外源载体高效转化肺炎克雷伯菌的新途径

研究介绍了提高Klebsiella pneumoniae电转化效率的新途径,即直接从固体平板上收集K.pneumoniae菌落制备电转化感受态细胞,完全不同于传统的试验方法。试验菌株为野生型K.pneumoniae NTUH-K2044和magA—突变型菌株。将大小不同的质粒pIP843T、pIP843TdhaB、pIP843TdhaT电转化K.pneumoniae,计算电转化效率。电转化试验结果表明:K.pneumoniaeNTUH-K2044固体菌电转化效率高达2×105±300转化子/μgDNA,而其液体菌电转化效率仅为150±10转化子/?gDNA;其magA—突变株固体菌的转化效率最高,可以达到3.4×107±500转化子/μgDNA,比液体菌电转化效率提高了104倍。同时发现质粒大小对电转化效率并没有明显影响。此外,激光共聚焦显微镜观察发现固体平板和液体培养基中的菌体存在形态学方面差异,推测固体培养菌电转化效率的显著提高和形态学方面的表现可能具有一定的相关性。     

细菌抗药质粒中抗性基因的易位作用

我们从临床分离的二株大肠杆菌与二株痢疾杆菌中,分别分离出带有抗药质粒ER275、ER396(所带的抗性基因为:Tc~r、Cm~r、Sm~r、Ap~r、Su~r),与DR233、DR416(所带的抗性基因为:rc~r、Cm~r、Sm~r、Su~r)。把这些抗药菌株(为了实验方便,将DR233与DR416转移到大肠杆菌C_(600)~(Rif)~r)与大肠杆菌J5-3/R144drd3(Km~r)配对,使R144drd3质粒进入上述菌株,组成二种质粒共存的菌株。在此菌株的细胞中,ER275与ER396质粒中的Ap抗     

枯草杆菌和大肠杆菌融合转移双复制功能杂种质粒pTZ22的研究

在大肠杆菌C600(pTZ22)(Km~rTc~rAp~r)和枯草杆菌Ki-2-132(Sm~rIle~-Thr~-Val~-)(简称A系统)以及在枯草杆菌Ki-2-132(pTZ22)(Km~r)和大肠杆菌C600(简称B系统)菌株之间,通过细胞融合,从两个方向转移pTZ22。A系统获得一批抗Km Sm融合子,B系统获得一批抗Km Ap和Tc的融合子,融合频率为10~(-4)—10~(-6)。融合子的抗性是稳定的,并且革兰氏染色、产酶和产孢匦与不带质粒的亲本相同。DNA的电泳图证明,除了不带质粒的亲本无质粒带外,其它菌株都有质粒带,A系的电泳相同,B系的则不同,原因尚不清楚。用融合子的质粒DNA转化ki-2-132和C600都获得了转化体,其转化频率因实验条件不同而有差异。以上结果表明,大肠杜菌和枯草杄菌细胞之间能够相互融合,通过融合能从A、B两个方向转移质粒pTZ22,枯草杆菌的蛋白酶不阻碍细胞融合和质粒转移。     

细菌抗药质粒中抗性基因的转座作用

ER275、ER396(Tc~r、Ap~r、Cm~r、Sm~r、Su~r)与DR233、DR416(Tc~r、Cm~r、Sm~r、Su~r)是来自临床的抗药质粒。当带有这些质粒的菌株分别与大肠杆菌J5-3/R144drd3(Km~r)配对时,组成了两种质粒共存的菌株。用这种质粒共存的菌株作为接合转移的给体,并以Ap或Sm作为选择药物,得到ApKm或SmSuKm抗性类型的转移接合子,此种转移接合子能将ApKm或SmSuKm抗性作为一个单位连锁地转移到受体菌株,而且转移频率与R144drd3相似。 生化的研究表明,ER275、ER396质粒中的Ap抗性基因编码β-内酰胺酶,DR233与DR416质粒中的Sm抗性基因编码链霉素钝化酶,而带有Ap Km或Sm Su Km重组质粒的转移接合子也分别具有了合成这二种酶的能力。因此我们推测在ER275、ER396与DR233、DR416质粒中分别有可转座的Ap抗性基因与可转座的SmSu抗性基因存在。     

华癸中生根瘤菌共生质粒的定向标记、消除与结瘤功能的鉴定

采用Tn5-mob-sacB转座子对华癸中生根瘤菌(Mesorhizobium huakuii)菌株7653R的共生质粒进行定向标记,获得该质粒标记菌株7653RT14.利用sacB基因对蔗糖的敏感性,对标记质粒进行消除实验,获得7653R的共生质粒消除突变株7653R-1.测得Tn5-mob-sacB转座频率高于10-5.突变株的培养特征与出发菌株基本一致.采用琼脂管法对7653RT14和7653R-1进行回接实验,结果显示7653RT14能正常结瘤固氮,表明Tn5的插入并未影响其共生能力,但失去共生质粒的7653R-1则为不结瘤或只结个别小瘤.稳定性实验结果表明供试菌株的标记质粒在本实验条件下是稳定的,可以作为共生质粒转移的供体菌.     

紫云英根瘤菌共生质粒的鉴定及结瘤功能的诱动转移

紫云英根瘤菌SR72和76531两菌株都有相同的两个质粒,其分子量分别为200 Md和80Md。它们各自的HC Nod~-变株都消失了其中的200 Md质粒,但尚一致地保留着80Md的质粒,紫云英根瘤菌的结瘤功能显然与该200 Md质粒有极为密切的关系。Inc P1组的质粒能以10~(-4)/每个受体细胞的频率转入紫云英根瘤菌,而在紫云英根瘤菌之间的转移频率为10~(-4)—10~(-5)。紫云英根瘤菌的结瘤功能,可以通过P1组的质粒诱动,从野生型Nod~+菌株转移到HC Nod~-受体菌株中,甚至转移到消除了Ti质粒的土壤农杆菌中,能使紫云英结瘤。这些有结瘤能力的Nod~+接合子,其抗药性标记完全与Nod~-受体菌一样,但其质粒电泳图谱,既不同于供体,也不同于受体,缺供体中对应的200 Md大质粒带,比受体的却又多了一40 Md的质粒带。     

北京动物园动物肠道菌携带抗药性质粒的分离

分离了254种动物的肠道菌,其中兽类127种、鸟类78种、爬行类33种、两栖类4种、鱼类12种。用5种抗生素进行抗性测定后,分离到271株抗性菌株。用接触转移实验测定,其中41株的抗性可以转移,抗性不能转移的菌株经SDS消除实验测定,结果有154株的抗性可以消除。将抗性能转移的菌株和10％的抗性不能转移但经SDS可以消除的菌株,用抽提DNA或制备溶菌物进行DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳测定,除染色体带外,均有质粒带,说明这些可转移和消除的抗性都是由抗药性质粒所控制。其中P族质粒4个,能启动染色体转移的质粒4个。     

固氮作用

<正> pRL是在R.leguminosarum248菌株中天然出现的质粒。它载有结瘤固氮作用,转移、产生细菌素和对介质中的细菌素免疫性,小细菌素抑制,产生和对其敏感性的基因。pRLI::Tn5与pRLI的特性相同,除此,由于Tn5易位子而抗卡那霉素。     

阿维链霉菌QL0827接合转移体系的建立

目的:建立工业生产菌株阿维链霉菌QL0827的接合转移体系。方法:优化接合转移条件,建立该菌株的接合转移体系;应用优化后的接合转移体系,将基因中断质粒导入该菌,定向敲除基因组上的序列;再将携带基因组上特定序列的整合型质粒和复制型质粒导入该菌体,建立该菌株的基因过表达体系。结果:相比标准的接合转移方法,优化后接合转移效率提高了近150倍,达到2.45×10-6;并成功地将pks3基因簇的部分序列删除。结论:建立了阿维链霉菌QL0827的接合转移体系。     

转座子Tn5-Mob对菜豆根瘤菌共生基因的诱变、转移和初步定位

转座子Tn5-Mob在质粒RP4-4配合下能诱动(Mobilization)菜豆根瘤菌RCR3622内源质粒的诱动转移。在种间根瘤菌杂交过程中,二个巨型质粒的转移频率均大于10~(-3);分子量约为285kb的psym3622是带有结瘤(nod)和产黑素(mel)基因的共生质粒(Symbiotic plasmid);这二个基因的最大距离不超过70kb左右。另一个分子量约为135kb的质粒在试验中为不具结瘤功能的隐蔽质粒。将psym3622共生质粒导入不结瘤(Nod-)的豌豆根瘤菌菌株B151,能够使后者在菜豆植物上表达结瘤的特性,形成无效根瘤。将psym3622共生质粒导入不结瘤的菜豆根瘤菌菌株JI8400,能够在菜豆植物上形成正常发育的有效根瘤。     

Conjugal transfer of the 5-nitroimidazole resistance plasmid pIP417 from Bacteroides vulgatus BV-17: characterization and nucleotide sequence analysis of the mobilization region.

Three small 5-nitroimidazole (5-Ni) resistance plasmids (pIP417, pIP419, and pIP421) from Bacteroides clinical isolates are transferable by a conjugative process during homologous or heterologous matings. The mobilization properties of pIP417 originated from strain BV-17 of Bacteroides vulgatus were studied. The plasmid was successfully introduced by in vitro conjugation into different strains of Bacteroides and Prevotella species and could be transferred back from these various strains to a plasmid-free 5-Ni-sensitive Bacteroides fragilis strain, indicating that in vivo spread of the resistance gene may occur. The transfer of plasmid pIP417 harbored by the Tc(r) strain BF-2 of B. fragilis was stimulated by low concentrations of tetracycline or chlorotetracycline. This suggests a possible role for coresident conjugative transposons in the dissemination of 5-Ni resistance among gram-negative anaerobes. The nucleotide sequence of the 2.1-kb DNA mobilization region was determined. It contains a putative origin of transfer (oriT) in an A+T-rich-region, including three inverted repeats, and two integration host factor binding sites. The two identified mobilization genes (mobA and mobB) are organized in one operon and were both required for efficient transfer. Southern blotting indicated that the mobilization region of plasmid pIP417 is closely related to that of both the erythromycin resistance plasmid pBFTM1O and the 5-Ni resistance plasmid pIP419 but not to that of the 5-Ni resistance plasmid pIP421.     

Genetic and molecular analysis of pIP417 and pIP419: Bacteroides plasmids encoding 5-nitroimidazole resistance.

This report describes a genetic and molecular analysis of two transferable Bacteroides plasmids, pIP417 and pIP419, which carry genetic determinants conferring low-level resistance to 5-nitroimidazoles. The restriction endonuclease cleavage sites for each plasmid were localized. The NiR genetic determinants of pIP417 and pIP419 plasmids have been cloned into the Bacteroides cloning vector pBI191 (C.J. Smith, J. Bacteriol. 164, 294-301, 1985) as PvuII and Sau3A fragments, respectively. Both inserts had different restriction sites and did not cross-hybridize by Southern blot analysis. Genetic data obtained by cloning into pBI191 clearly show that the PvuII-generated fragments A (Rep) and B (Mob) of pIP417 are involved in plasmid replication and transfer, respectively. Although encoding resistance to the same antibiotic, both plasmids appeared different with regard to the 5-nitroimidazole resistance and replication genetic determinants. However, they share a homology in a region involved, at least in one case, in plasmid transfer. Considering the spontaneous high level of resistance to 5-nitroimidazole in Escherichia coli, this work, based on direct gene cloning into Bacteroides, demonstrates the value of such an approach.     

Identification and DNA sequence of the mobilization region of the 5-nitroimidazole resistance plasmid pIP421 from Bacteroides fragilis.

The nucleotide sequence of the DNA mobilization region of the 5-nitroimidazole resistance plasmid pIP421, from strain BF-F239 of Bacteroides fragilis, was determined. It contains a putative origin of transfer (oriT) including three sets of inverted repeats and two sequences reminiscent of specific integration host factor binding sites. The product of the mobilization gene mob421 (42.2 kDa) is a member of the Bacteroides mobilization protein family, which includes the MobA of pBI143, NBUs, and Tn4555. Sequence similarity suggests that it has both oriT binding and nicking activities. The transfer frequency of pIP421 in a B. fragilis donor strain possessing a Tc(r) or Tc(r) Em(r)-like conjugative transposon was significantly enhanced by tetracycline. Moreover, the mobilization region of pIP421 confers the ability to be mobilized from Escherichia coli by an IncP plasmid.     

Introduction of the transposon Tn919 into Lactobacillus curvatus Lc2-c

Frequencies of greater than 10(5) transformants per microgram DNA were achieved in Bacteroides ruminicola F101 by electroporation of cells under anaerobic conditions, using the 19.5 kbp tetracycline resistance plasmid pRRI4. Similar procedures gave frequences of 10(6) erythromycin resistant transformants per microgram DNA with the shuttle plasmid pDP1 (19 kbp) in Bacteroides uniformis. Transformation of B. uniformis occurred at a far lower frequency (10(3) micrograms) when pDP1 DNA was derived from E. coli rather than B. uniformis.     

Determination of mercury and organomercurial resistance in obligate anaerobic bacteria

A methodology for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration of inorganic and organomercurial compounds for obligate anaerobic bacteria is described. A wide variation in the susceptibility of anaerobic clinical and sewage isolates was observed. Isolates of Bacteroides ruminicola and Clostridium perfringens resistant to mercury were examined for their plasmid content and ability to demonstrate inducible resistance. None of the resistant anaerobes contained any plasmids, while resistant facultative isolates from the same source contained several plasmids. In 24 h, resistant strains of clostridia and Bacteroides volatilized 20 and 43% of the 203Hg2+ added to cultures, while Escherichia coli R100 and a sewage isolate of Enterobacter cloacae volatilized 63 and 27%, respectively, of the added 203Hg2+. Attempts to induce mercury resistance in the aerobic isolates were successful, but no induction was seen in the anaerobes. Thus, mercury resistance in these anaerobic isolates was neither inducible nor plasmid mediated.     

Transferable 5-nitroimidazole resistance in the Bacteroides fragilis group

We report the characterization of a strain of Bacteroides vulgatus, BV17, that exhibits a moderate resistance to 5-nitroimidazoles and carries plasmids of 4.5, 5, 7.7, and 56 kb. A genetic determinant involved in this resistance is carried by the 7.7 +/- 0.2-kb plasmid (pIP417). This plasmid can be introduced and replicated in a sensitive strain of B. fragilis 638R by transformation or by conjugation. In the latter case, the transfer may involve mobilization by the 56-kb conjugative plasmid (pIP418) regularly found in transconjugants but not in transformants.     

Plasmid-mediated resistance to fosfomycin in Staphylococcus epidermidis

Staphylococcus epidermidis strain BM2641, isolated from a patient, was resistant to penicillin G, methicillin, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin B-type (MLS) antibiotics, and to high levels of fosmycin. Resistance to forsfomycin and/or to MLS was lost at low frequencies either spontaneously or after curing with novobiocin. The plasmid DNA from BM2641 and its cured derivatives was purified, analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and transferred to a nitrocellulose sheet. Comparative analysis of the resistance phenotypes with the plasmid content of the strains indicated that fosfomycin and MLS resistance were encoded by plasmids pIP1842 (2.5 kb) and pIP1843 (2.6 kb), respectively. Southern hybridization with a probe specific for gene fosA of Serratia marcescens showed that the fosfomycin resistance determinant in Staphylococcus is not homologous to that of Gram-negative bacteria.     

Streptococcal plasmid pIP501 has a functional oriT site.

DNA sequence analysis suggested the presence of a plasmid transfer origin-like site (oriT) in the gram-positive conjugative plasmid pIP501. To test the hypothesis that the putative oriT site in pIP501 played a role in conjugal transfer, we conducted plasmid mobilization studies in Enterococcus faecalis. Two fragments, 49 and 309 bp, which encompassed the oriT region of pIP501, were cloned into pDL277, a nonconjugative plasmid of gram-positive origin. These recombinant plasmids were mobilized by pVA1702, a derivative of pIP501, at a frequency of 10(-4) to 10(-5) transconjugants per donor cell, while pDL277 was mobilized at a frequency of 10(-8) transconjugants per donor cell. These results indicated that the oriT-like site was needed for conjugal mobilization. To demonstrate precise nicking at the oriT site, alkaline gel and DNA-sequencing analyses were performed. Alkaline gel electrophoresis results indicated a single-stranded DNA break in the predicted oriT site. The oriT site was found upstream of six open reading frames (orf1 to orf6), each of which plays a role in conjugal transfer. Taken together, our conjugal mobilization data and the in vivo oriT nicking seen in Escherichia coli argue compellingly for the role of specific, single-stranded cleavage in plasmid mobilization. Thus, plasmid mobilization promoted by pVA1702 (pIP501) works in a fashion similar to that known to occur widely in gram-negative bacteria.     

Intergeneric transfer of the Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pIP501 to Escherichia coli and Streptomyces lividans and sequence analysis of its tra region

The nucleotide sequence of the transfer (tra) region of the multiresistance broad-host-range Inc18 plasmid pIP501 was completed. The 8629-bp DNA sequence encodes 10 open reading frames (orf), 9 of them are possibly involved in pIP501 conjugative transfer. The putative pIP501 tra gene products show highest similarity to the respective ORFs of the conjugative Enterococcus faecalis plasmids pRE25 and pAMbeta1, and the Streptococcus pyogenes plasmid pSM19035, respectively. ORF7 and ORF10 encode putative homologues of type IV secretion systems involved in transport of effector molecules from pathogens to host cells and in conjugative plasmid transfer in Gram-negative (G-) bacteria. pIP501 mobilized non-selftransmissible plasmids such as pMV158 between different E. faecalis strains and from E. faecalis to Bacillus subtilis. Evidence for the very broad-host-range of pIP501 was obtained by intergeneric conjugative transfer of pIP501 to a multicellular Gram-positive (G+) bacterium, Streptomyces lividans, and to G- Escherichia coli. We proved for the first time pIP501 replication, expression of its antibiotic resistance genes as well as functionality of the pIP501 tra genes in S. lividans and E. coli.     

Conjugal transfer of a shuttle vector from the human colonic anaerobe Bacteroides uniformis to the ruminal anaerobe Prevotella (Bacteroides) ruminicola B(1)4.

Prevotella ruminicola (formerly Bacteroides ruminicola) is an anaerobic, gram-negative, polysaccharide-degrading bacterium which is found in the rumina of cattle. Since P. ruminicola is thought to make an important contribution to digestion of plant material in rumina, the ability to alter this strain genetically might help improve the efficiency of rumen fermentation. However, previously there has been no way to introduce foreign DNA into P. ruminicola strains. In this study we transferred a shuttle vector, pRDB5, from the colonic species Bacteroides uniformis to P. ruminicola B(1)4. The transfer frequency was 10(-6) to 10(-7) per recipient. pRDB5 contains sequences from pBR328, a cryptic colonic Bacteroides plasmid pB8-51, and a colonic Bacteroides tetracycline resistance (Tcr) gene. pRDB5 was mobilized out of B. uniformis by a self-transmissible Bacteroides chromosomal element designated Tcr Emr 12256. pRDB5 replicated in Escherichia coli as well as in Bacteroides spp. and was also mobilized from E. coli to B. uniformis by using IncP plasmid R751. However, direct transfer from E. coli to P. ruminicola B(1)4 was not detected. Thus, to introduce cloned DNA into P. ruminicola B(1)4, it was necessary first to mobilize the plasmid from E. coli to B. uniformis and then to mobilize the plasmid from B. uniformis to P. ruminicola B(1)4.