Frequency of breast cancer, lung cancer, and tobacco use articles in women’s magazines from 1987 to 2003

Background. The objective of this study was to compare the frequency of articles in women’s magazines that address breast cancer, lung cancer, and tobacco use from 1987–2003 and to ascertain whether the annual number of articles reflected corresponding cancer mortality rates from breast cancer and lung cancer and the number of female smokers throughout this time period. Methods. We reviewed 13 women’s magazines published in the United States from 1987–2003 using the search terms breast cancer, lung cancer, smoking, and tobacco. We reviewed the abstracts or entire articles to determine relevance. Results. A total of 1044 articles addressed breast cancer, lung cancer, or tobacco use: 681 articles related to breast cancer, 47 related to lung cancer, and 316 related to tobacco use. The greater number of breast cancer articles compared to lung cancer articles was statistically significant (P value < .0001). The greater number of breast cancer articles compared to lung cancer articles combined with tobacco use articles was also statistically significant (P=.0012). The annual number breast cancer articles compared to the breast cancer mortality rate demonstrated a negative relationship. The annual number of lung cancer articles compared to the lung cancer mortality rate demonstrated no relationship. The annual number of tobacco use articles compared to the annual number of female smokers demonstrated no relationship. Conclusions. Breast cancer was more frequently represented than lung cancer or tobacco use in women’s magazines from 1987–2003 despite the increase in lung cancer mortality, a decrease in breast cancer mortality, and an insignificant change in the number of female smokers.     

新疆地区2 829例头颈部恶性肿瘤的流行病学分析

  目的  分析2 829例头颈部恶性肿瘤的流行病学资料,为新疆地区头颈部恶性肿瘤的防治提供方向和数据依据。  方法  通过回顾性的调查统计分析了2002年1月至2011年12月10年在诊治的2 829例头颈部恶性肿瘤患者的基本信息,对其构成比进行分析。  结果  2 829例患者,男性1 657例,占58.57%,女性1 172例,占41.43%;男女比例1.4∶1,中位年龄为55岁,主要分布在40~69岁之间(63.38%),汉族占59.5%,维吾尔族占27.7%,哈萨克族占6.3%,回族占3.1%,蒙古族占1.6%,其他民族占1.6%,构成比位于前5位的是:口腔癌、甲状腺癌、喉癌、鼻咽癌、鼻腔鼻窦癌,占所有头颈部恶性肿瘤的74.6%。男性位于前5位的恶性肿瘤依次为:口腔癌、喉癌、鼻咽癌、鼻腔鼻窦癌、甲状腺癌。女性位于前5位的恶性肿瘤依次为:甲状腺、口腔癌、鼻腔鼻窦癌、鼻咽癌、颜面皮肤癌。汉族位于前5位的恶性肿瘤依次为:甲状腺癌、口腔癌、喉癌、鼻咽癌、鼻窦癌。维吾尔族位于前5位的恶性肿瘤依次为:口腔癌、鼻咽癌、鼻腔鼻窦癌、甲状腺癌、喉癌。哈萨克族位于前5位的恶性肿瘤依次为:口腔癌、甲状腺癌、鼻腔鼻窦癌、喉癌、口咽及下咽癌。  结论  口腔癌、甲状腺癌是新疆目前头颈部恶性肿瘤防治重点,喉癌、鼻咽癌、鼻腔鼻窦癌的防治也需要引起足够重视。      

Patients With Lung Cancer With Metachronous or Synchronous Gastric Cancer

BackgroundThere are few reports of treatment and outcome for patients with metachronous or synchronous lung and gastric cancers. To evaluate them, we conducted a retrospective study.Patients and MethodsThe medical records of patients with lung cancer who previously or simultaneously had gastric cancer seen in our division between January 1979 and July 2008 were reviewed.ResultsForty-five (3.2%) of 1391 patients had previous or simultaneous gastric cancer. The proportion of men was higher among patients with lung cancer with gastric cancer than those without (P = .0006). There was a significant difference in age at the time of diagnosis of lung cancer between the 45 patients with gastric cancer and the 1346 patients without it (P = .0344). The proportion of smokers was higher among lung cancer patients with gastric cancer than those without (P = .0015). Twenty-seven of 45 patients had smoking-related cell types of lung cancer: squamous cell carcinoma and small-cell lung cancer. The proportion of these 2 cell types was higher in patients with lung cancer with gastric cancer than those without (P = .02). The diagnosis of gastric cancer preceded the diagnosis of lung cancer in 33 patients, and the median duration from the diagnosis of gastric cancer to that of the lung cancer was 6 years.ConclusionFor patients with gastric cancer, smoking cessation, a chest radiograph at least yearly for several years, and swift evaluation of signs or symptoms that are suggestive of lung cancer should be recommended, especially in elderly men with gastric cancer and smoking habit.     

Multiple primary breast and thyroid cancers: role of age at diagnosis and cancer treatments (United States)

Background:Breast and thyroid cancer have been observed to occur more frequently than expected as multiple primary tumors in women. The study presented herein focuses on the effects of age at diagnosis and treatment for the first cancer on the development of the second cancer. Methods:This retrospective cohort study used a study population consisting of 38,632 women diagnosed with primary invasive breast cancer and 2189 women diagnosed with primary invasive thyroid cancer between 1974 and 1994. Cases were identified from records of the Cancer Surveillance System of western Washington and followed for subsequent cancer development through 1995. Results:Seventy-one women were diagnosed during their lives with both breast and thyroid cancers. Including cancers diagnosed during the same month as or after the initial cancer, the relative risk (RR) of breast cancer among women with thyroid cancer was 1.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–2.0), and the RR of thyroid cancer among women with breast cancer was 1.5 (95% CI 1.1–2.2). Among women with thyroid cancer, risk of breast cancer was greatest when the latter cancer was diagnosed under 45 years of age (RR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.1–4.4). First course of treatment, including radiation or hormonal therapy to treat thyroid cancer, and radiation, chemotherapy, or hormonal therapy to treat breast cancer, did not alter a woman's risk of developing the second cancer. Conclusions:The data suggest that the incidence of breast and thyroid cancer may be related, and that in particular women with thyroid cancer may be at a moderately increased risk of developing breast cancer before age 45.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">PALB2</Emphasis> analysis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">BRCA2</Emphasis>-like families

BRCA2 and PALB2 function together in the Fanconi anemia (FA)–Breast Cancer (BRCA) pathway. Mono-allelic and bi-allelic BRCA2 and PALB2 mutation carriers share many clinical characteristics. Mono-allelic germline mutations of BRCA2 and PALB2 are risk alleles of female breast cancer and have also been reported in familial pancreatic cancer, and bi-allelic mutations cause a severe form of Fanconi anemia. In view of these similarities, we investigated whether the prevalence of PALB2 mutations was increased in breast cancer families with the occurrence of BRCA2 associated tumours other than female breast cancer. PALB2 mutation analysis was performed in 110 non-BRCA1/2 cancer patients: (a) 53 ovarian cancer patients from female breast-and/or ovarian cancer families; (b) 45 breast cancer patients with a first or second degree relative with pancreatic cancer; and (c) 12 male breast cancer patients from female breast cancer families. One truncating PALB2 mutation, c.509_510delGA, resulting in p.Arg170X, was found in a male breast cancer patient. We conclude that germline mutations of PALB2 do not significantly contribute to cancer risk in non-BRCA1/2 cancer families with at least one patient with ovarian cancer, male breast cancer, and/or pancreatic cancer.     

进展期胃癌生长方式对转移方式及预后的影响

目的 :研究胃进展期癌在胃壁内生长方式对转移方式及预后的影响。方法 :根据Ming氏分型将 180例胃癌分为膨胀型癌及浸润型癌 ;分析不同浸润深度的膨胀型癌及浸润型癌的转移方式 (血行、淋巴行及种植 ) ,比较其 5年生存率及预后。结果 :1)浸润至肌层及以内 4 7例 :膨胀型癌血行转移率明显比浸润型癌高 ,P <0 0 1;5年生存率比浸润型癌低 ,P <0 0 5 ;2 )浸润至浆膜及浆膜外 133例 :浸润型癌淋巴结转移率比膨胀型癌高 ,P <0 0 5 ;腹膜种植也明显比膨胀型癌高 ,P <0 0 1;5年生存率明显比膨胀型癌低 ,P <0 0 1。结论 :膨胀型癌易于血行转移 ;而浸润型癌容易淋巴结转移及腹膜种植 ;引起预后不良。胃癌 5年生存率由高至低依次为浸润至肌层及以内的浸润型癌 ,膨胀型癌 ;浸润至浆膜层及浆膜外的膨胀型癌 ,浸润型癌     

发达与发展中国家癌症发病率与死亡率的比较与分析

  目的  分析发达国家与发展中国家的常见癌症发病情况与死亡率, 并将中国的癌症现状与之比较, 明确我国面临的主要癌症负担类型。  方法  各国家常见肿瘤的发病人数、发病率、死亡率及世界标化发病率等数据均来源于GLOBOCAN 2008。  结果  发达国家和发展中国家的恶性肿瘤发病第1位均是肺癌, 其次发达国家为结直肠癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌, 发展中国家的胃癌、乳腺癌和肝癌; 发达国家死亡率最高的分别依次为肺癌、结直肠癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌, 发展中国家为肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、食管癌。中国的肺癌发病率和死亡率均居第1位, 胃癌、肝癌发病及死亡率均高于发展中国家和发达国家, 乳腺癌的死亡率远低于发达国家亦低于其他发展中国家。预计到2020年, 中国新增发病和死亡人数最多的癌症是肺癌、胃癌和肝癌。  结论  不同国家的癌谱不同, 中国癌谱具有发达国家和发展中国家的双重特征。肺癌、胃癌及肝癌是威胁我国居民健康的主要恶性肿瘤, 并且未来十几年其增长速度较快, 是我国恶性肿瘤防控的重点。      

Adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer as a risk factor for the development of lung cancer

Women diagnosed with primary breast or lung cancer and recorded between 1972 and 1989 in our tumor registry were identified. Of 4,123 lung cancer patients and 3,537 breast cancer patients, 42 patients with both diagnoses were identified. The two malignancies were diagnosed simultaneously in five patients, lung cancer was diagnosed first in six patients and breast cancer was diagnosed first in 31 (p<0.001). Nineteen of those 31 patients received adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer and developed lung cancer a median of 17 years later. Of the 19 irradiated patients who subsequently developed lung cancer, 15 did so in the ipsilateral lung and only four had lung cancer contralateral to the previously irradiated site (p<0.001). Adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer as delivered decades ago may be an etiologic factor for lung cancer.     

Family history of cancer and the risk of cancer: a network of case–control studies

BackgroundThe risk of many cancers is higher in subjects with a family history (FH) of cancer at a concordant site. However, few studies investigated FH of cancer at discordant sites.Patients and methodsThis study is based on a network of Italian and Swiss case–control studies on 13 cancer sites conducted between 1991 and 2009, and including more than 12 000 cases and 11 000 controls. We collected information on history of any cancer in first degree relatives, and age at diagnosis. Odds ratios (ORs) for FH were calculated by multiple logistic regression models, adjusted for major confounding factors.ResultsAll sites showed an excess risk in relation to FH of cancer at the same site. Increased risks were also found for oral and pharyngeal cancer and FH of laryngeal cancer (OR = 3.3), esophageal cancer and FH of oral and pharyngeal cancer (OR = 4.1), breast cancer and FH of colorectal cancer (OR = 1.5) and of hemolymphopoietic cancers (OR = 1.7), ovarian cancer and FH of breast cancer (OR = 2.3), and prostate cancer and FH of bladder cancer (OR = 3.4). For most cancer sites, the association with FH was stronger when the proband was affected at age <60 years.ConclusionsOur results point to several potential cancer syndromes that appear among close relatives and may indicate the presence of genetic factors influencing multiple cancer sites.     

Rising incidence of breast cancer among female cancer survivors: implications for surveillance

The number of female cancer survivors has been rising rapidly. We assessed the occurrence of breast cancer in these survivors over time. We computed incidence of primary breast cancer in two cohorts of female cancer survivors with a first diagnosis of cancer at ages 30+ in the periods 1975–1979 and 1990–1994. Cohorts were followed for 10 years through a population-based cancer registry. Over a period of 15 years, the incidence rate of breast cancer among female cancer survivors increased by 30% (age-standardised rate ratio (RR-adj): 1.30; 95% CI: 1.03–1.68). The increase was significant for non-breast cancer survivors (RR-adj: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.04–2.75). During the study period, the rate of second breast cancer stage II tripled (RR-adj: 3.10, 95% CI: 1.73–5.78). Non-breast cancer survivors had a significantly (P value=0.005) more unfavourable stage distribution (62% stage II and III) than breast cancer survivors (32% stage II and III). A marked rise in breast cancer incidence among female cancer survivors was observed. Research to optimise follow-up strategies for these women to detect breast cancer at an early stage is warranted.     

Rectal cancers in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis

Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis may develop rectal cancer at their initial presentation (primary) or after colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis (secondary). Little is known about whether differences in presentation impact survival. We hypothesize that patients with secondary rectal cancer have better oncologic outcomes. Patients with rectal cancer in the context of familial adenomatous polyposis were classified into 3 groups: known rectal cancer at presentation, incidental rectal cancer unrecognized before proctocolectomy, and rectal cancer diagnosed after ileorectal anastomosis. Primary endpoint was 5-year survival. There were 58 patients, 39 with primary rectal cancer, 5 of which were incidental, and 19 with secondary rectal cancer. Median ages at diagnosis were 32 years (range 14–56) for primary cancer, 35 years (range 22–56) for incidental cancer and 49 years (range 24–66) for secondary cancer (p = 0.001). 76 % of those with primary rectal cancer had symptoms, similar to those with incidental cancer (60 %) but more than secondary cancer (21 %) (p < 0.001). 47 % of primary cancers were advanced (stages III and IV) compared to 20 % of incidental cancers and 32 % of secondary cancers. There was no local recurrence in any patient, but 9 patients had distant recurrences (16 % overall). Overall 5-year survival of patients with primary cancer was 72.4 %, incidental cancer was 100 %, and secondary cancer was 69.7 % (p = 0.031). More patients with primary rectal cancer have advanced disease but survival is similar to those with cancer diagnosed on surveillance. More patients with primary rectal cancer have a restorative resection when compared to other groups.     

The risk of a second primary lung cancer after a first invasive breast cancer according to estrogen receptor status

Purpose

Lung cancers account for 5?% of second primary cancers after breast cancer. The low overall 5-year relative survival rate of lung cancer makes it a particularly concerning new malignancy for breast cancer survivors. It is unknown whether second lung cancer risk varies by estrogen receptor (ER) expression of the first breast cancer.

Methods

We evaluated second primary lung cancer risks using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) (95?% confidence intervals (CIs)) among 222,148 one-year breast cancer survivors in the NCI-SEER Program registry database (1992–2008). Relative risks (RRs) and 95?% CIs for lung cancer following ER^? compared with ER⁺ breast cancer were estimated using Poisson regression, adjusted for age, year, and stage of breast cancer diagnosis, attained age, latency, and radiotherapy. We also examined the reciprocal association of second ER^? and ER⁺ breast cancers among 28,107 1-year lung cancer survivors.

Results

There were 418 and 1,444 second lung cancers diagnosed following 50,781 ER^? and 171,367 ER⁺ breast cancers. Second lung cancer rates were significantly elevated after ER^? (SIR?=?1.20 (1.09–1.33)), but not ER⁺ (SIR?=?0.96 (0.91–1.01)) breast cancer. The adjusted RR for a second lung cancer following ER^? compared with ER⁺ breast cancer was 1.22 (1.10–1.37). The reciprocal adjusted RR for a second ER^? compared with ER⁺ breast cancer following lung cancer was 1.29 (0.98–1.70).

Conclusion

The parallel increase for a second lung cancer following an ER^? first breast cancer and for a second ER^? breast cancer after a first lung cancer suggests that there may be shared etiologic factors for these cancers. Further evaluation of lung cancer risk after ER^? breast cancer may identify women at high risk for this fatal malignancy.     

Centralisation of rectal cancer care has improved patient survival in the republic of Ireland

BackgroundCentralisation of rectal cancer surgery to designated centres was a key objective of the Irish national cancer control program. A national audit of rectal cancer surgery indicated centralisation was associated with improved early surgical outcomes. This study aimed to determine the impact of implementation of the national cancer strategy on survival from rectal cancer.Materials and methodsData were collected from the National Cancer Registry of Ireland to include all patients with Stage I-III rectal cancer undergoing rectal cancer surgery with curative intent between 2003 and 2012. Five-year overall survival and cancer-specific survival was compared between patients in the pre-centralisation (2003–2007) and post-centralisation period (2008–2012) and between patients receiving surgery in designated cancer centres and non-cancer centres.ResultsThe proportion of rectal cancer surgery performed in a designated cancer centre increased from 42% during 2003–2007 to 58% during 2008–2012. Five-year overall survival increased from 66.1% in 2003–2007 to 73.5% in 2008–2012 (p < 0.001). Five-year cancer-specific survival increased from 75.3% in 2003–2007 to 81.9% in 2008–2012 (p < 0.001). Surgery in a cancer centre and surgery post-centralisation were significantly associated with overall and cancer specific survival using Cox proportional hazards regression.ConclusionSurvival following resection of rectal cancer was significantly improved following implementation of a national cancer strategy incorporating centralisation of rectal cancer surgery.     

Association of diabetes with survival among cohorts of Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians with cancer

Background  The association between diabetes and cancer incidence has been well documented, but relatively little research has been undertaken on the potential influence of diabetes on cancer survival and the research that is available has produced inconsistent results. Because Indigenous Australians have a high prevalence of diabetes, we assessed survival, stratified by diabetes, among Indigenous Australian cancer patients. We also assessed survival, stratified by diabetes, amongst a cohort of non-Indigenous Australian cancer patients. Methods  All-cause survival and cancer-specific survival in diabetic versus non-diabetic cancer patients were assessed in Indigenous and non-Indigenous cohorts separately, using proportional hazards models. Findings  Indigenous cancer patients with diabetes (n = 140) had an overall survival disadvantage compared to Indigenous cancer patients without diabetes (n = 675) with all-cause Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.4 (95% CI 1.1–1.8) adjusted for age, sex, and cancer site. After further adjustment to take into account the greater number of non-cancer deaths and co-morbidities in Indigenous cancer patients with diabetes, and their later stage at cancer diagnosis with less cancer treatment, there was no residual difference in cancer-specific survival compared to Indigenous cancer patients without diabetes (cancer-specific HR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.8, 1.3). Fewer non-Indigenous cancer patients had diabetes (n = 52) and they showed no differences in survival compared to their counterparts without diabetes. Interpretation  The poorer survival of Indigenous Australian cancer patients with diabetes was due to more non-cancer deaths, later stage at cancer diagnosis, less cancer treatment, and more co-morbidities than Indigenous Australian cancer patients without diabetes. In contrast, diabetes did not appear to affect survival in non-Indigenous Australians with cancer, either because there were too few to detect a moderate deleterious effect or because there was no association. Understanding the relation between diabetes and cancer treatment and survival is important because both diabetes and cancer are relatively common diseases, increasingly likely to co-exist.     

Cancer risks in first-degree relatives of CHEK2 mutation carriers: effects of mutation type and cancer site in proband

It is important to have accurate knowledge of the range of cancers associated with various CHEK2 mutations, and of the lifetime risks of cancer associated with each. We wished to establish the relationship between family history, mutation type and cancer risk in families with a CHEK2 mutation. We obtained a blood sample and pedigree information from 2012 unselected women with breast cancer, from 2007 men with prostate cancer and from 1934 patients with colon cancer, from hospitals throughout Poland. Genetic testing was carried out for four founder CHEK2 mutations on all 5953 specimens and 533 carriers were identified. We estimated the risk to age 75 for any cancer in the 2544 first-degree relatives to be 22.3%. After adjusting for mutation type, the risk of breast cancer was much higher among relatives of probands with breast cancer than among relatives of patients with prostate or colon cancer (HR=3.6; 95% CI=2.1–6.2; P=0.0001). Similarly, the risk of prostate cancer was higher among relatives of probands with prostate cancer than among relatives of patients with breast or colon cancer (HR=4.4; 95% CI=2.2–8.7; P=0.0001) and the risk of colon cancer was higher among relatives of probands with colon cancer than among relatives of patients with prostate or breast cancer (HR=4.2; 95% CI=2.4–7.8; P=0.0001). These analyses suggest that the risk of cancer in a carrier of a CHEK2 mutation is dependent on the family history of cancer.     

A Case-Control Study of Male Colorectal Cancer in Aichi Prefecture, Japan: with Special Reference to Occupational Activity Level, Drinking Habits and Family History

The relationships of occupational activity level, drinking habits and family history of cancer to the risk of male colorectal cancer by subsites were investigated in a case-control study involving 1,716 cases with colon cancer, 1,611 cases with rectal cancer and 16,600 controls with other sites of cancer identified from the Aichi Cancer Registry, Japan 1979–1987. An occupation with a low activity level was associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer; the age-adjusted relative risk (RR) compared to the high activity level group was 1.92 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.38–2.67) for proximal colon cancer, 1.52 (95% CI: 1.19–1.94) for distal colon cancer and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.17–1.62) for rectal cancer. Beer drinkers showed an increased risk of colorectal cancer; the age-adjusted RR was 1.49 (95% CI: 1.13–1.95) for proximal colon cancer, 1.65 (95% CI: 1.34-2.04) for distal colon cancer and 1.88 (95% CI: 1.62–2.18) for rectal cancer. The RR for family history of colorectal cancer was 3.40 (95% CI: 2.19–5.29) for proximal colon cancer, 2.54 (95% CI: 1.73–3.75) for distal colon cancer and 1.78 (95% CI: 1.28–2.49) for rectal cancer. Multivariate analysis controlled for age, residence, marital status and smoking in addition to occupational activity level, beer drinking and family history of colorectal cancer did not materially change the RRs. When these three variables were combined, the RR was 15.72 (95% CI: 5.40–45.78) for proximal colon cancer, 10.55 (95% CI: 4.24–26.27) for distal colon cancer and 6.69 (95% CI: 3.12–14.36) for rectal cancer.     

Breast cancer family history as a risk factor for early onset breast cancer

Summary Since full breast cancer screening is not generally recommended for young women, it is important to identify individuals who are at higher risk for early onset breast cancer. We investigated the relationship between age of onset of breast cancer in 328 probands (consecutively ascertained patients from our oncology clinic) and breast cancer incidence and age of onset in their female relatives. We found that a family history of early onset breast cancer was associated with higher risk of early onset breast cancer. A family history of early onset breast cancer occurred more frequently among young (<40) breast cancer probands than among older (40) breast cancer probands (p<0.001; OR = 23). This relationship was particularly evident when the analysis was restricted to thehereditary breast cancer probands (p<0.001; OR = 44). We also observed a positive family history of breast cancer (any age) more frequently in young breast cancer probands than in older breast cancer probands (p<0.001; OR = 2.8). These observations have important pragmatic implications for surveillance. We recommend intense surveillance for breast cancer, initiated earlier, for women with close relatives diagnosed with early onset breast cancer.     

羟基喜树碱抗癌谱的实验研究

目的 :预测羟基喜树碱 (OPT)的抗癌谱 ,指导临床用药。方法 :收集我院 2 0 0 0年 6月～ 2 0 0 0年 11月 96例手术切除的肿瘤标本 ,行肿瘤细胞原代培养 ,用MTT法对OPT进行体外药敏试验。抑制率≥ 5 0 %为敏感 ,推荐临床使用 ;<30 %为耐药。结果 :OPT平均敏感率为 2 5 .5 % ,耐药率为 4 2 .6%。各类肿瘤敏感率为乳腺癌 (5 0 .0 % ) >贲门腺癌 (4 1.7% ) >胃癌、宫颈癌 (33.3% ) >食管癌 (30 .4 % ) >结肠癌、膀胱癌 (2 5 .0 % ) >卵巢癌、肺癌 (16.7% ) >肾癌、甲状腺癌 (0 ) ;耐药率依次为甲状腺癌(10 0 0 % ) >膀胱癌 (75 .0 % ) >食管癌 (5 2 .0 % ) >肺癌、宫颈癌、肾癌 (5 0 .0 % ) >胃癌、卵巢癌 (33.3% )>乳腺癌、贲门腺癌、结肠癌 (2 5 .0 % )。结论 :OPT的抗癌谱为乳腺癌、贲门腺癌、结肠癌、胃癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、宫颈癌。肾癌、甲状腺癌不推荐使用     

Second cancers in patients with male breast cancer: a literature review

Purpose  The risk of second malignancies among female breast cancer patients has been studied for decades. In contrast, very little is known about second primary tumors in men. Risk factors for breast cancer in men, including genetic, hormonal and environmental factors, provide parallels to the etiology of breast cancer in women. This review considers the literature related to the risk of developing a second cancer in patients with male breast cancer. Materials and methods  A systematic review of the literature between 1966 and 2007 was conducted and acceptable articles used for analysis. All retrieved articles were screened to identify any papers that had been missed. Studies were included if they discussed the risk of subsequent malignancy in patients with male breast cancer. Results  Patients with history of male breast cancer have an increased risk of a second ipsilateral, or contralateral breast cancer (standardized incidence ratio 30–110). The risk of subsequent contralateral breast cancer was highest in men under 50 years of age at the time of the diagnosis of the initial cancer. The data on non-breast second primary cancers is diverse. One study has suggested an increased incidence of cancers of the small intestine, prostate, rectum and pancreas, and of non-melanoma skin cancer and myeloid leukaemia. Other investigators did not find an increase in the overall risk of subsequent cancer development in men diagnosed initially with primary breast cancer. Although sarcoma, lung and esophageal cancers are well recognized complications of radiation therapy for female breast cancer, there is no evidence for the association of these cancers following radiation therapy in male breast cancer. Conclusions  Although the incidence of second primary cancer in patients with primary male breast cancer requires further study, male breast cancer survivors should probably undergo periodic screening for the early detection of second breast cancers and other adverse health effects.     

Relative survival of patients with prostate cancer as a first or subsequent tumor--a Nordic collaborative study

Objective: To present a new model for estimating relative survival of patients with two primary cancers, to study whether survival from cancer is similar between a first and subsequent tumor, and to provide an illustration of prognoses for patients with cancer as a subsequent tumor. Methods: Data on Danish, Finnish, and Norwegian patients with a first and subsequent prostate cancer, after a first primary colorectal cancer, were analyzed with a new model. Results: Survival from first and subsequent prostate cancer was similar within each country. Survival from subsequent prostate cancer was not affected by the time interval between the first colorectal and subsequent prostate cancer. Conclusions: The survival from subsequent cancer should be adjusted for the underlying first primary cancer. The overall relative survival of patients with two primary cancers will be worse than those with a respective single cancer only. However, with a proper adjustment the subsequent cancer itself is not more fatal than a similar cancer as the only tumor of the patient.