Study on “triangle” water-inrush mode of strong water-guide collapse column

The water-inrush mechanism of strong water-guide collapse column in coal seam is studied based on the establishment of geological and mathematical models of "triangle" water-inrush mode. The geological background of Shuangliu mine is considered a prototype, similar simulation tests are adopted to analyze the water-inrush rules under this model, and the formation of water-guide channel and water-inrush process is investigated by examining the changes in rock resistivity. This work also uses the coupled cloud image derived from numerical simulation software to verify the results of simulation test. Results show that the numerical simulation of "triangle" water-inrush mode is consistent with the similar simulation. The "triangle" seepage area, which is located at the bottom of collapse columns and is connected to aquifer, is caused by the altered seepage direction and strengthened seepage actions after the overlapping of hydraulic transverse seepage in collapse column and hydraulic vertical seepage flow in aquifer. Under "triangle"water-inrush model, water-guide channel is formed by the communication between plastic failure zone of working face baseplate and"triangular" seepage area. Accordingly, the threatening water-inrush distance between working face and collapse column increases by 20 m compared with that of theoretical calculation.     

卧龙湖煤矿8101工作面采动覆岩破坏特征研究

煤矿开采过程中覆岩破坏容易引发工作面溃砂、突水事故,为了保证卧龙湖煤矿8101工作面安全开采,根据矿区覆岩工程地质特征及矿区岩层柱状图,建立了FLAC3D数值模拟模型.通过FLAC3D软件模拟,得到了工作面推进时的覆岩应力场及覆岩塑性区分布图,由此分析得出在开切眼和煤壁处覆岩主要为剪切破坏,采空区上部主要为拉伸破坏,得到煤层开采时覆岩最大主应力1.78MPa,最大导水裂隙带高度31m.     

Test studies of gas flow in rock and coal surrounding a mined coal seam

An analysis of the variation rule of abutment pressure at the mining working face in a single coal seam and the mechanical behavior of surrounding rock during stoping is presented. Consideration of the elastic and plastic deformation zones that develop during the mining process allowed the determination of a relationship between horizontal stress and vertical stress. Based on this, a confined pressure unloading test was conducted by the use of the “gas-containing coal thermo-fluid-solid coupling 3-axis servo seepage” experimental apparatus. Thus, gas flow patterns in the elastic and plastic zones were derived from an experimental point of view. Darcy’s law and the Klinkenberg effect were used to derive a gas flow equation for the elastic and plastic stress fields. The study of gas flow phenomena at the working face during coal mining is of great importance for the study of gas migration and enrichment patterns.     

Finite element analysis for inclined wellbore stability of transversely iso-tropic rock with HMCD coupling based on weak plane strength criterion

The finite element analysis (FEA) technology by hydraulic-mechanical-chemical-damage (HMCD) coupling is proposed in this paper for inclined wellbore stability analysis of water-sensitive and laminated rock, developed basing on the recently established FEA technology for transversely isotropic rock with hydraulic-mechanical-damage (HMD) coupling. The chemical activity of the drilling fluid is considered as phenomenological hydration behavior, the moisture content and parameters of rock considering hydration could be determined with time. The finite element (FE) solutions of numerical wellbore model considering the chemical activity of drilling fluid, damage tensor calculation and weak plane strength criterion for transversely isotropic rock are developed for researching the wellbore failure characteristics and computing the time-dependent collapse and fracture pressure of laminated rock as shale reservoirs. A three-dimensional FE model and elastic solid deformation and seepage flow coupled equations are developed, and the damage tensor calculation technology for transversely isotropic rock are realized by introducing effect of the hydration and the stress state under the current load. The proposed method utilizing weak plane strength criterion fully reflects the strength parameters in rock matrix and weak plane. To the end, an effective and reliable numerically three-step FEA strategy is well established for wellbore stability analysis. Numerical examples are given to show that the proposed method can establish efficient and applicable FE model and be suitable for analyzing the timedependent solutions of pore pressure and stresses, and the evolution region considering the hydration surrounding wellbore, furthermore to compute the collapse cycling time and the safe mud weight for collapse and fracture pressure of transversely isotropic rock.     

Partitioning characteristics of gas channel of coal-rock mass in mining space and gas orientation method

In order to research the influence of coal-rock mass morphology of mining space on the flow law of gas, the laboratory physical model and numerical computation methods were adopted to simulate coal mining activities. The simulation results indicate that, after coal seam mining, the loose rock accumulation body of free caving, ordered rock arrangement body of plate damage rich in longitudinal and transverse fractures and horizontal fissure body formed by rock mass deformation imbalance are formed from bottom to top in the mining space. For these three types of accumulation bodies, there are essential differences in the accumulation state, rock size and gas breakover characteristics. According to this, the coal-rock mass in the mining space is classified into gas turbulence channel area, gas transitional flow channel area and gas seepage channel area. In the turbulence channel area, the gas is distributed transversely and longitudinally and gas diffuses in the form of convection with Reynolds number R_e more than 100; in the transitional flow channel area, one-way or two-way gas channels are crisscross and gas is of transitional flow regime with R_e between 10 and 100. In the seepage channel area, there are a few vertical gas channels with R_e less than 10. In this paper, the researches on the gas orientation method in different partitions were further carried out, gas orientation methods of low-level pipe burying, middle-level interception and high-level extraction were determined and an on-site industrial test was conducted, achieving the effective diversion of gas and verifying the reasonableness of gas channel partition.     

Fluid–solid coupling analysis of rock pillar stability for concealed karst cave ahead of a roadway based on catastrophic theory

In order to study the mechanism of water inrush from a concealed, confined karst cave, we established a fluid–solid coupling model of water inrush from a concealed karst cave ahead of a roadway and a strength reduction method in a rock pillar for preventing water inrush based on catastrophic theory. Fluid–solid coupling effects and safety margins in a rock pillar were studied. Analysis shows that rock pillar instability, exerted by disturbance stress and seepage stress, is the process of rock pillar catastrophic destabilization induced by nonlinear extension of plastic zones in the rock pillar. Seepage flow emerges in the rock pillar for preventing water inrush, accompanied by mechanical instability of the rock pillar. Taking the accident of a confined karst cave water-inrush of Qiyi Mine as an example, by studying the safety factor of the rock pillar and the relationship between karst cave water pressure and thickness of the rock pillar, it is proposed that rock pillar thickness with a safety factor equal to 1.5 is regarded as the calculated safety thickness of the rock pillar, which should be equal to the sum of the blasthole depth, blasting disturbance depth and the calculated safety thickness of the rock pillar. The cause of the karst water inrush at Qiyi Mine is that the rock pillar was so small that it did not possess a safety margin. Combining fluid–solid coupling theory, catastrophic theory and strength reduction method to study the nonlinear mechanical response of complicated rock engineering, new avenues for quantitative analysis of rock engineering stability evaluation should be forthcoming.     

A矿采场底板突水危害性分析

根据A矿的岩层柱状图,运用RFPA^2D软件计算了采场推进到25m和50m时底板岩层的应变分布,且利用渗透特性与应变之间的关系,计算了相应的底板突水因数。利用煤矿底板突水因数表述了层状岩体渗流失稳条件并判断隔水关键层位置．研究结果表明：岩层的破坏造成渗透率的增大、非Darcy流口因子和加速度系数的减小,从而使突水因数增大;随着工作面的推进,底板的破坏范围扩大,变形增大,突水因数增大;当推进到25m时,底板突水因数为95．1％;当推进到50m时,底板突水因数为619％．     

基于格子玻尔兹曼方法的岩心切片渗流通道研究

格子玻尔兹曼方法以其能够处理复杂几何边界,在数字岩心多孔介质流动模拟中被广泛应用。以渤海S油田东营组储层数字岩心切片为研究对象,在图像处理基础上,运用格子玻尔兹曼方法开展二维孔隙流动模拟及速度场表征,通过改变模拟条件,分析不同生产压差、孔喉优化对切片渗流通道的影响。结果表明,生产压差仅能改变各通道的渗流速度;岩石孔径是影响渗流通道分布的主要因素;孔喉优化能够有效调整渗流通道,提高微观孔隙波及程度。     

水力耦合裂隙岩体变形破坏机制研究进展

为深入了解水力耦合作用下裂隙岩体变形破坏机制,正确评价岩体工程的安全性和稳定性,通过收集整理国内外文献,系统综述了水力耦合完整岩体和裂隙岩体变形破坏方面研究的进展与成果.简述了水力耦合下完整岩体和裂隙岩体的力学特性,侧重总结了水力耦合单一裂隙岩体渗流公式,包括流量与隙宽指数n之间关系、渗透（导水）系数与正应力之间关系以及渗透特性与剪应力之间关系的数学公式.重点分析了水力耦合裂隙岩体变形破坏机制的最新研究进展,介绍了声发射（AE）、超声波（UT）、偏光显微镜（PM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）以及计算机断层摄影（CT）等先进的辅助试验技术在变形破坏分析中的应用.归纳了数学耦合模型、数值分析方法的优缺点及适用条件.最后,指出了当前水力耦合裂隙岩体研究中存在的一些问题,提出了一些指导性意见,并从几方面展望了未来的发展趋势,即机理研究从宏细观转向微观、数值模拟从粗糙转向精细、工程应用从水力耦合转向多场耦合.     

电站尾水渠施工期渗流场数值分析

为研究施工期尾水渠基础渗流场、渗流稳定以及渗流量等问题,选取电站尾水渠典型断面,建立尾水渠岩土体渗流的数学模型,结合电站尾水渠典型断面确定边界条件,利用伽辽金有限元方程进行数值计算,对尾水渠施工期渗流场进行模拟.结果表明:塑性混凝土防渗墙设计效果较好,渗流量的绝大部分通过防渗墙以下入渗,降低了孔隙水压力;在渗流出溢处水力坡降超出允许水力坡降,该处需采取工程措施,以免发生渗透破坏.这些成果可为施工期尾水渠安全运行提供理论根据.     

承压水上采煤底板破坏规律流固耦合研究

为分析承压水上采煤底板变形破坏规律,建立了承压水上采煤流固耦合数学模型,采用FLAC3D模拟软件分析之。运用正交试验的方式对底板变形破坏影响较大、易量化的4个因素进行分析;在此分析基础上得出单一因素对底板破坏的影响关系。分析结果表明：影响底板破坏深度大小的因素依次是工作面宽度、隔水层厚度、承压水压力和煤层埋深;随着隔水层厚度的增加,底板的破裂深度及范围有减小的趋势,同时在隔水层底部的原位张裂范围也在减小,甚至消失;在流固耦合模式下随着水压力的增加,岩体的破坏程度远远大于非耦合的情况。     

岩石的风化损伤特征与缩小防护煤柱机理

以实验数据和缩小防护煤柱开采工程的现场测试资料为依据，分析了隐伏煤田基岩风化带的分布特点、岩石风化损伤的变异特征以及工程地质特性．重点论述了风化带内煤层开采的覆岩破坏移动演化特征；分析了以泥质岩类为主的风化带岩层受开采扰动的影响，得出了具有阻隔底含水下渗和抑制导水裂隙带继续发展的双重作用和煤岩柱厚度与风化程度是影响导水裂隙带发育高度的主导因素的结论；阐述了缩小防护煤柱开采的机理；提出了采空区滞后控水、煤水分流、加大开采高度，物探预测，地质弱面预先加固等一系列确保安全的技术措施．对类似矿井浅部资源的回收与安全开采具有重要的理论意义和应用价值．     

Effect of protective coal seam mining and gas extraction on gas transport in a coal seam

A gas–solid coupling model involving coal seam deformation,gas diffusion and seepage,gas adsorption and desorption was built to study the gas transport rule under the effect of protective coal seam mining.The research results indicate:(1) The depressurization effect changes the stress state of an overlying coal seam and causes its permeability to increase,thus gas in the protected coal seam will be desorbed and transported under the effect of a gas pressure gradient,which will cause a decrease in gas pressure.(2) Gas pressure can be further decreased by setting out gas extraction boreholes in the overlying coal seam,which can effectively reduce the coal and gas outburst risk.The research is of important engineering significance for studying the gas transport rule in protected coal seam and providing important reference for controlling coal and gas outbursts in deep mining in China.     

采动断层活化导水特征分析与实验研究

断层活化导水是煤矿突水的一种重要形式,具有较强的危险性和隐敝性.根据裂隙介质水动力学理论,提出了断层附近原始导升带内的地下水压力大于断层面的法向应力是断层活化导水的必要条件,开采作用导致地下水压力与地应力失去原有平衡是断层活化导水的诱因.研究结果表明:对于不导水的岩样裂隙,当注水压力大于围岩压力时出现渗流现象.葛亭煤矿井下注水试验显示当注水水压力达3.5MPa(数值模拟该处的地应力值2～4MPa)时F6断层活化导水.理论分析、室内试验和现场试验结果具有一致性.     

隧道开挖过程中复杂裂隙围岩的固流耦合分析

隧道通过裂隙岩体的含水区段时,人为扰动了裂隙岩体、地下水等构成的复杂地质系统,是造成各种涌水、突水、突泥事故的重要原因。为了研究复杂地质条件下隧道开挖过程中岩体变形、流体运移相互作用过程,探讨其对隧道涌、突水的影响,在上述复杂过程进行理论分析的基础上,根据深埋隧道围岩裂隙发育规模与工程尺度的关系,建立可以同时考虑不同级别裂隙网络的复杂裂隙岩体水力学模型,采用有限元法对复杂裂隙岩体中开挖隧道的固流耦合过程进行了数值模拟,模拟结果体现了主干裂隙在渗流中的强导水作用和网络状裂隙的贮水功能与渗流滞后效应,开挖过程中复杂裂隙岩体渗流场与应力场的耦合作用显著的增加了隧道围岩屈服区。     

Predicting the height of water-flow fractured zone during coal mining under the Xiaolangdi Reservoir

It is very important to determine the extent of the fractured zone through which water can flow before coal mining under the water bodies.This paper deals with methods to obtain information about overburden rock failure and the development of the fractured zone while coal mining in Xin'an Coal Mine.The risk of water inrush in this mine is great because 40% of the mining area is under the Xiaolangdi reservoir.Numerical simulations combined with geophysical methods were used in this paper to obtain the development law of the fractured zone under different mining conditions.The comprehensive geophysical method described in this paper has been demonstrated to accurately predict the height of the water-flow fractured zone.Results from the new model,which created from the results of numerical simulations and field measurements,were successfully used for making decisions in the Xin'an Coal Mine when mining under the Xiaolangdi Reservoir.Industrial scale experiments at the number 11201,14141 and14191 working faces were safely carried out.These achievements provide a successful background for the evaluation and application of coal mining under large reservoirs.     

Dynamic failure risk of coal pillar formed by irregular shape longwall face:A case study

Irregular shape workface would result in the presence of coal pillar, which leads to high stress concentration and possibly induces coal bumps. In order to study the coal bump mechanism of pillars, static and dynamic stress overlapping(SDSO) method was proposed to explain the impacts of static stress concentration and tremors induced by mining activities. The stress and deformation in surrounding rock of mining face were analyzed based on the field case study at 1303 workface in Zhaolou Coal Mine in China.The results illustrate that the surrounding rock of a workface could be divided into four different zones,i.e., residual stress zone, stress decrease zone, stress increase zone and original stress zone. The stress increase zone is prone to failure under the SDSO impact loading conditions and will provide elastic energy for inducing coal bump. Based on the numerical modelling results, the evolution of static stress in coal pillar as the size of gob increasing was studied, and the impact of dynamic stress was investigated through analyzing the characteristics of tremor activities. The numerical results demonstrate the peak value of vertical stress in coal pillar rises from about 30 MPa with mining distance 10 m to 52.6 MPa with mining distance 120 m, and the location of peak stress transfers to the inner zone of coal pillars as the workface moves forward. For the daily tremor activities, tremors with high energy released indicate high dynamic stress disturbance on the surrounding rock, therefore, the impact of dynamic stressing is more serious during workface extension period because the tremor frequency and average energy after workface extension are higher than those before the workface extension.     

破碎泥岩渗透特性试验研究

流体在破碎泥岩中的渗透是影响保水开采和预防采空区灾害的重要因素之一,且其力学行为表现为应力场、渗流场、裂隙场多场相互作用的流-固耦合特征.利用研发的渗透试验装置,在DDL600电子万能试验机上进行了破碎泥岩压实过程中的渗透特性测定,并分析了有效应力与渗流速度关系、不同粒径泥岩在不同孔隙度下的渗透率和非Darcy流β因子.研究表明,流体在破碎泥岩中的渗流呈现非Darcy流特性,随渗流速度增加,压力梯度减小的幅度增加;渗流速度随液体压力增加而增大,且有效应力与渗流速度曲线可用线性关系式拟合;不同粒径的泥岩,随孔隙度增大,渗透率呈现不同的变化趋势,其渗流的非Darcy流β因子随孔隙度增大呈现减小趋势,粒径越小,减小趋势越明显.