氯消毒新工艺对大肠杆菌灭活作用的研究

研究了短时游离氯后转氯胺的联合消毒方法对大肠杆菌的灭活作用，并对其协同作用以及pH值和温度对协同作用的影响进行了探讨。结果表明：pH值在6．5～8范围内，温度不超过30℃时，短时游离氯后转氯胺的消毒方法对大肠杆菌的灭活具有协同作用，且随pH值的降低而加强，在低温下该方法的协同效果更加明显。     

臭氧应用，正在普及

臭氧消毒作为一种新的消毒观念和消毒办法,经济、高效、灭菌快速、彻底。臭氧是消毒性能最强的消毒剂之一,其消毒能力超过漂白粉、二氧化氯、氯气酸、双氧水等常用的消毒剂,具有强氧化、高效消毒、灭菌等作用。与紫外线照射杀菌比较,臭氧消毒也有很大的优势。紫外线以光波辐射作用杀菌,只有光波照射到的位置并达到一定的强度时才有杀菌效果,因而在一些面积较大、空间较高的场所容易出现卫生死角。而臭氧由于是气体,扩散性好, 所以杀菌消毒彻底,无卫生死角。另外,紫外线杀菌在相对湿度60%以上时效果会急剧下降,湿度在80%以上时会发生渗透作用而使     

城市污水臭氧消毒宏观动力学探索

消毒是城市污水回用的必要环节。本文以某污水厂出水为研究对象，采用臭氧(O3)作为消毒剂，考查了臭氧在实验水中的溶解和衰减过程，不同通气量和不同pH值条件下臭氧对城市污水厂生化处理后出水中大肠菌群的消毒过程和消毒效果。实验结果显示，臭氧对水中大肠菌群的消毒速度快、消毒效果十分显著；通入水中的气量低于10l/h时，灭菌率随通气量的提高而提高；在水质偏酸性时，有利于臭氧的溶解和提高大肠菌群的去除率；通气量在5l/h—30l/h，处理时间在10min以内时实验条件下臭氧消毒宏观动力学方程为—logS＝Kt，式中K＝0．2385min^-1—0．4674min^-1。     

次氯酸钠处理水煤气废水中的氧化还原电位变化研究

介绍了利用次氯酸钠的强氧化作用来处理含硫水煤气废水。NaClO与水中S^2-等还原性物质的反应为典型的氧化还原反应，随着S^2-的被氧化，其氧化还原电位是变化的。针对这点，本文主要研究NaClO的投加量对S^2-氧化还原电位的影响，并以此来控制实际工程中NaClO的投加量，防止NaClO的过量投加带来对设备的腐蚀和对水煤气质量的影响。     

江门市新会区英洲海城区段黑臭水体污染特征研究

为切实做好黑臭水体治理，需全面掌握水体污染特征。依据2019～2020年间英洲海城区段黑臭水体监测数据，分析水质时空变化和黑臭水体程度，并采用相关性分析和主成分分析探讨监测指标间相互关系，找出主要污染物。结果表明，随着一系列整治工作的开展，2020年英洲海城区段各监测河段水质总体表现为优于2019年。监测指标中氧化还原电位、溶解氧、氨氮浓度与河道黑臭状况均有较高的相关关系；透明度、溶解氧、氧化还原电位与氨氮浓度呈显著负相关，溶解氧与氧化还原电位、透明度与溶解氧呈显著正相关；在黑臭水体评价中的作用依次为：氨氮>氧化还原电位>溶解氧>透明度。可知，周边生活污水、农业污水是导致黑臭水体形成的一个主要原因。后续黑臭治理需加强监管，降低水中氮营养盐浓度，利用生态修复措施实现英洲海城区段长治久清。     

饮用水消毒剂二氧化氯研究进展

随着人们对氯消毒副产物毒性的认识，寻求替代消毒荆成为了水处理行业重要的研究课题。本文概述二氧化氯在饮用水消毒应用中的特点，对其在水厂实际应用中的几个热点问题进行研究与分析，最后对其研究发展前景进行了展望。     

水解酸化＋接触氧化＋消毒脱氯工艺处理医院废水技术

由广州市浩蓝环保工程有限公司开发的水解酸化＋接触氧化＋消毒脱氯工艺处理医院废水技术，适用于各种规模医院的废水处理。     

多藻浅水体中pH值和溶解氧协同周期性变化初探

在多藻浅水体中，每日900～1500的pH值和溶解氧都呈上升趋势，两者呈协同周期性变化。经相关性回归分析，pH值的变化规律与溶解氧呈非常显著正相关，多藻浅水区pH值和溶解氧的回归关系相关系数r=0.9129＞r0.01（70）（r0.01（70）＝0.302）。这可能与水体中氧化还原电位和水生植物光合作用伴随的代谢活动有关。这种相关性和协同周期性变化具有一定的生态学意义，并会对水体净化产生影响。     

超声-双氧水和亚铁离子体系处理含酚废水研究

在实验装置上对超声-双氧水和亚铁离子体系联合处理含酚废水进行了实验研究。主要考察了废水初始pH值、初始双氧水浓度、超声功率、反应时间等因素对酚去除率的影响。实验结果表明：超声辐射可以在双氧水和亚铁离子体系氧化过程中起加速反应的作用，而且随着超声功率的增大，加速反应的能力增强；实验条件下废水初始pH值为4～6．8，初始双氧水浓度为140mg／L时酚去除效果最佳；超声-双氧水和亚铁离子体系处理含酚废水过程中苯酚的降解规律符合表现一级反应。     

针铁矿对重金属Pb^2＋、Cd^2＋的吸附特征

本文采用平衡振荡法，主要探讨了重金属铅和镉在针铁矿上的环境行为。研究结果表明针铁矿对重金属有较强的吸附作用。在pH一定时，针铁矿对Pb^2＋和Cd^2＋的吸附率随着初始浓度的增加而增大。随着介质pH升高，针铁矿对Pb^2＋和Cd^2＋的吸附量与吸附率均增大，最大吸附率可达到99．71％和99．46％，而解吸量则随之降低。在高pH条件下，针铁矿对Pb^2＋和Cd^2＋的结合牢固，且与Pb^2＋的稳定度大于Cd^2＋。研究表明，环境中针铁矿对铅、镉等重金属的环境化学行为具有重要的影响。利用针铁矿处理含Pb^2＋和Cd^2＋的污水具有良好的应用潜力。     

THE STABILITY IN WATER OF A NEW CHLORAMINE DISINFECTANT1

ABSTRACT: The stability in water of a novel new chloramine agent, 3-chloro-4, 4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone (agent I), which is an excellent water disinfectant, has been compared to the stabilities of several other water disinfectants. The agents tested in addition to agent I included N-chlorosuccinimide, 2, 4-dichloro-5, 5-dimethylhydantoin, tichloroisocyanuric acid, calcium hypochlorite, commercial grade HTH, and household bleach. The total chlorine content of a water solution of agent I in a demand free environment remains constant over a period of at least eight weeks, while that for all of the other agents declines markedly over that time period. An explanation for these observations will be offered. Prior work in these laboratories concerning use of agent I as a disinfectant for lake water in a laboratory scale treatment plant had shown that agent I has considerable potential for use as an alternative to chlorine gas for water disinfection.     

PERFORMANCE OF A NEW POLYMERIC WATER DISINFECTANT1

ABSTRACT: A new insoluble N-halamine polymeric disinfectant material has been tested in a water filter application to determine (1) its tendencies to leach undesirable decomposition products, (2) its range of potential applicability, and (3) its regenerability. In flowing water tests, poly-1,3-dichloro-5-methyl-5-(4‘-vinylphenyl)hydantoin (Poly-I) leached only small amounts of total organic carbon, free and total chlorine, anions, and volatile organics such as trihalomethanes. Furthermore, Poly-I provided bactericidal efficacy over the pH range 4.5 to 9.5 and at temperatures as high as 37°C. Poly-I is deactivated by reducing agents such as sodium thiosulfate and by ethanol; following deactivation, it can be regenerated by exposure to flowing aqueous free chlorine. Poly-I appears suitable for use as a biocidal filter for small potable and recreational waters, for it is effective over a wide pH and temperature range and is readily regenerable. It would not be useful, however, for disinfection of large bodies of water such as in city treatment plants because of its cost and the large amount of the material that would be necessary.     

DISINFECTION WITH QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS1

ABSTRACT: The most common disinfection method is chlorination, however, it has been known that the practice of chlorination for water treatment in the Mississippi River area has caused a significant increase in mortality. The objective of this research was to search for effective disinfectants to replace chlorine. Three cationic surfactants have been tested for their bactericidal properties under various conditions. It has been found that 1 mg of cetyldimethyl-benzylammonium chloride can destroy about 4500 coliforms in one liter water within 10 minutes, under neutral pH conditions and room temperature. Cationic quaternary ammonium compound, therefore, can be a potential candidate disinfectant for replacing chlorine when necessary.     

THE STABILITY IN WATER OF A NEW CHLORAMINE DISINFECTANT AS A FUNCTION OF pH,TEMPERATURE, AND WATER QUALITY1

The stabilities in water and dry storage of two solid-state disinfectants (3-chloro-4, 4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone, agent I, and calcium hypochlorite) have been compared under a variety of conditions. Variables in the study included pH, temperature, and water quality. Agent I is considerably more stable in dry storage and in water, especially at pH 4.5 and 7.0, than is calcium hypochlorite. This is true for solutions of the two compounds in sterile, distilled, deionized, demandfree water or in a synthetic water containing heavy organic load. Prior work in these laboratories concerning use of agent I as a disinfectant for lake water in a laboratory-scale treatment plant had suggested that agent I has considerable potential for use as an alternative to cholorine gas for water disinfection. The present work suggests that agent I is of sufficient stability to be of use as a solid-state disinfectant for swimming pools and for potable water for remote areas.     

饮用水中氯消毒的应用及存在的主要问题

氯消毒在饮用水净化过程中被广泛采用,我国99.5%以上的水厂用氯消毒,在美国也有94.5%的自来水厂用氯消毒。氯消毒一般采用预加氯和后加氯两种方式。氯在消毒的同时会产生三卤甲烷、二氯乙酸等消毒副产物。这些消毒副产物有致癌、致畸、致突变性和遗传毒性,对人体的健康存在一定的危害性。在氯消毒过程中,余氯量越多产生的消毒副产物就越多,而余氯量过少对病毒的灭活性较差,同时在输水管中细菌就会大量繁殖,加快管道的腐蚀。不同浓度的余氯排入水体还会对鱼类和水生生物造成不同程度的毒性影响。     

A NOVEL CHLORAMINE COMPOUND FOR WATER DISINFECTION1

A new chloramine agent, 3-chloio-4, 4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone, has been tested in a laboratory scale water treatment plant as to its efficacy in water disinfection. The agent seems to be equally effective as compared to chlorine gas in this application. The results of preliminary toxicity studies on the agent are very encouraging. The agent has a long shelf life both in water solution and in the solid state. Being a solid, the agent is clearly less hazardous to handle than chlorine gas. The agent appears to inhibit oxidative corrosion of metals as well. The agent is less likely to produce toxic halocarbons (e.g., chloroform) in water than is chlorine gas. Possibly most important from the standpoint of water disinfection, the agent is a “slow release” one for its positive chlorine, which provides prolonged bactericidal activity.     

Enhanced nutrient removal by oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) control in laboratory-scale extended aeration reactors

A study was conducted to examine N and P removal by a laboratory-scale extended aeration treatment system employing oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) controlled aeration. The system was provided with a 90-L aeration tank. When ORP controlled aeration was applied, the aeration tank was divided into three zones, namely the ORP zone (45 L), the anaerobic zone (27 L) and the aerobic zone (18 L). An external anoxic selector of 3.8 L in volume was also added. An ORP set point of 70 mV was used for the ORP zone. The extended aeration treatment system operating without the ORP controlled aeration was used as the control.COD removal (97%) was not affected, but both N and P removal were enhanced significantly in the ORP reactor. Total N removal efficiency was increased from 49.1% (control) to 83.5%. Almost all P was captured (99%), leaving an average of 0.09 mg L⁻¹ P in the effluent. The ORP reactor yielded a sludge P content of 3.1%, compared to only 1.8% for the control. This indicated luxury P uptake in ORP reactor. Very significant P release and denitrification were found in the anoxic selector. Fairly good simultaneous nitrification and denitrification had occurred in the ORP zone. However, P release was very limited in the anoxic zone. However, anoxic P uptake and nitrification were found in this zone.Low F/M bulking was observed in both the control and ORP operation before the installation of a selector. Bacterial Type 0041 was identified as the predominant bulking organism. For the Control, an aerobic selector cured the bulking problem in one sludge age while an anoxic selector fixed up the problem during the ORP operation.     

CODcr测定中氯离子的影响及消除

根据油田采出水中氯离子含量高，对COD_(Cr)测定影响较大的特点，通过实验探讨高含氯对测定污水CODCr的影响及消除其影响的方法。实验结果表明，对高含氯、低CODCr的污水用国标方法测定CODCr时会产生较大误差，且误差随氯离子含量的增加而增大；采用不掩蔽氯离子测污水CODCr总量，再用CODCr总量减去氯离子产生CODCr量的方法，则能反映污水的真实CODCr值，误差小一些。     

Real-time contaminant detection and classification in a drinking water pipe using conventional water quality sensors: Techniques and experimental results

Accurate detection and identification of natural or intentional contamination events in a drinking water pipe is critical to drinking water supply security and health risk management. To use conventional water quality sensors for the purpose, we have explored a real-time event adaptive detection, identification and warning (READiw) methodology and examined it using pilot-scale pipe flow experiments of 11 chemical and biological contaminants each at three concentration levels. The tested contaminants include pesticide and herbicides (aldicarb, glyphosate and dicamba), alkaloids (nicotine and colchicine), E. coli in terrific broth, biological growth media (nutrient broth, terrific broth, tryptic soy broth), and inorganic chemical compounds (mercuric chloride and potassium ferricyanide). First, through adaptive transformation of the sensor outputs, contaminant signals were enhanced and background noise was reduced in time-series plots leading to detection and identification of all simulated contamination events. The improved sensor detection threshold was 0.1% of the background for pH and oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), 0.9% for free chlorine, 1.6% for total chlorine, and 0.9% for chloride. Second, the relative changes calculated from adaptively transformed residual chlorine measurements were quantitatively related to contaminant-chlorine reactivity in drinking water. We have shown that based on these kinetic and chemical differences, the tested contaminants were distinguishable in forensic discrimination diagrams made of adaptively transformed sensor measurements.