Preparation of AI-TiC Composite Coating by Laser Cladding Technology

采用预置激光熔覆技术,将Al-Ti-C混合粉末预置于铝合金基体表面,并在氩气保护下,利用YAG激光器实现了在铝合金表面原位形成Al -TiC复合熔覆层.通过改变激光束能量密度和激光束扫描速度等工艺参数,获得了不同工艺条件下的激光熔覆层,并对其显微组织、物相分布及耐磨性能进行比较研究.结果表明由于激光能量密度和激光束扫描速度不同,所形成的熔覆层中TiC的分布状态有很大差别.随着激光能量密度的增大,TiC分布趋于均匀.当激光束扫描速度为2.5mm/s、激光束能量密度为6.09 J/mm2时,熔覆层具有最高的耐磨性能.     

汽车用AZ91镁合金的表面激光改性研究

为了解决压铸AZ91镁合金耐蚀和耐磨性能较差的问题,采用激光熔覆的方法在汽车用压铸AZ91镁合金表面制备了激光熔覆层,研究了激光功率和激光扫描速度对熔覆层成型、截面和表面形貌、物相组成、耐蚀和耐磨性能的影响。结果表明,过小/过大激光功率或者过大扫描速度会使得熔覆层中产生气孔、熔坑等缺陷;不同激光功率和扫描速度下,熔覆层与AZ91镁合金基体结合良好,AZ91镁合金表面激光熔覆层都主要由α-Mg、Mg₁₇Al₁₂、AlCu₄、Al₄MgY和MgAl相组成;随着激光功率增加,熔覆层表面晶界间距离和晶粒尺寸增大,熔覆层平均维氏硬度会逐渐减小;随着激光扫描速度增加,熔覆层厚度和熔覆层晶粒尺寸逐渐减小。激光熔覆层的耐蚀性和耐磨性都优于AZ91镁合金基体,Al-Cu/Y₂O₃熔覆层适宜的激光熔覆工艺为：激光功率1100 W、扫描速度500 mm/min,此时激光熔覆层与基体结合良好,熔覆层致密、晶粒细小、硬度较高,具有良好的耐蚀性和耐磨性。     

激光熔覆技术修复纯镍板工艺研究

为了研究激光熔覆修复纯镍板孔洞的技术,建立了影响激光熔覆工艺参数的简化物理模型,并测得了参数变化与熔覆层尺寸的关系。结果表明:激光熔覆层形貌与送粉量相关,熔覆层宽度和高度与激光束移动速度关系密切;当激光功率1.5 kW、光斑直径4mm时,通过调节送粉量(0.75~1.75g/s)和激光束移动的速度(1~5mm/s),可以实现激光熔覆技术修复腐蚀的纯镍板,满足工业应用的要求。     

工艺参数对尼龙6选择性激光烧结制件致密度的影响

针对高性能聚合物尼龙6材料的选择性激光烧结(SLS)工艺,研究了不同激光功率与扫描速度对成型件致密度的影响并进行了工艺优化。实验中激光功率10~50 W,扫描速度1 000~5 000 mm/s,其他工艺参数保持恒定。引入能量密度对激光功率与扫描速度的综合作用进行研究。结果表明:随着激光功率的增加或扫描速度的增大,制件的致密度呈现先增大后减小的趋势;随着能量密度的增加,制件的致密度呈现先增大后减小的趋势。在不同工艺参数下,获得制件的最大致密度为86.74%,此时激光功率为30 W,扫描速度为2 000mm/s,能量密度为0.043 J/mm^2。选定致密度为衡量指标,通过响应面回归分析模型建立了激光功率、扫描速度与致密度的优选工艺图谱,得到最优的工艺参数为激光功率45 W,扫描速度3 465 mm/s,此时预测的制件致密度为88.971%。     

激光熔覆TiC-NiCrBSi金属陶瓷涂层中TiC相的形态及分布特征

以TiC-NiCrBSi混合粉末为原料,采用激光熔覆技术在Ti一6Al-4V钛合金表面制备TiC-Ni基金属陶瓷涂层。用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了熔覆层中TiC的形态、分布及其与基体γ-Ni固溶体的界面结构。结果表明：在激光辐照加热过程中,TiC颗粒发生了部分溶解,在冷却过程中溶解在Ni基合金中的Ti和C原子又以TiC颗粒和树枝晶形式沉淀析出。尺寸较小的液析TiC颗粒多分布在γ-Ni树枝晶内部,尺寸较大的液析TiC颗粒和未溶TiC颗粒多分布在γ-Ni树枝晶之间。当TiC体积分数超过50％时,TiC颗粒在熔覆层中出现聚集现象。熔覆层中液析TiC颗粒与γ-Ni基体之间具有干净、光滑界面结构,未溶TiC颗粒与γ-Ni基体之间具有外延生长界面结构。     

提高发动机铝合金件耐磨性的表面处理工艺

介绍了各种表面处理工艺在提高发动机铝合金件耐磨性能中的研究和应用,包括等离子喷涂、等离子弧焊、等离子扫描、等离子电解、电镀、物理气相沉积和激光熔覆成形工艺,对表面强化铝合金耐磨件的应用前景进行了展望。     

铜对铁基合金激光熔覆涂层的影响

采用激光熔覆技术在Q235A钢表面制备Fe/Cu复合涂层,利用XRD,SEM,TEM和滑动磨损试验等方法研究了Cu对铁基合金激光熔覆涂层的影响.结果表明,未经时效处理的Fe/Cu熔覆层主要是由α-Fe、正交结构的M7C3和M23C6构成.在马氏体上分布着高密度的位错,而且位错沿着熔覆基材向熔覆层方向延伸分布.熔覆层经时效处理后,ε-Cu颗粒沿着M7C3相由过饱和α-Fe中弥散析出,对其周围的位错起钉扎作用.时效后熔覆层的表面耐磨性能显著提高.     

TiC添加量对等离子熔覆Ni60–WC复合涂层性能的影响

在45钢上通过等离子熔覆制备了WC?TiC?Ni涂层,对其物相、显微硬度和滑动摩擦磨损行为进行了分析.结果表明:熔覆层与基体材料之间为冶金结合,熔覆层表面无裂纹和气孔.TiWC2的形成使得熔覆层的显微硬度和耐磨性得到提高.当TiC的添加量为20％(质量分数)时,涂层的平均显微硬度高达1072.5 HV,较WC/Ni熔覆层高了128 HV,此时涂层的耐磨性最好.     

CO2连续激光烧蚀CFRP树脂层工艺优化

碳纤维树脂基复合材料(CFRP)的激光表面处理是一项重要工艺，主要用于CFRP的胶接或修复。CFRP表面粗糙度和树脂清除程度是衡量加工效果的主要标准。为探索内在机理和优化连续激光表面处理的参数，开展CO₂连续激光烧蚀CFRP树脂层试验。通过点射试验确定最小离焦量激光半径为1 477.47μm，进行矩形表面处理试验发现，激光功率在30～60 W范围内的粗糙度先减小后增大并在60 W得到最大值，扫描速度为70 mm/s时得到最佳效果。同时对加工后CFRP表面起伏值计算发现，CFRP表面起伏值随功率和扫描速度变化的规律基本和粗糙度结果一致，功率和扫描速度两组参数是相互关联的。构造连续激光烧蚀树脂层的能量密度单元体，然后把参数转化为能量密度发现，能量密度为0.285～0.571 J/mm²范围内进行处理得到质量效果较好的表面，而且在0.571 J/mm²时粗糙度得到最大值7.816μm，清洗后仍保持可以用于胶接的较高粗糙度。此外，通过不规则图形扫描试验发现，能量密度为0.794 J/mm²得到最佳表面效果。...     

45钢表面激光熔覆WC／Co金属陶瓷

研究了45钢表面WC／Co金属陶瓷激光熔覆层的组织、界面特征及其形成机制,分析了激光熔覆层中涂层元素和硬度的分布特征。结果表明,激光熔覆使WC／Co等离子喷涂层的片层状组织特征消除,形成了连续致密的熔覆层;由于涂层中不同部位的成分。温度分布及冷速不同使初生相呈树枝状、多边形块状、花瓣状、条状及颗粒状等几种形态;实现了涂层与基体间的冶金结合,结合带宽度约3-5μp;涂层硬度达1794HV0.1。     

In situ TiBX/TiXNiY/TiC reinforced Ni60 composites by laser cladding and its effect on the tribological properties

Ni-based composite coatings reinforced by TiB_X/Ti_XNi_Y/TiC with different Ti6Al4V contents were precipitated on a 35CrMoV substrate via laser cladding. The phase composition, elemental distribution, and precipitated phases of the coatings were characterised using X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The mechanical and tribological properties of the cladding layer were also characterised. The results showed that the coating contained TiB₂, TiC, TiB, Ni₃Ti, and NiTi₂ phases with uniform elemental distribution and grain refinement. A schematic of the growth model and precipitation sequence of the reinforced phases was generated. The microstructure, elemental segregation, hardness, and friction behaviour of the cladding layer were significantly influenced by the addition of Ti6Al4V. The optimal microstructure and best mechanical properties were obtained by the addition of 4 wt% Ti6Al4V, with that coating possessing a hardness, average friction coefficient, and wear volume of 770.8 HV₁, 0.180 and 6132 um³, respectively.     

Core-shell ZrC/Ti2AlC reinforced composite coatings prepared by laser cladding on Zr-alloy substrates

Core-shell ZrC/Ti₂AlC reinforced intermetallic composite coatings were successfully prepared by laser cladding in-situ reaction using TiAl–TiC–Al powder preset on R60702 zirconium alloy surface. As-obtained coatings showed good metallurgical bonding with substrates. Composite coatings mainly contained dendritic ZrC/Ti₂AlC reinforced phase with core-shell structure and intermetallic matrix of Ti_xAl_y and Zr_xAl_y, with small amounts of Ti₃AlC. During laser pool solidification, TiC nucleated at boundary of primary precipitated ZrC dendrite. Al atoms then diffused into TiC outer layer during subsequent solidification process to finally form core-shell structure with ZrC as core and Ti₂AlC as outer layer. Ti₂AlC phase of shell structure improved physical performance between hard ZrC particles and matrix in terms of hardness and thermal expansion coefficient. The maximum hardness of cladding layer (848.8 HV) was 5-fold higher than that of zirconium alloy substrate. Also, no cracking was found inside the coatings or at the junction with substrates. In sum, these findings look promising for future applications of MAX phase composite coatings in nuclear power equipment.     

Microhardness and wear resistance of Al2O3-TiB2-TiC ceramic coatings on carbon steel fabricated by laser cladding

Al₂O₃-TiB₂-TiC ceramic coatings with high microhardness and wear resistance were fabricated on the surfaces of carbon steel substrates by laser cladding using different coating formulations. The microstructures of these ceramic coatings with the different coating formulations were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometer. The wear resistance and wear mechanism were analyzed using Vickers microhardness and sliding wear tests. The results showed that when the amount of independent Al₂O₃ was increased to 30%, the ceramic coatings had a favorable surface formation quality and strong metallurgical bond with the steel matrix. The cladding layer was uniformly and densely organized. The black massive Al₂O₃, white granular TiB₂, and TiC distributed on the Fe substrate significantly increased the microhardness and wear resistance. The laser cladding ceramic coating had many hard strengthening phases, and thus resisted the extrusion of rigid particles in frictional contact parts. Therefore, the wear process ended with a “cutting-off” loss mechanism.     

Optimization of microstructure and properties of composite coatings by laser cladding on titanium alloy

Recently, the current technological progress in developing laser cladding technology has brought new approaches in surface modification of titanium alloys. Herein, composite coatings were fabricated by the laser cladding process on Ti811 alloys using a coaxial powder feeding method. A comprehensive study was performed on the laser energy density (L_ed) and CeO₂ content on the structure distribution, microhardness and tribological properties of the coatings. In addition, the growth mechanism of the TiC–TiB₂ structure was studied based on the Bramfitt two-dimensional lattice mismatch theory. The results indicated that the phase composition of the coating mainly contained TiC, TiB₂, Ti₂Ni, and α-Ti. The optimized coating contributed to uniform microstructure distribution and fine grain size when L_ed was 45 J/mm² and the CeO₂ content was 2 wt%, playing an important role in the best forming quality and properties. Besides, the high matching degree of an interface between TiC (111) and TiB₂ (0001) contributed to the TiC–TiB₂ composite structure, which positively influenced the grain size and distribution of TiC. The microhardness and wear resistance of the 2Ce coating was dramatically enhanced due to the fine grain strengthening and dispersion strengthening effects of CeO₂, contributing directly to generate a high average hardness of 811.67 HV_0.5 with a lower friction coefficient.     

民机铝合金蒙皮的激光织构化处理

采用波长为1064 nm的激光表面处理设备在2024-T3铝合金表面刻蚀出平行线、正方形和菱形这3种织构表面。采用扫描电子显微镜与激光共聚焦显微镜观察了不同织构表面的微观形貌。通过测量对水和甘油的接触角来评价它们的浸润性。用拉脱法测试了其表面环氧涂层的附着力。结果表明,在单位面积能量密度相同的情况下,表面织构为正方形和菱形的试样表面粗糙度由处理前的1.9μm分别提升至7.6μm和7.9μm,表现出更好的浸润性,环氧涂层的附着力比未处理试样提高了70%左右,而平行线织构表面的涂层附着力只提高了24%。通过金相观察、强度失效分析及硬度测试发现,织构化处理对飞机蒙皮的力学性能基本没有影响。     

Statistical evaluation of laser energy density effect on mechanical properties of polyamide parts manufactured by selective laser sintering

Selective laser sintering (SLS) is a rapid manufacturing technology that builds layer‐by‐layer solid object from particulate materials. Nowadays there are materials that are used to produce prototypes and end‐user parts. Powders might be made from metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. The union or fusion of the particles is made by the energy provided by a heated environment and a laser beam. Parts are built based on data extracted from its CAD design. The process has many variables that directly affect the mechanical properties of the parts. One important and direct processing parameter is laser energy density. This work evaluated the effect of the variation of the energy density in the mechanical properties of a polymeric material by changing laser beam speed and average power. The analyzed variables were stress at 10% of elongation, flexural modulus, and density of the samples built with polyamide 2200 (PA2200‐EOSINT) using a CO₂ laser (10 W). Specimens obtained by combination of different laser powers (2.7, 3.4, and 4.1 W) and laser scan speeds (39.0, 44.5, and 50.0 mm/s) were submitted to flexural tests. Additionally, volumetric density was calculated with mass and physical dimensions of specimens, and micrograph were taken using scanning electron microscope to analyze the changes of the sintering degree. The results indicated that laser power had more influence over density and mechanical properties than scan speed. The microstructures presented good correlation with the statistical results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Glass Fiber Reinforced Polycarbonate Composites for Laser Direct Structuring and Electroless Copper Plating

Glass fiber (GF) reinforced polycarbonate (PC) composites were prepared for laser direct structuring (LDS) applications. A small amount of styrene–maleic anhydride (SMA) was introduced to enhance GF/PC interfacial interactions. The PC/SMA/GF LDS composites using metal complex as LDS additive were investigated for applicability in copper circuit development. Rough surface patterns by laser irradiation under different laser parameters were measured by microscopy and Fourier infrared spectrometry. Copper particles and plating layer by subsequent electroless copper plating procedure was observed using microscopy. Thickness of plating layer and adhesion between layer and matrix were also evaluated. The results showed that laser repetition and scanning speed led to different resolutions and ablated surfaces without structural changes of composites. Copper particles gradually deposited, grew, and interconnected during metallization procedure. Plating layer was successfully formed at an optimum LDS additive loading, and appropriate scanning speed and repetition of laser. In addition, the plating layer displayed disparate thickness and distribution, owing to different activated surfaces by irradiation. Severe ablation or unetched parallel regions resulted in leaky or discontinuous plating layer. Better plating microstructure and higher adhesion were obtained for the composite material with 1.0 wt% LDS additive loading, supporting its extensive development and practical application in LDS technology. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 60:860–871, 2020. © 2020 Society of Plastics Engineers     

激光熔覆原位合成TiC-TiB2/Ni基金属陶瓷涂层的组织和摩擦磨损性能

采用激光熔覆技术,以NiCrBSiC预合金粉末为原料,在TC4合金表面制备出以原位合成的TiC和TiB2颗粒为增强相的Ni基金属陶瓷涂层。测试了涂层的显微硬度。利用销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机,以YG8B硬质合金为对磨偶件(盘),评价了涂层的干滑动摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:涂层的硬度Hv为900～1100,摩擦系数为0.2～0.3,质量磨损率比TC4合金降低约1个数量级。