Air,Water and Soil Environmental Pollution and Regulation Mechanisms in Beijing and Its Ambient Area

1 Physical and Chemical Structural Characteristics of Urban ABLObtained preliminarily the atmospheric dynamic structure of the urban ABL: Urban heat island and urban wind, the zero-plane displacement and roughness of urban building blocks, the distribution and dynamic and thermal impacts of urban fog. In the aspect of city-scale simulation research, the effect of the topography around the outskirts of Beijing on the urban wind field and the effect of buildings on the urban atmospheric circulation are studied. The possible influencing mechanisms of the U-shaped mountains to the west and north of Beijing on the daily variation of the urban wind field, and the formation, transport and cumulation of urban pollutants are analyzed and some distribution charts are obtained.     

A Study of the Relationship between Air Pollutants and Inversion in the ABL over the City of Lanzhou

By analyzing the pollutant concentrations over the urban area and over the rural area of the city of Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China, the relationships between the daytime inversion intensity and the pollutant concentration in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are studied with the consideration of wind speed and direction, potential temperature, specific humidity profiles, pollutant concentration in the ABL, the surface temperature, and global radiation on the ground. It was shown that the daytime inversion is a key factor in controlling air pollution concentration. A clear and positive feedback process between the daytime inversion intensity and the air pollutants over the city was found through the analysis of influences of climatic and environmental factors. The mechanisms by which the terrain and air pollutants affect the formation of the daytime inversion are discussed. The solar radiation as the essential energy source to maintain the inversion is analyzed, as are various out-forcing factors affecting the inversion and air pollutants. At last, a physical frame of relationships of air pollution with daytime inversion and the local and out-forcing factors over Lanzhou is built.     

Characteristics of Boundary Layer Structure during a Persistent Haze Event in the Central Liaoning City Cluster,Northeast China

The characteristics of boundary layer structure during a persistent regional haze event over the central Liaoning city cluster of Northeast China from 16 to 21 December 2016 were investigated based on the measurements of particulate matter(PM) concentration and the meteorological data within the atmospheric boundary layer(ABL). During the observational period, the maximum hourly mean PM_(2.5) and PM10 concentrations in Shenyang, Anshan, Fushun, and Benxi ranged from 276 to 355 μg m–3 and from 378 to 442 μg m–3, respectively, and the lowest hourly mean atmospheric visibility(VIS) in different cities ranged from 0.14 to 0.64 km. The central Liaoning city cluster was located in the front of a slowly moving high pressure and was mainly controlled by southerly winds. Wind speed(WS) within the ABL( 2 km) decreased significantly and WS at 10-m height mostly remained below 2 m s–1 during the hazy episodes, which was favorable for the accumulation of air pollutants. A potential temperature inversion layer existed throughout the entire ABL during the earlier hazy episode [from 0500 Local Time(LT) 18 December to 1100 LT 19 December], and then a potential temperature inversion layer developed with the bottom gradually decreased from 900 m to 300 m. Such a stable atmospheric stratification further weakened pollutant dispersion. The atmospheric boundary layer height(ABLH) estimated based on potential temperature profiles was mostly lower than 400 m and varied oppositely with PM_(2.5) in Shenyang. In summary, weak winds due to calm synoptic conditions, strong thermal inversion layer, and shallow atmospheric boundary layer contributed to the formation and development of this haze event.The backward trajectory analysis revealed the sources of air masses and explained the different characteristics of the haze episodes in the four cities.     

A multi-scale urban atmospheric dispersion model for emergency management

To assist emergency management planning and prevention in case of hazardous chemical release into the atmosphere,especially in densely built-up regions with large populations,a multi-scale urban atmospheric dispersion model was established.Three numerical dispersion experiments,at horizontal resolutions of 10 m,50 m and 3000 m,were performed to estimate the adverse effects of toxic chemical release in densely built-up areas.The multi-scale atmospheric dispersion model is composed of the Weather Forecasting and Research （WRF） model,the Open Source Field Operation and Manipulation software package,and a Lagrangian dispersion model.Quantification of the adverse health effects of these chemical release events are given by referring to the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency＇s Acute Exposure Guideline Levels.The wind fields of the urban-scale case,with 3 km horizontal resolution,were simulated by the Beijing Rapid Update Cycle system,which were utilized by the WRF model.The sub-domain-scale cases took advantage of the computational fluid dynamics method to explicitly consider the effects of buildings.It was found that the multi-scale atmospheric dispersion model is capable of simulating the flow pattern and concentration distribution on different scales,ranging from several meters to kilometers,and can therefore be used to improve the planning of prevention and response programs.     

Impact of Different Aerosols on the Evolution of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

The present work analyzes the effect of aerosols on the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over Shangdianzi in Beijing.A one-dimensional ABL model and a radiative transfer scheme are incorporated to develop the structure of the ABL.The diurnal variation of the atmospheric radiative budget,atmospheric heating rate,sensible and latent heat fluxes,surface and the 2 m air temperatures as well as the ABL height,and its perturbations due to the aerosols with different single-scattering albedo (SSA) are studied by comparing the aerosol-laden atmosphere to the clean atmosphere.The results show that the absorbing aerosols cause less reduction in surface evaporation relative to that by scatting aerosols,and both surface temperature and 2 m temperature decrease from the clean atmosphere to the aerosol-laden atmosphere.The greater the aerosol absorption,the more stable the surface layer.After 12:00 am,the 2 m temperature increases for strong absorption aerosols.In the meantime,there is a slight decrease in the 2 m temperature for purely scattering aerosols due to radiative cooling.The purely scattering aerosols decrease the ABL temperature and enhance the capping inversion,further reducing the ABL height.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON EFFECTS OF HUMIDITY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION UPON IMAGINARY PART OF REFRACTIVE INDEX OF AEROSOL PARTICLES*

Experimental study is made of the relationship between the imaginary part of refractive index (IRI) of atmospheric aerosol particles and relative humidity,and between IRI and chemical element through the assay of chemical constituents of the particles.Evidence suggests that atmospheric humidity and aerosols' chemical ingredients have great effects on the IRI's and they should thus be considered in the research of the radiation properties of the particles in the atmosphere.     

Urbanization Impact on Regional Climate and Extreme Weather: Current Understanding,Uncertainties, and Future Research Directions

Urban environments lie at the confluence of social,cultural,and economic activities and have unique biophysical characteristics due to continued infrastructure development that generally replaces natural landscapes with built-up structures.The vast majority of studies on urban perturbation of local weather and climate have been centered on the urban heat island(UHI)effect,referring to the higher temperature in cities compared to their natural surroundings.Besides the UHI effect and heat waves,urbanization also impacts atmospheric moisture,wind,boundary layer structure,cloud formation,dispersion of air pollutants,precipitation,and storms.In this review article,we first introduce the datasets and methods used in studying urban areas and their impacts through both observation and modeling and then summarize the scientific insights on the impact of urbanization on various aspects of regional climate and extreme weather based on more than 500 studies.We also highlight the major research gaps and challenges in our understanding of the impacts of urbanization and provide our perspective and recommendations for future research priorities and directions.     

Analysis of Boundary Layer Structure,Turbulence, and Flux Variations before and after the Passage of a Sea Breeze Front Using Meteorological Tower Data

A detailed analysis of a sea breeze front(SBF) that penetrated inland in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration of China was conducted. We focused on the boundary layer structure, turbulence intensity, and fluxes before and after the SBF passed through two meteorological towers in the urban areas of Tianjin and Beijing, respectively.Significant changes in temperature, humidity, winds, CO₂, and aerosol concentrations were observed as the SBF passed. Differences in these changes ...     

A Review of Research on Human Activity Induced Climate ChangeⅠ. Greenhouse Gases and Aerosols

Extensive research on the sources and sinks of greenhouse gases, carbon cycle modeling, and the characterization of atmospheric aerosols has been carried out in China during the last 10 years or so. This paper presents the major achievements in the fields of emissions of greenhouse gases from agricultural lands, carbon cycle modeling, the characterization of Asian mineral dust, source identification of the precursors of the tropospheric ozone, and observations of the concentrations of atmospheric organic compounds. Special, more detailed Information on the emissions of methane from rice fields and the physical and chemical characteristics of mineral aerosols are presented.     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT ON THE EFFECT OF URBANIZATION UPON SUMMER LAND-SEA BREEZES IN THE COASTLAND OF GUANGXI

The 2003–2006 observations were utilized to analyze the surface characteristics of summer land-sea breezes along the coastland of Guangxi and the Weather Research and Forecast model was applied to simulate the breeze structure on August 1–2,2006.Results show that 1) the intensity and distributions of the breezes reproduced from improved urban underlying surface were close to observations.In the daytime the coastwise urban band was a convergent belt of sea breeze,corresponding to the centers of torrential rains;in the nighttime hours the surface of the Gulf of Tonkin (the Vietnamese name) or the Northern Bay (the Chinese name) acted as a convergent zone of land breezes,likely to produce convective cloud cluster;2) the experiment on urbanization showed the heat island effect enhancing (weakening) the sea (land) breeze development.Furthermore,the heat island effect mitigated the atmospheric cooling via radiation over the cities in the night,weakening sinking motion correspondingly,thereby suppressing the dominant factor responsible for the steady development of temperature inversion.As a result,the inversion vigor was reduced greatly,but nevertheless no strong effect of the decreased subsidence was found upon the inversion height.     

农林重大病虫害和农业气象灾害的预警及控制技术研究

由中国气象科学研究院主持，江苏农业科学院、广东气候应用研究所、吉林气象科学研究所、国家气候中心科研人员参加的“十五”国家科技攻关项目“农林重大病虫害和农业气象灾害的预警及控制技术研究”13课题“农业气象灾害预警技术研究”经过近3年的研究取得了大量成果，并于2003年12月顺利通过农业部项目办公室组织的专家验收，得到专家一致好评。     

农林重大病虫害和农业气象灾害的预警及控制技术研究

1农业气象灾害预警技术研究 2002年是"十五"国家科技攻关计划项目"农林重大病虫害和农业气象灾害的预警及控制技术研究"之第13课题(编号:2001BA509B13)实质性研究的一年,在收集资料、田间试验和模型研制等方面取得了较好的阶段性进展.年内广泛收集了环流、海温、气候及田间试验等各类资料.开展了干旱对小麦影响盆栽试验和油菜盆栽淹水试验,并在荔枝和香蕉园建立自动气象站,进行小气候观测.初步研制出4种灾害的长期统计预测模型和华南寒害短期数值天气预报模式,建立了基于东北玉米、华北小麦和夏玉米以及江淮小麦、油菜生长过程的动态模拟模式,探讨了实现作物模型区域化的方法,开展了区域气候模式与东北下垫面嵌套,生成作物模式所需预报值的方法试验.     

农林重大病虫害和农业气象灾害的预警及控制技术研究

1 农业气象灾害预警技术研究 对华北农业干旱、东北作物低温冷害、江淮小麦油菜渍害、华南经济林果寒害和水产寒害等农业气象灾害分别建立了统计预测模型和机理预测模型相结合、长中短不同预报时效相结合的预警预测模型。其中作物生长模型与区域气候模式相结合的新一代农业气象灾害预测技术在实现区域尺度预测应用上取得重要进展；各类预测模型在灾害指标、预测方法上取得新的突破，预报准确率进一步提高。在此基础上，成功研制出包含多种预测方法、不同预报时效、可供准业务运行的农业气象灾害多灾种综合预测预警系统。课题研制的模型进行了业务试验，部分成果如广东经济林果寒害预警已投入业务运行。课题于2005年12月顺利通过项目主持单位农业部组织的专家验收。该课题成果代表了我国目前农业气象灾害预警预测研究的最新进展和水平，对于进一步开展和提高其他地区、其他灾害的预报能力具有一定的推广借鉴作用和应用前景。     

农林重大病虫害和农业气象灾害的预警及控制技术研究

该项目经公开招标和专家评审后正式立项,由农业部、国家林业局、中国气象局共同组织,中国农业科学研究院植物保护研究所、四川省农科院植物保护研究所、中国农业大学、中国林业科学研究院森林保护研究所、中国林业大学、中国气象科学研究院、中国农业科学研究院农业气象研究所等单位共同承担,项目编号:2001BA509B。该项目共分15个课题2003年底前完成。我院主持其中两个课题,并参加另外两个课题的研究工作,主要在农业气象灾害预警、影     

农林重大病虫害和农业气象灾害的预警及控制技术研究

1 农业气象灾害预警技术研究 对华北农业干旱、东北作物低温冷害、江淮小麦油菜渍害、华南经济林果寒害和水产寒害等农业气象灾害分别建立了统计预测模型和机理预测模型相结合、长中短不同预报时效相结合的预警预测模型.其中作物生长模型与区域气候模式相结合的新一代农业气象灾害预测技术在实现区域尺度预测应用上取得重要进展;各类预测模型在灾害指标、预测方法上取得新的突破,预报准确率进一步提高.在此基础上,成功研制出包含多种预测方法、不同预报时效、可供准业务运行的农业气象灾害多灾种综合预测预警系统.课题研制的模型进行了业务试验,部分成果如广东经济林果寒害预警已投入业务运行.课题于2005年12月顺利通过项目主持单位农业部组织的专家验收.该课题成果代表了我国目前农业气象灾害预警预测研究的最新进展和水平,对于进一步开展和提高其他地区、其他灾害的预报能力具有一定的推广借鉴作用和应用前景.     

广西春夏季旱涝的等级划分及时空分布特征分析

利用广西80多个站点1961～2006年的逐月降水资料,采用Z指数定义方法,对广西春夏季的旱涝进行等级划分.利用经验正交函数(EOF)分析方法对春夏季旱涝等级的时空分布进行研究,给出了四个旱涝典型场的分布特征.分析结果表明:全区性偏涝或偏旱是春夏季早涝分布的最主要型态;春季和夏季的前4种分布形态都通过了显著性检验,两个季度的第一、第二分布形态都是全区一致型和南北反向型;春季近5年时间系数多为正值,说明近年来全区春季表现为偏旱;1990年以后,夏季第一特征向量时间系数只有3年为正值,其余均为负值,说明近16年广西夏季降水较多,以偏涝为主,年代际变化也较明显.     

Climate and oceanic fisheries: recent observations and projections and future needs

Several lines of evidence show that climatic variation and global warming can have a major effect on fisheries production and replenishment. To prevent overfishing and rebuild overfished stocks under changing and uncertain environmental conditions, new research partnerships between fisheries scientists and climate change experts are required. The International Workshop on Climate and Oceanic Fisheries held in Rarotonga, Cook Islands, 3–5 October 2011, brought representatives from these disciplines together to consider the effects of climate variability and change on oceanic fisheries, the tools and strategies required for identifying potential impacts on oceanic fisheries, and the priority adaptations for sustaining future harvests, especially in the Pacific Ocean. Recommendations made by the workshop included (1) development and implementation of sustainable management measures for fisheries; (2) long-term commitment to monitoring necessary to assess stock status and to conduct integrated ecosystem assessments; (3) process oriented research to evaluate the potential of marine species for adaptation to a changing ocean environment; (4) provision of improved national meteorological and hydrological services to fisheries agencies, enterprises and communities; (5) continuing communication of potential impacts and adaptation strategies to stakeholders to reduce the threats to oceanic fisheries and capitalise on opportunities; and (6) continued collaborative efforts between meteorological, oceanographic, biological and fisheries researchers and management agencies to better monitor and understand the impacts of short-term variability and longer-term change on oceanic fisheries.     

Concentration of Peroxides and Formaldehyde in Air and Rain and Gas-Rain Partitioning

Rain and air of Florence have been collected in a continuous way andanalysed by flow analysis spectrofluorimetric methods for formaldehydeand hydrogen peroxide. Diurnal and seasonal variations were observed;the mean/maximum concentrations of all data (as gm^–3) are 3.3/23.4 for HCHO and 0.4/4.93 forH₂O₂. The effect of external sources and ofphotochemical reactions produces periods of positive and negativecorrelations for these compounds. The mean/maximum rain concentration ofall data are 98/443 g l^–1 for HCHO and 84/685 g l^–1 for H₂O₂. Concentrationratios rain/air and discrepancies to Henry's Law equilibrium arediscussed.     

全省雷电监测定位网建设与应用

为加强全省雷电监测业务,开展雷电灾害预警、预报和评估,增强气象业务服务能力,2004年4月陕西省气象局与中科院空间技术应用中心签定协议,建设陕西省雷电监测定位网,2004年6月建成并投入使用,已在雷电灾害监测及评估中发挥了显著的效益,也可为全省气象预报、专业服务、人工影响     

雷电监测预警系统的原理及应用

本文讨论了有关雷电的基本知识，列举了目前存在的各种雷电定位方法，分析了雷电定位的几个过程。对近期引进VAISALA公司的SAFIR3000型雷电监测预警系统采用的探测原理做了分析，并总结了这套探测系统采用的VHF干涉测量原理特点及不足之处。