污泥量和需氧量而言，Anarwia工艺分别比SBR工艺减少16.4%和95.9%，此外Anarwia工艺每天可产生2784 m³沼气。Anarwia工艺增加了废水提升能耗，但减少了曝气、污泥处理、滗水和搅拌的能耗，结果Anarwia工艺总电耗比SBR工艺低81.0%。Anarwia工艺产生的沼气用于发电能完全补偿消耗的能量，并有剩余。     

A Comparative Study of Immobilized Nitrifying and Co-Immobilized Nitrifying and Denitrifying Bacteria for Ammonia Removal from Sludge Digester Supernatant

Bench scale kinetic experiments were conducted to examine the use of cell immobilization in calcium alginate to remove ammonia in anaerobic sludge digester supernatant. Two systems, immobilized nitrifiers and co-immobilized nitrifiers and denitrifiers, were studied with and without the addition of methanol. Results indicated that partial nitrification (to nitrite) was achieved in both systems. The co-immobilized reactors did not exhibit the extent of nitrite accumulation observed in the solely nitrifying reactors. The nitrifying reactors were unable to buffer the hydrogen ion production, during the nitrification process, to the level the co-immobilized cell reactors achieved. Both of these differences suggested the occurrence of denitrification in the co-immobilized reactors. Scanning electron microscopic images of bacteria immobilized in the alginate spherical beads support the results of the kinetic experiments. Nitrifiers colonized in the 100–200 μm peripheral layer of the beads. Large voids caused by nitrogen gas due to denitrification were found in a number of co-immobilized bead samples.     

In Situ Batch Denitrification of Nitrate-Rich Groundwater Using Sawdust as a Carbon Source—Marydale, South Africa

Batch experiments were performed to denitrify groundwater using sawdust as a carbon source at Marydale, South Africa. Alkalinity, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, SO ₄ ^2? , heterotrophic plate count (HPC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), potassium and chloride were monitored. Two soil depths, 75 to 100 and 165 to 200 cm, respectively, from the Marydale area were used as matrix material during denitrification based on contrasting chemical composition with respect to major ion composition and moisture to consider different denitrification rates for varying soil depths. Different N to C ratios were used to evaluate the denitrification efficiency and the least undesirable products, e.g., elevated SO ₄ ^2? , H₂S and other reduced compounds. DOC is directly proportional to the N to C ratio used. Nitrite was produced for most of the treatments as incomplete denitrification occurred. The incubation periods were 28 and 43 days, respectively. N to C ratios were 12.6:1, 24:1, 34:1 and 54:1. Longer incubation period and higher N to C ratio resulted in total removal of both nitrate and nitrite. The reaction was carbon-limited for lower N to C ratios. The denitrification rate was proportional to the carbon availability at any time during the experiment. There was no significant difference in denitrification using heterogeneous and homogeneous particle sizes for sawdust. Soil depth of 75–100 cm displayed a greater denitrification rate than 165–200-cm soil depth due to higher initial soil nitrate concentration. The method showed some specificity, as DOC, nitrite, nitrate, alkalinity and HPC were the only parameters that showed a change in concentration over the duration of the denitrification experiment under constant temperature and nitrogen gas atmosphere. DOC and HPC were unacceptable for domestic use, but methods such as boiling or chlorinating water can rid it of bacteria.     

粪产碱菌(Alcaligenes faecalis)的反硝化及固氮作用

粪产碱菌生长在NH_4~+和NO_3~-两种氮源的介质中时,优先利用NH_4~+,在好气条件下,NH_4~+的存在抑制了粪产碱菌对NO_3~-的同化作用。在厌氧条件下,粪产碱菌能以乳酸为碳源,NH_4~+为唯一氮源进行反硝化作用,NO_3~-作为最终电子受体,接受无氧呼吸链传递的末端电子,经NO_2~-等氮氧化物最终还原为N_2。在好气和厌气条件下,低浓度的NO_2~-对粪产碱菌生长有一定抑制作用,但NH_4~-的存在并不抑制细菌对NO_2~-的利用。粪产碱菌在厌氧条件下还具有需硝酸盐的固氮酶活性。当氧存在或以NO_2~-代替NO_3~-时,固氮活性均受抑制,硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐浓度愈高,抑制愈强。反硝化作用产生的N_2能为微好氧条件下生长的粪产碱菌所重新固定。