互联电力系统联络线功率波动机理及其扰动概率分析

广域测量系统的历史数据中统计的电网每日发生有效扰动次数的突然变化能够反映系统的稳定水平的变化,因此研究并从理论上给出扰动概率和阻尼比的数学关系对分析和评估电网的稳定性具有重要意义。基于此,在分析了计及网络中功率扰动的小干扰计算的基础上,通过分析联络线对扰动的响应,推导得出了联络线功率波动幅值与阻尼比的解析关系。然后,基于扰动服从正态分布的假设给出扰动概率与阻尼比的关系式。最后以10机39节点系统为例进行算例分析,验证了推导得出的联络线振荡幅值解析表达式的正确性和分析了联络线功率扰动概率与阻尼比的关系。研究结果可为广域测量系统历史统计数据的分析及电网稳定性评估提供理论参考。     

Application of static VAr compensators to increase power systemdamping

A theory for analyzing power system damping enhancement by application of static VAr compensators (SVCs) has been developed using the equal area criterion. Some fundamental issues, such as the effect of SVCs on a power system, how to control an SVC to improve system damping, and the differences between continuous and discontinuous control of SVC reactive power to achieve the maximum damping improvement, are discussed. A discontinuous SVC reactive power output at discrete points is determined from the power deviation on a transmission line. Time-domain simulations of the application of this approach to a one-machine system to increase swing oscillation damping and to a four-machine system to increase the damping of an interarea oscillation mode demonstrate that the theory and method can be applied to solve practical power system damping problems     

Effects of various power system stabilizers on improving power system dynamic performance

To ensure the small-signal stability of a power system, power system stabilizers (PSSs) are extensively applied for damping low frequency power oscillations through modulating the excitation supplied to synchronous machines, and increasing interest has been focused on developing different PSS schemes to tackle the threat of damping oscillations to power system stability. This paper examines four different PSS models and investigates their performances on damping power system dynamics using both small-signal eigenvalue analysis and large-signal dynamic simulations. The four kinds of PSSs examined include the Conventional PSS (CPSS), Single Neuron based PSS (SNPSS), Adaptive PSS (APSS) and Multi-band PSS (MBPSS). A steep descent parameter optimization algorithm is employed to seek the optimal PSS design parameters. To evaluate the effects of these PSSs on improving power system dynamic behaviors, case studies are carried out on an 8-unit 24-bus power system through both small-signal eigenvalue analysis and large-signal time-domain simulations.     

Damping representation for power system stability studies

The paper includes a review and summary of the actual damping in electric power systems and the methods for modeling such damping in the various computer programs used to study power system stability. It is concluded that great care is required in both software development and program application to avoid serious errors in the study of power system stability. Judgment is often required for reasonable modeling of damping. Recommendations are provided to guide the power system stability practitioner, and research activities are recommended     

Load modelling in studies of power system damping

This paper considers the significance of load voltage dynamics in studies of power system damping. A generic model of dynamic loads is used to investigate the influence of active and reactive power dynamics on the damping of oscillations in a multimachine power system. The interaction between the load and the power system is explored in terms of load and system transfer functions. It is shown that the power system transfer function is composed of a static part and a dynamic part. The static part is derived from the power flow Jacobian. The investigations indicate that load voltage dynamics can significantly influence the damping of modal oscillations. Static load models can give quite misleading predictions of damping when loads actually exhibit dynamic behaviour     

Advanced SVC control for damping power system oscillations

A new SVC (static VAR compensation) control for damping of power system oscillations has been developed. To increase system damping an SVC uses a phase angle signal estimated from the measurement of voltage and power at the SVC location. By means of an optimization and identification procedure, optimized design of the damping control with various control concepts can be determined, taking into account nonlinear power systems. As a result of this method it is possible to increase power system damping considerably, in particular in critical situations close to the stability limit, using only locally measured state variables at the SVC, thus leading to an increase in the transmission capability of the power system     

An active power control strategy for a DFIG-based wind farm to depress the subsynchronous resonance of a power system

This study presents a novel auxiliary damping control strategy to depress subsynchronous resonance (SSR) oscillations in nearby turbine generators. In the proposed control strategy, SSR damping is achieved by adding turbine generator speed as a supplementary signal at the active power loop of the rotor-side converter (RSC) of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farms. To design the SSR auxiliary damping controller, a transfer function between turbine generator speed and the output active power of the wind farms was introduced to derive the analytical expression of the damping coefficient. Then the damping effect of the active power of the DFIG-based wind farms was analyzed, and the phase range to obtain positive damping was determined. Next, the PID phase compensation parameters of the auxiliary damping controller were optimized by genetic algorithm to obtain the optimum damping in the entire subsynchronous frequency band. The last, the validity and effectiveness of the proposed auxiliary damping control were demonstrated on a modified version of the IEEE first benchmark model by time domain simulation analysis with the use of DigSILENT/PowerFactory.     

Damping forced oscillations in power system via interline power flow controller with additional repetitive control

With the continuous expansion of power systems and the application of power electronic equipment, forced oscillation has become one of the key problems in terms of system safety and stability. In this paper, an interline power flow controller (IPFC) is used as a power suppression carrier and its mechanism is analyzed using the linearized state-space method to improve the system damping ratio. It is shown that although the IPFC can suppress forced oscillation with well-designed parameters, its capability of improving the system damping ratio is limited. Thus, combined with the repetitive control method, an additional repetitive controller (ARC) is proposed to further dampen the forced power oscillation. The ARC control scheme is characterized by outstanding tracking performance to a system steady reference value, and the main IPFC controller with the ARC can provide higher damping, and further reduce the amplitude of oscillations to zero compared with a supplementary damping controller (SDC). Simulation results show that the IPFC with an ARC can not only greatly reduce the oscillation amplitude, but also actively output the compensation power according to the reference value of the ARC tracking system.     

多机系统多变量励磁控制下的阻尼守恒、阻尼竞争与阻尼协调

本文从多机电力系统总阻尼的概念出发,证明了多变量励磁控制并不增加电力系统总阻尼.在AVR的基础上附加转速、功角、功率,乃至于附加远方机组任意信号的复杂多变量励磁控制方式下,电力系统总阻尼保持守恒,其数值与单纯AVR控制时相等.由于电力系统所有模式阻尼之和为常数,所以在试图增加某一模式阻尼时必然导致削弱其他模式的阻尼.这是设计多变量励磁规律时的阻尼竞争现象.附加励磁控制的实质仅仅是在各模式阻尼相互竞争、彼此消长中寻求协调与平衡.当系统满足阻尼守恒条件时,给所有模式增加阻尼的企图是不可实现的.     

UPFC改善含风电电力系统阻尼特性分析

风力发电并网容量的提高对电力系统阻尼特性的影响越来越明显,需研究相关措施来改善风电并网后系统阻尼特性。构建了含统一潮流控制器UPFC(Unified Power Flow Controller)的风电并网系统数学模型,设计了UPFC附加功率振荡阻尼控制器,以IEEE 2区域4机系统为例,从特征根分析和动态时域仿真两方面系统地分析了所提UPFC对含风电电力系统阻尼特性的改善效果。研究结果表明,所设计的UPFC增强了含风电电力系统的阻尼效果,使互联系统在高联络线传输功率下仍可稳定运行。     

电力系统阻尼特性规律探索

为了探索电力系统阻尼特性规律,给出了电力系统小干扰稳定模型的一般形式,推导了考虑发电机励磁控制作用、定子侧电阻及线路电阻等情况下单机-无穷大系统小干扰分析线性化数学模型.利用特征分析法,分析了定子侧电阻对振荡模式阻尼的影响,振荡模式总阻尼的守恒现象,阻尼守恒成立的基本条件,阻尼在不同振荡模式之间的传递规律.结果表明:随着励磁放大倍数的增加,系统机电模式阻尼减少,系统阻尼由机电模式流向非机电模式;系统引入电力系统稳定器(PSS)后,系统机电模式总阻尼随着PSS放大倍数的增加而增加,系统阻尼从非机电模式流向机电模式.     

A DC‐side damping control method for power converters to suppress resonance in DC power network

This paper describes a damping control method of power converters for suppression of resonance in DC power network. The resonance occurs when a resonant frequency of the DC distribution line coincides with the frequency of the harmonic or interharmonic components generated by the power converters. For detailed investigation, a combined system which consists of a pulse‐width modulated (PWM) rectifier and a PWM inverter is treated as the simplest example. To suppress the resonance, a DC‐side damping control method is proposed and its implementation and design method are discussed in detail. Then, the proposed damping control method is applied to the combined system of a PWM rectifier and a PWM inverter. Experimental results verify the validity and practicability of the proposed damping control method. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Robustness of damping control implemented by Energy Storage Systems installed in power systems

An Energy Storage System (ESS) installed in a power system can effectively damp power system oscillations through controlling exchange of either active or reactive power between the ESS and power system. This paper investigates the robustness of damping control implemented by the ESS to the variations of power system operating conditions. It proposes a new analytical method based on the well-known equal-area criterion and small-signal stability analysis. By using the proposed method, it is concluded in the paper that damping control implemented by the ESS through controlling its active power exchange with the power system is robust to the changes of power system operating conditions. While if the ESS damping control is realized by controlling its reactive power exchange with the power system, effectiveness of damping control changes with variations of power system operating condition. In the paper, an example of power system installed with a battery ESS (BESS) is presented. Simulation results confirm the analytical conclusions made in the paper about the robustness of ESS damping control. Laboratory experiment of a physical power system installed with a 35 kJ/7 kW Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) was carried out to evaluate theoretical study. Results are given in the paper, which demonstrate that effectiveness of SMES damping control realized through regulating active power is robust to changes of load conditions of the physical power system.     

Improvement of synchronizing power and damping power by means of SSSC and STATCOM: A comparative study

This paper examines the influence of Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and STATic synchronous COMpensator (STATCOM) on the synchronizing power and damping power of a single-machine infinite bus system. The main function of SSSC is to compensate for the voltage drop across the impedance transmission line while the STATCOM provides voltage support at the point of connection at the transmission line. Beside their main function, SSSC and STATCOM can also be used to improve the synchronizing power and damping power, which in turns improve the small signal stability of power systems and thus more power can be transmitted. The SSSC has two modes of operation: (1) constant reactance mode and (2) constant quadrature voltage mode. It was shown that SSSC provides higher synchronizing and damping powers when operated in constant reactance mode than constant quadrature voltage mode. Comparing SSSC with STATCOM, the SSSC, in constant reactance mode, has been found to provide higher synchronizing and damping powers than the STATCOM. However, the STATCOM provides higher synchronizing and damping power than the SSSC when it operates on constant quadrature voltage mode.     

On the robust LQG control of TCSC for damping power systemoscillations

This paper deals with the application of the LQG (linear quadratic Gaussian) technique to the design of a robust TCSC (thyristor controlled series compensator) controller for power system oscillation damping enhancement. This paper discusses each process involved in the LQG design technique applied to the TCSC damping controller design. This paper also discusses the pitfalls in applying the LTR (loop transfer recovery) technique to reserve the robustness of the LQG damping controller. The robustness of the designed controller is verified by nonlinear power system simulation, which shows that the controller is effective for damping power system oscillations     

有源滤波器在不同网络中的应用分析

介绍了并联型有源滤波器对谐波抑制的作用。基于电压检测控制的并联型有源电力滤波器相当于一个有源阻尼,对谐波分量呈现出阻抗特性,除了具有抑制谐波进入电网的能力之外,还能阻尼谐波共振。将并联型有源电力滤波器应用于两种不同类型的电力线网络,然后评估其在不同类型网络结构中的滤波和阻尼共振的性能。第一种电力网为220 V配电网,第二种电力网为简化的150 k V太阳能发电网络,容量为444.4 MVA。并且使用谐波共振模态分析和计算参与因数的方法来确定有源滤波器的最佳安置位置,使有源滤波器滤波和抑制共振的效果最优。     

利用含储能装置的STATCOM阻尼电力系统多模态振荡

研究了多机系统中使用储能装置与静止无功发生器(STATCOM)的集成抑制电力系统多模态振荡的可行性。推导了集成电池储能系统(BESS)的STATCOM的非线性动态模型和线性化Phillips-Heffron模型。利用STATC0M/BESS能够和系统自由交换有功功率和无功功率的特点,在每个控制回路上设计附加阻尼控制器阻尼多模态振荡。基于可控性指标确定STATCOM/BESS的安装地点并为各模态选择控制回路,使用人工鱼群算法进行多个阻尼控制器间的协调优化。仿真结果表明,单个STATCOM/BESS能够成功实现电力系统多模态振荡的抑制;阻尼效果受容量限制的影响,容量大时阻尼效果好。     

电力系统低频振荡和次同步振荡统一模型阻尼分析

电力系统低频振荡和次同步振荡可能存在阻尼耦合,电力系统稳定器PSS(Power System Stabilizer)等控制装置的加入在抑制低频振荡的基础上,会引发系统次同步振荡。从系统阻尼出发,运用小干扰分析法．对低频振荡和次同步振荡实施统一建模,并分析系统的阻尼变化规律。对算例运用特征根分析法．分析比较了PSS、励磁放大倍数以及发电机出力和功率因数等参数变化对系统各振荡模式阻尼的影响。结果表明系统阻尼守恒,且低频振荡与次同步振荡不可共容;在调节以上参数时须考虑对低频振荡和次同步振荡的双重影响。     

Design of an ANN tuned adaptive UPFC supplementary damping controller for power system dynamic performance enhancement

A supplementary damping controller for a unified power flow controller (UPFC) is designed for power system dynamic performance enhancement. To maintain a good damping characteristic over a wide range of operating conditions, the gains of the UPFC supplementary damping controller are adapted in real time, based on online measured transmission line loadings (active and reactive power flows). To speed up the online gain adaptation process, an artificial neural network is designed. A major feature for the proposed adaptive UPFC supplementary damping controller is that only physically measurable variables (active and reactive power flows over the transmission line) are employed as inputs to the adaptive controller. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive UPFC supplementary damping controller, computer simulations are performed on a power system subject to a three-phase fault. It is concluded from the simulation results that the proposed adaptive UPFC supplementary damping controller can yield satisfactory dynamic responses over a wide range conditions. The electromechanical mode with an oscillation frequency around 0.78 Hz has been effectively damped by the proposed damping compensators.     

励磁机时间常数对电力系统动态稳定性的影响

励磁机时间常数对电力系统动稳定有显著影响.在高放大倍数的AVR控制下,快速励磁较慢速励磁更容易恶化系统阻尼;但是在同时附加励磁控制的情况下,快速励磁可使系统的机电模式根轨迹远离虚轴,机电模式阻尼较大;而慢速励磁下,系统机电模式根轨迹接近虚轴,机电模式阻尼较小,快速励磁优于慢速励磁.通过对一个8机系统在AVR、AVR PSS和分散协调励磁调节三种控制规律下的特征分析和动态仿真表明:有附加励磁时,快速励磁比慢速励磁更有利于电力系统动态稳定性.最后借助特征向量理论揭示了所得结论的数学本质.