Synthesis and cytotoxicity of enantiomerically pure [1,2-diamino-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methylbutane]platinum(II) complexes

A series of leaving group derivatives of enantiomerically pure [1,2-diamino-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methylbutane]platinum(II) complexes were synthesized and tested for cytotoxicity. The enantiomeric purity was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy on the final diamines after derivation with (1R)-myrtenal. For coordination to platinum, the diamines were reacted with K2PtI4. The treatment of diiodoplatinum(II) complexes (4F-Ph/iProp-PtI2) with Ag2SO4 resulted in the sulfatoplatinum(II) complexes (4F-Ph/iProp-PtSO4), which can be easily transformed to dichloroplatinum(II) complexes (4F-Ph/iProp-PtCl2) with 2 n HCl. The importance of the leaving groups and the configuration at the diamine ligand on the antiproliferative effects was evaluated on the hormone-dependent MCF-7 and the hormone-independent MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell lines as well as the LNCaP/FGC prostate cancer cell line. (R,R)-4F-Ph/iProp-PtCl2 was identified as the most active platinum(II) complex. The 3-methyl group increased antiproliferative effects relative to the [1,2-diamino-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butane]platinum(II) complexes described in an earlier study.     

Synthesis and antitumor molecular mechanism of agents based on amino 2-(3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzoyl)benzo[b]furan: inhibition of tubulin and induction of apoptosis

Induction of apoptosis is a promising strategy that could lead to the discovery of new molecules active in cancer chemotherapy. This property is generally observed when cells are treated with agents that target microtubules, dynamic structures that play a crucial role in cell division. Small molecules such as benzo[b]furans are attractive as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization. A new class of inhibitors of tubulin polymerization based on the 2-(3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzoyl)benzo[b]furan molecular skeleton, with the amino group placed at different positions on the benzene ring, were synthesized and evaluated for antiproliferative activity, inhibition of tubulin polymerization, and cell-cycle effects. The methoxy substitution pattern on the benzene portion of the benzo[b]furan moiety played an important role in affecting antiproliferative activity. In the series of 5-amino derivatives, the greatest inhibition of cell growth occurred if the methoxy substituent is placed at the C6 position, whereas C7 substitution decreases potency. The most promising compound in this series is 2-(3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzoyl)-3-methyl-5-amino-6-methoxybenzo[b]furan (3 h), which inhibits cancer cell growth at nanomolar concentrations (IC(50) =16-24 nM), and interacts strongly with tubulin by binding to the colchicine site. Sub-G(1) apoptotic cells in cultures of HL-60 and U937 cells were observed by flow cytometric analysis after treatment with 3 h in a concentration-dependent manner. We also show that compound 3 h induces apoptosis by activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9, and this is associated with cytochrome c release from mitochondria. The introduction of an α-bromoacryloyl group increased antiproliferative activity with respect to the parent amino derivatives.     

Synthesis, structural characterization, and pro-apoptotic activity of 1-indanone thiosemicarbazone platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes: potential as antileukemic agents

In the search for alternative chemotherapeutic strategies against leukemia, various 1‐indanone thiosemicarbazones, as well as eight novel platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes, with the formula [MCl₂(HL)] and [M(HL)(L)]Cl, derived from two 1‐indanone thiosemicarbazones were synthesized and tested for antiproliferative activity against the human leukemia U937 cell line. The crystal structure of [Pt(HL1)(L1)]Cl^.2M eOH, where L1=1‐indanone thiosemicarbazone, was solved by X‐ray diffraction. Free thiosemicarbazone ligands showed no antiproliferative effect, but the corresponding platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Platinum(II) complexes also displayed selective apoptotic activity in U937 cells but not in peripheral blood monocytes or the human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell line used to screen for potential hepatotoxicity. Present findings show that, in U937 cells, 1‐indanone thiosemicarbazones coordinated to palladium(II) were more cytotoxic than those complexed with platinum(II), although the latter were found to be more selective for leukemic cells suggesting that they are promising compounds with potential therapeutic application against hematological malignancies.     

Inhibitory Action of Antidepressants on Mouse Betaine/GABA Transporter (BGT1) Heterologously Expressed in Cell Cultures

Betaine/γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter (BGT1, SLC6A12) is a member of the Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent neurotransmitter transporter gene family with a homology to the GABA transporters (GATs), GAT1 (SLC6A1), GAT2 (SLC6A13) and GAT3 (SLC6A11) (HUGO nomenclature). Since antidepressants have been reported to inhibit GABA uptake, we examined those effects on mouse BGT1 (mBGT1) in comparison with other mouse GAT (mGAT) subtypes in the heterologously expressed cell cultures. All antidepressants tested here inhibited the [(3)H]GABA uptake through mBGT1 and mGATs in a rank order of potency with mBGT1 > mGAT1-3. Kinetic analyses for maprotilline, mianserine and trimipramine revealed that they inhibited mBGT1 and mGAT1 noncompetitively, except that mianserine competitively inhibited mBGT1. These results provided a clue to investigate the structure-function relationship of mBGT1 using antidepressants as a tool, leading to the identification of potential candidates for selective and specific inhibitors of mBGT1.     

(S)-2-{[4-(3-甲氧基丙氧基)-3-甲基吡啶-2-基]甲基亚硫酰基}-1H-苯并咪唑的合成

以2,3-二甲基吡啶为起始原料,经过9步反应,不对称合成了质子泵抑制剂的关键中间体:(S)-2-{[4-(3-甲氧基丙氧基)-3-甲基吡啶-2-基]甲基亚硫酰基}-1H-苯并咪唑。研究了用手性高效液相色谱拆分对映体、测定产品光学纯度的方法,结果表明,目标产品的e.e.值达到95.5%。通过IR、UV、MS以及1HNMR对产品进行了结构鉴定。     

6,7-二氢-6-甲基-3-甲硫基吡喃[4,3-c]吡唑-4-(2H)-酮衍生物的合成及生物活性

6-甲基-5,6-二氢吡喃-2,4-二酮和二硫化碳、碘甲烷缩合得到5,6-二氢吡喃-2,4-二酮的二硫缩醛化合物,然后和取代肼反应得到1位取代和2位取代6,7-二氢-6-甲基-3-甲硫基吡喃[4,3-c]吡唑-4-(2H)-酮衍生物。其化学结构通过单晶X衍射、1HNMR、13CNMR、元素分析证实。生物活性测试结果初步表明,该类化合物表现出一定的杀菌和对前列腺癌细胞PC3的抑制活性。     

1-[3-（三氟甲基）苯基]-2-丙酮合成的研究

以间-溴三氟甲苯为原料,经格氏反应和氧化反应合成1-[3-（三氟甲基）苯基]-2-丙酮。反应优化条件为：溴化亚铜为催化剂,反应时间3h,反应温度5℃,氧化时n（重铬酸钠）：n（浓硫酸）=1：4。在此优化条件下。总收率82．3％。产物结构经IR和^1H NMR确证。     

2-[1-(2,6-Dibenzhydryl-4-chlorophenylimino)ethyl]-6-[1-(arylimino)ethyl]pyridyliron(II) dichlorides: Synthesis,characterization and ethylene polymerization behavior

A series of 2-[1-(2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-chlorophenylimino)ethyl]-6-[1-(arylimino)ethyl]pyridine ligands (L1–L5) as well as the ligand 2,6-bis[1-(2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-chloro-phenylimino)ethyl]pyridine (L6) were synthesized and reacted with FeCl₂·4H₂O to afford the iron(II) dichloride complexes [LFeCl₂] (Fe1–Fe6). All new compounds were fully characterized by elemental and spectroscopic analysis, and the molecular structures of the complexes Fe1, Fe2 and Fe4 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which revealed a pseudo-square-pyramidal geometry at iron. Upon activation with either MAO or MMAO, all iron pre-catalysts exhibited very high activity in ethylene polymerization with good thermal stability. To the best of our knowledge, the current system showed the highest activity amongst iron bis(imino)pyridine pre-catalysts reported to-date. The polymerization parameters were explored to determine the optimum conditions for catalytic activity, which were typically found to be 2500 eq. Al to Fe at 60 °C in the presence of MMAO, and 80 °C in the presence of MAO. The resultant polyethylene possessed a narrow molecular polydispersity index (PDI) consistent with the formation of single-site active species.     

2-(1-H-四唑)-4’-甲基联苯的合成

以2-氰基-4'-甲基联苯(Ⅱ)为原料,与氨基钠反应得到2-脒基-4'-甲基联苯(Ⅲ),该化合物与水合肼发生取代反应得到4'-甲基-[1,1'-联苯]-2-甲酰胺酰肼(Ⅳ),最后在酸性条件下与亚硝酸钠发生闭环反应得到2-(1-H-四唑)-4'-甲基联苯(Ⅰ),总收率达到81%,其结构经1HNMR和MS确证。     

Synthesis of bispiroheterocyclic systems as antimicrobial agents via the reaction of 2-(cycloalkylidene)-1-thia-4-azaspiro[4.4]-nonan-3-one and/or [4.5] decan-3-one with hydrazines,hydroxylamine, urea and thiourea derivatives

1-Oxa-4-thiaspiro[4.4]nonan-2-one ( 1 ) and/or 1-oxa-4-thiaspiro[4.5]-decan-2-one ( 2 ) reacted with 1-naphthylamine to afford 1-thia-4-(1-naphthyl)-4-azaspiro[4.4]nonan-3-one ( 3 ) and/or 1-thia-4-(1-naphthyl)-4-azaspiro[4.5]decan-3-one (4). Reactions of 3 and/or 4 with cyclopentanone or cyclohexanone gave the corresponding 2-cycloalkylidene-4-(1-naphthyl)-1-thia-4-azaspiro[4.4]nonan-3-ones ( 5 and 6 ) and 2-cycloalkylidene-4-(1-napthyl)-1-thia-4-azaspiro[4.5]-decan-3-ones ( 7 and 8 ). Reaction of compounds 5 – 8 with hydrazine hydrate, phenylhydrazine, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, urea and thiourea afforded the corresponding bispirothiazolopyrazolines ( 9 – 16 ), bispirothiazoloisoxazolines ( 17 – 20 ), bispirothiazolopyrimidinones ( 21 – 24 ) and bispirothiazolothiopyrimidinones ( 25 – 28 ) respectively. All the synthesized bispiroheterocyclic derivatives were identified by conventional methods (IR, ¹H-NMR) and elemental analyses. All the prepared compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activities in comparison with tetracycline as a reference compound.     

液相色谱法测定2-｛2-叔丁基-6-[2-(1,1,7,7-四甲基-2,3,6,7-四氢-1H,5H-吡啶并[3,2,1-ij]喹啉-9-基)-乙烯基]-吡喃-4-内鎓盐烯｝-丙二腈的纯度

建立了2-{2-叔丁基-6-[2-(11,,77,-四甲基-2,3,6,7-四氢-1H5,H-吡啶并[3,2,1-ij]喹啉-9-基)-乙烯基]-吡喃-4-内鎓盐烯}-丙二腈(简称DCJTB)的反相高效液相色谱法检测方法,讨论了样品制备的影响因素及流动相与检测波长的选择,计算了回收率和精密度,并采用外标法对其标准溶液进行了测定。结果表明,样品制备时应多点采集,然后溶解挥干;流动相四氢呋喃∶水(体积比)=65∶35;360 nm作为检测波长,同时用296 nm作为参考检测波长;DCJTB回收率为99.9%～101.2%,精密度RSD=1.1%(n=5),最小检测量为1.1×10-8 g/L,线性范围0.08～0.97 mg/mL,线性相关系数为0.998 9。此方法简便、准确、重现性好。     

2-苯基-4,6-二[2-羟基-4-(甲基哌啶氧基羰基甲氧基)苯基]-1,3,5-三嗪的合成与表征

以三聚氯氰为起始原料,通过格氏反应、Friedel-Craft反应、醚化反应及酯交换反应合成了两个含受阻胺结构的新型三嗪类双功能光稳定剂——2-苯基-4,6-二[2-羟基-4-(2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氧基羰基甲氧基)苯基]-1,3,5-三嗪(Ⅳa)及2-苯基-4,6-二[2-羟基-4-(1,2,2,6,6-五甲基哌啶氧基羰基甲氧基)苯基]-1,3,5-三嗪(Ⅳb),收率分别为37.6%和38.1%;用MS、1HNMR和IR确定了目标产物的结构;测试了其紫外吸收性能。结果显示,目标产物在270~400 nm有较强吸收,Ⅳa和Ⅳb最大摩尔吸收系数分别为6.651 3×104L.mol-1.cm-1(276nm),2.837 4×104L.mol-1.cm-1(339 nm);6.435 9×104L.mol-1.cm-1(276 nm),2.648 3×104L.mol-1.cm-1(339 nm)。     

tert‐Butylcarbamate‐Containing Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Apoptosis Induction,Cytodifferentiation, and Antiproliferative Activities in Cancer Cells

Herein we report novel pyrrole‐ and benzene‐based hydroxamates ( 8 , 10 ) and 2′‐aminoanilides ( 9 , 11 ) bearing the tert‐butylcarbamate group at the CAP moiety as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Compounds 8 b and 10 c selectively inhibited HDAC6 at the nanomolar level, whereas the other hydroxamates effected an increase in acetyl‐α‐tubulin levels in human acute myeloid leukemia U937 cells. In the same cell line, compounds 8 b and 10 c elicited 18.4 and 21.4 % apoptosis, respectively (SAHA: 16.9 %), and the pyrrole anilide 9 c displayed the highest cytodifferentiating effect (90.9 %). In tests against a wide range of various cancer cell lines to determine its antiproliferative effects, compound 10 c exhibited growth inhibition from sub‐micromolar (neuroblastoma LAN‐5 and SH‐SY5Y cells, chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells) to low‐micromolar (lung H1299 and A549, colon HCT116 and HT29 cancer cells) concentrations. In HT29 cells, 10 c increased histone H3 acetylation, and decreased the colony‐forming potential of the cancer cells by up to 60 %.     

离子液体/缓冲液两相体系中热带假丝酵母不对称还原制备(S)-1-[3,5-双(三氟甲基)苯基]乙醇

研究了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐[BMIM]PF6/缓冲液两相体系中,热带假丝酵母104细胞催化3,5-双三氟甲基苯乙酮不对称还原制备(S)-1-[3,5-双(三氟甲基)苯基]乙醇的反应过程。通过考察影响生物还原反应的主要因素,如离子液体浓度、辅助底物种类和浓度、底物浓度、菌体浓度和转化时间等,发现上述因素对产率影响较大,但基本不影响产物手性醇的光学纯度。优化得到的较佳还原反应条件为:[BMIM]PF6体积分数5%,辅助底物为60 g L 1异丙醇,底物3,5-双三氟甲基苯乙酮浓度70 mmol L 1,菌体浓度350 g L 1,转化时间24 h。在优化条件下,产率达82.5%,产物(S)-1-[3,5-双(三氟甲基)苯基]乙醇的对映体过量值大于99.9%。与水相转化相比,采用[BMIM]PF6/缓冲液两相体系进行3,5-双三氟甲基苯乙酮的生物不对称还原可有效提高底物浓度和产率,且反应时间缩短了6 h。     

5-(4-叠氮呋咱基)-[1,2,3]三唑[4,5-c]并呋咱内盐的合成、晶体结构及性能

以3,4-二氨基呋咱为原料,经重氮化-叠氮化、氧化-环化等反应合成了一种新型无氢富氮含能材料5-(4-叠氮呋咱基)-[1,2,3]三唑[4,5-c]并呋咱内盐(AFTF);采用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析等方法表征了目标物的结构;获得了AFTF的单晶并进行了晶体结构解析;采用DSC方法研究了AFTF的热稳定性,初步探讨了氧化-环化反应机理;采用Gaussian 09程序CBS-QB3方法计算了AFTF的固相生成热,基于晶体密度和固相生成热,利用EXPLO5爆轰软件预估了AFTF的爆轰性能。结果表明,化合物AFTF晶体为正交晶系,空间群为P 2(1)2(1)2(1),晶胞参数为:a=8.1782(17),b=8.6446(18),c=11.521(2),V=814.5(3)3,Z=4,μ=0.151 mm^-1,F(000)=440;AFTF的熔点为101.02℃,热分解温度为186.39℃;AFTF晶体密度为1.795 g/cm 3(296 K),氮含量为63.6%,理论爆速为8.982 km/s,爆压为33.5 GPa,生成热为1178.9 kJ/mol,爆热为6450.8 kJ/kg,表明AFTF是一种爆轰性能优良的无氢富氮高能量密度化合物,有望应用于高能推进剂或气体发生剂领域;低熔点特性有望使其作为熔铸炸药载体使用。     

Semisynthetic Ursolic Acid Fluorolactone Derivatives Inhibit Growth with Induction of p21(waf1) and Induce Apoptosis with Upregulation of NOXA and Downregulation of c-FLIP in Cancer Cells

A series of ursolic acid ((1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)‐10‐hydroxy‐1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a‐heptamethyl‐2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b‐tetradecahydro‐1H‐picene‐4a‐carboxylic acid) derivatives with a 12‐fluoro‐13,28β‐lactone moiety were synthesized using the electrophilic fluorination reagent Selectfluor. The antiproliferative effects of these novel compounds were evaluated in AsPC‐1 pancreatic cancer cells, and the structure–activity relationships (SARs) were evaluated. Of the compounds synthesized, ursolic acid derivatives carrying a heterocyclic ring, such as imidazole or methylimidazole, and cyanoenones were among the more potent inhibitors of AsPC‐1 pancreatic cancer cell growth. 2‐Cyano‐3‐oxo‐12α‐fluoro‐urs‐1‐en‐13,28β‐olide, compound 20 , was the most effective inhibitor with IC₅₀ values of 0.7, 0.9 and 1.8 μM in pancreatic cancer cell lines AsPC‐1, MIA PaCa‐2 and PANC‐1, respectively. This compound also exhibited better antiproliferative activities against breast (MCF7), prostate (PC‐3), hepatocellular (Hep G2) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines, with IC₅₀ values lower than 1 μM . The mechanism of action by which these compounds exert their biological effect was evaluated in AsPC‐1 cells using the most potent inhibitor synthesized, compound 20 . At 1 μM , the cell cycle arrested at the G1 phase with upregulation of p21^waf1. Apoptosis was induced at an inhibitor concentration of 8 μM with upregulation of NOXA and downregulation of c‐FLIP. These data indicate that fluorolactone derivatives of ursolic acid have improved antiproliferative activity, acting through arrest of the cell cycle and induction of apoptosis.     

S-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonothioate as a Promising Lead Compound for the Development of a Renal Carcinoma Agent

Organosulfur compounds show cytotoxic potential towards many tumor cell lines. Disulfides and thiosulfonates act through apoptotic processes, inducing proteins associated with apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and the unfolded protein response. Three p-substituted symmetric diaryl disulfides and three diaryl thiosulfonates were synthesized and analyzed for inhibition of tubulin polymerization and for human cancer cell cytotoxic activity against seven tumor cell lines and a non-tumor cell line. S-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonothioate ( 6 ) exhibited inhibition of tubulin polymerization and showed the best antiproliferative potential, especially against the 786-0 cell line, being six times more selective as compared with the non-tumor cell line. In addition, compound 6 was able to activate caspase-3 after 24 and 48 h treatments of the 786-0 cell line and induced cell-cycle arrest in the G2/M stage at the highest concentration evaluated at 24 and 48 h. Compound 6 was able to cause complete inhibition of proliferation, inducing the death of 786-0 cells, by increasing the number of cells at G2/M and greater activation of caspase-3.     

Novel Zinc(II) Complexes [Zn(atc-Et)2] and [Zn(atc-Ph)2]: In Vitro and in Vivo Antiproliferative Studies

Cisplatin and its derivatives are the main metallodrugs used in cancer therapy. However, low selectivity, toxicity and drug resistance are associated with their use. The zinc(II) (Zn^II) thiosemicarbazone complexes [Zn(atc-Et)₂] (1) and [Zn(atc-Ph)₂] (2) (atc-R: monovalent anion of 2-acetylpyridine N4-R-thiosemicarbazone) were synthesized and fully characterized in the solid state and in solution via elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopy, conductometry and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The cytotoxicity of these complexes was evaluated in the HepG2, HeLa, MDA-MB-231, K-562, DU 145 and MRC-5 cancer cell lines. The strongest antiproliferative results were observed in MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cells, in which these complexes displayed significant selective toxicity (3.1 and 3.6, respectively) compared with their effects on normal MRC-5 cells. In vivo studies were performed using an alternative model (Artemia salina L.) to assure the safety of these complexes, and the results were confirmed using a conventional model (BALB/c mice). Finally, tests of oral bioavailability showed maximum plasma concentrations of 3029.50 µg/L and 1191.95 µg/L for complexes 1 and 2, respectively. According to all obtained results, both compounds could be considered as prospective antiproliferative agents that warrant further research.