Application of least squares vector machines in modelling water vapor and carbon dioxide fluxes over a cropland

INTRODUCTION Modelling the variation in surface-atmosphericexchange of water vapor and carbon dioxide fluxesand how they are influenced by a complex combina-tion of environment variables and plant physiology iscrucial for assessing the annual water and carbonbudget for cropland. Biophysical or process-basedmodels such as soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer(SVAT) (Franks et al., 1997; Franks and Beven, 1999Mo and Beven, 2004), Simultaneous Heat and Water(SHAW) (Flerchinger et al., 1…     

Fibrous TiO2 prepared by chemical vapor deposition using activated carbon fibers as template via adsorption, hydrolysis and calcinations

TiO2 fibers were prepared via alternatively introducing water vapor and Ti precursor carried by Ne to an APCVD (chemical vapor deposition under atmospheric pressure) reactor at <200 ℃. Activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were used as templates for deposition and later removed by calcinations. The obtained catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brtmauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysisThe pores within TiO2 fibers included micro-range and meso-range, e.g., 7 nm, and the specific surface areas for TiO2 fibers were 141 m2/g and 148 m2/g for samples deposited at 100 ℃ and 200 ℃ (using ACF1700 as template), respectively. The deposition temperature significantly influenced TiO2 morphology. The special advantages of this technique for preparing porous nano-material include no consumption of organic solvent in the process and easy control of deposition conditions and speeds.     

Effects of continuous casting mould fluxes on reducing longitudinal and star cracks on a slab surface

1.IntroductionAstothecurrenttechnologyofcontinuouscastingofsteel,itisanemergencyformouldfluxestoharmonizetheconflictsbetweenheattransferandlubricationforslabcasting.Whenstructuralsteelwhosemassfractionofcarbonwcis0.09%to0.15%andhighstrengthlowalloysteel(HSLA)whosewcis0.14%to0.25%arecontinuouslycast,itisnecessarytocontroltheheatfluxfromtheslabshelltothecoppermouldnottoexceed1.7?06W/m2becauseofthebigandcoarseausteniticcrystalsintheinitialsolidifiedslabshell[1].Otherwise,longitudinalcrackstendt…     

Study on Regeneration of Powdered Activated Carbon by Electron Beam

1 IntroductionActivated carbon is very useful for removal ofpollutants in wastewater and raw drinking water for itslarge adsorbing power. After a cedain time of use, theabsorbing power of activated carbon decreased so that theused activated carbon must be regenerated for economicalreuse.There are many methods for activated carbonregeneration, such as medicamellt method['], oxidizingm.thodl'] and heating method .iC[3]. For reversibleadsorption of organic pollutants with high concenthaonand low…     

电子束再生粉状活性炭的研究

The powdered activated carbon which had adsorbed phenylglycine solution from pharmaceutics factory can be regenerated by mean of irradiation of high-energy electron beams in oxygen, nitrogen and water vapor respectively. The effects of radiation dose and beam current on regeneration of activated carbon in different atmosphere were studied. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the iodine number of activated carbon were used to monitor the change of carbon adsorption. The results show that the powder activated carbon polluted with phenlglycine could be regenerated effectively by irradiation of high energy electron beams in nitrogen stream. The generation did not need high temperature, and the weight loss of carbon and energy consumption were minimum.     

Fibrous TiO2 prepared by chemical vapor deposition using activated carbon fibers as template via adsorption, hydrolysis and calcinations

TiO2 fibers were prepared via alternatively introducing water vapor and Ti precursor carried by N2 to an APCVD （chemical vapor deposition under atmospheric pressure） reactor at ≤200 ℃. Activated carbon fibers （ACFs） were used as templates for deposition and later removed by calcinations. The obtained catalysts were characterized by scanning electron micros- copy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, Brunauer, Emmett and Teller （BET） and X-ray diffraction （XRD） analysis The pores within TiO2 fibers included micro-range and meso-range, e.g., 7 nm, and the specific surface areas for TiO2 fibers were 141 m^2/g and 148 m^2/g for samples deposited at 100 ℃ and 200℃ （using ACFI700 as template）, respectively. The deposition temperature significantly influenced TiO2 morphology. The special advantages of this technique for preparing porous nano-material include no consumption of organic solvent in the process and easy control of deposition conditions and speeds.     

Electrochemical potential at the interface between carbon nanotubes and electrolyte

IntroductionaCarbonnanotube(CNT)isakindofcarbonallotrope,whichwasfoundin1991[1].Carbonnanotubes,particularlysingle-walledcarbonnanotubes(SWNTs),areprototypeone-dimensionalnano-materialfortheirlargeaspectratio.Theyexhibitgoodconductorandsemiconductorbehaviorsbaseontheirstructures[2].Sincetheirdiscovery,carbonnanotubeshaveattractedmuchattentionfortheirnovelstructureandmarvelousproperties.Scientistshavetakenalotofeffortstomakenano-circuitsandmolecularelectroniccomponentswithCNTs,includingfie…     

气体流量对碳纳米管制备的影响

采用等离子体增强化学气相沉积技术,以C2H2、H2和N2为反应气体,制备出碳纳米管薄膜．利用扫描电镜和拉曼光谱仪对其进行表征．结果表明：气体流量大小对碳纳米管薄膜的生长起着重要作用,获得定向性良好、分布均匀、密度适中的碳纳米管的合适比例是C2H2：H2：N2=30：30：10（seem）．     

Ethanol-Water Near-Azeotropic Mixture Dehydration by Compound Starch-Based Adsorbent

Ethanol-water near-azeotropic mixture dehydration was investigated by formulated compound starchbased adsorbent(CSA), which consists of corn, sweet potato and foaming agent. The net retention time and separation factor of water over ethanol were measured by inverse gas chromatography(IGC). Results indicated that water has a longer net retention time than ethanol and that low temperature is beneficial to this dehydration process. Orthogonal test was conducted under different vapor feed flow rates, bed temperatures and bed heights, to obtain optimal fixed-bed dehydration condition. Dynamic saturated adsorbance was also studied. It was found that CSA has the same water adsorption capacity(0.15 g/g)as some commercial molecular sieves. Besides, this biosorptive dehydration process was found to be the most energy-efficient compared with other ethanol purification processes.     

Removal and transformation of dissolved organic matter in secondary effluent during granular activated carbon treatment

This paper focused on the removal and transformation of the dissolved organic matter （DOM） in secondary effluent during the granular activated carbon （GAC） treatment. Using XAD-8/XAD-4 resins, DOM was fractionated into five classes： hydrophobic acid （HPO-A）, hydrophobic neutral （HPO-N）, transphilic acid （TPI-A）, transphilic neutral （TPI-N） and hydrophilic fraction （HPI）. Subsequently, the water quality parameters of dissolved organic carbon （DOC）, absorbance of ultraviolet light at 254 nm （UV-254）, specific ultraviolet light absorbance （SUVA） and trihalomethane formation potential （THMFP） were analyzed for the unfractionated and fractionated water samples. The results showed that the order of the DOC removal with respect to DOM fractions was observed to be HPI〉HPO-A〉HPO-N〉TPI-A〉TPI-N. During the GAC treatment, the THMFP of the unfractionated water samples decreased from 397.4 μg/L to 176.5 μg/L, resulting in a removal efficiency of 55.6%. The removal order of the trilaalomethanes （THMs） precursor was as follows： HPO-A〉TPI-A〉TPI-N〉HPO-N〉HPI. By the GAC treatment, the specific THMFP of HPO-A, TPI-A, TPI-N and the original unfractionated water samples had a noticeable decrease, while that of HPO-N and HPI showed a converse trend. The Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） results showed that the hydroxide groups, carboxylic acids, aliphatic C-H were significantly reduced by GAC treatment.     

电化学双层电容器中碳纳米管电极的化学法处理

Multi-walled carbon nanombes with homogeneous diameters （40 - 60 nm）, produced by chemical vapor deposition of hydrocarbon gas, are purified by nitric acids. Infrared and Raman studies indicate that oxygen containing surface groups, which are predominately carboxylic, phenolic and lactonic groups, are introduced into purified carbon nanotubes. Then three kinds of block-form porous tablets of carbon nanotubes are fabricated as electrodes in electrochemical double-layer capacitors. Using mounded mixture comprising carbon nanotubes and binder powders provides these tablets. Comparison of the effect of different processing on the structural performance of the capacitors is specifically investigated. Using chemically treated electrodes, electrochemical double-layer capacitors with a specific capacitance of about 33 F/g are obtained with 38 wt % H2SO4 as the electrolyte.     

催化剂种类对PECVD制备碳纳米管的影响

采用PEVCD技术,分别用Fe、Ni、Co作为催化剂,在Si基底上沉积出了不同形貌的碳纳米管．并用扫描电镜对碳纳米管的形貌进行了表征．而且深入研究了不同催化剂种类对碳纳米管生长的影响机理．结果表明：Ni是这3种催化剂中最适合沉积碳纳米管的催化剂．     

Prediction of wall deposition behaviour in a pilot-scale spray dryer using deposition correlations for pipe flows

INTRODUCTION Abbott (1990) reported that wall deposition inspray dryers may pose a potential fire risk and com-promise hygiene requirements, and reduce productquality and yield. Spray dryer hazards include igni-tion of explosible dust clouds, dust deposits, bulkpowder deposits and flammable vapour. Kieviet(1997) noted that wall deposition affected the resi-dence time distribution of particles, and particularlythat an important factor in determining residencetimes with high wall deposition…     

氮在碳纳米管结构变化中的作用

利用等离子体增强热丝化学气相沉积制备了碳纳米管，并用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对生长的碳纳米管进行了表征。发现用CH4和H2制备的是空芯碳纳米管，而在反应气体中加入NH3后，生长的碳纳米管是竹节型结构的碳纳米管，表明氮在碳纳米管的结构变化过程中起到了重要的作用。根据氮对碳在催化剂中的扩散影响，分析了氮在碳纳米管结构发生变化过程中的作用。     

循环流化床燃煤锅炉掺烧燃气试验研究

为探索循环流化床燃煤锅炉掺烧可燃气体的可行性及运行效果,对某煤化工企业工艺流程进行优化,将原工艺流程至放散（火炬）系统的富余可燃气通过燃料气系统引入燃煤锅炉掺烧。研究了掺烧燃气量对煤耗、飞灰含碳量及锅炉产汽量的影响。结果表明,150t/h燃煤锅炉掺烧燃气4000Nm3/h时,运行效果改善明显,煤耗平均降低10%,飞灰含碳量平均降低8%～12%,产汽量提高20%。     

高频红外吸收法测定金属纤维铁铬铝中的碳

应用高频红外碳硫仪器测定金属纤维FeCrAl中的碳含量,对助熔剂、称样量、最短分析时间和比较水平等测定条件进行了优化选择,采用钨作助熔剂,称样量为0．4g,测定结果满足分析要求．     

乙醇－水－4A分子筛体系三相平衡研究

对乙醇－水－４Ａ分子筛体系的气液固三相平衡关系进行了研究．结果表明，吸附剂的加入不改变气相与主体液相间的平衡关系．给出了计算气液固（吸附剂）三相平衡关系的计算方法     

Laboratory and numerical study on an enhanced evaporation process in a loess soil column subjected to heating

The water vapor diffusion can be enhanced by the heating from municipal solid waste, and significantly impact the evaporation process in the earthen final cover. The parameters associated with the water vapor diffusion are usually measured by using the instantaneous profile method. This method is very time-consuming because the drying process lasts a long time. In this study, a bottom heating method is proposed to accelerate the drying process in a loess soil column. A constant temperature of 70 °C is applied at the bottom of the soil column. The thermo-hydraulic response of the loess is monitored along the soil column. A numerical model is developed to simulate the coupled thermo-hydraulic process. The numerical model is used to back analyze the tortuosity τ of the loess for vapor diffusion and the parameter a of an empirical evaporation function. We found that the bottom heating accelerated the drying process of the soil column by almost 22 d compared with the conditions without heating under the same evaporation boundary. Before Day 15, the proportions of the enhanced vapor flux in the total water loss were higher than 50%, dominating the evaporation process. The experimental and numerical study demonstrated that the proposed heating method is able to obtain the parameters of vapor diffusion more efficiently than the conventional method.     

Experimental performance of moderate and high temperature heat pump charged with refrigerant mixture BY-3

Theoretical and experimental analysis of a new refrigerant mixture BY-3 was conducted based on a single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system. The water-water heat pump system used BY-3 to produce hot water when the low temperature was 20 ℃. The following results were obtained: the highest temperature at the condenser outlet reached about 85 ℃; when the difference between the water temperatures at the condenser outlet and the evaporator inlet was less than 40 ℃, the coefficient of performance (COP) was larger than 4; when the difference reached 55 ℃, the COP still kept 3; the discharge temperature of BY-3 was lower than 100 ℃, and the refrigerant vapor pressure kept lower than 1.8 MPa. When the water temperature at the condenser outlet reached over 85 ℃, nearly a 5 ℃ superheating temperature was maintained.     

Nitrate Removal from Drinking Water with Sodium Citrate as Sole Carbon Source

Nitrateremovalfromdrinkingwaterisoneofthemainproblemsinwaterresearch. Severalnitrateremovalmethodssuchasionexchange, reverseosmosis, electrodialysis, distillation, chemicalreductionandbio denitrificationhavebeenemployedwithdifferentratesofefficiency[1, 2]. Bio denitrificationhasbeenprovedtobeoneofthemostfeasible, advanced,selectiveandcosteffectiveprocessesforremovingnitratebydissimilationreduction[3], whichtransformsnitrateintonitrogengas[4]. Thisprocesshasbeenappliedtonitrogenremovalofwas…