大功率脉管制冷机回热器填料优化研究北大核心CSCD

对一台液氮温区百瓦级制冷量的大功率斯特林型脉管制冷机的回热器填料进行了理论优化和实验研究。实验结果发现,在回热器冷端适当组合不同目数的丝网后,会把回热器分成两个部分,这在一定程度上能抑制大功率脉管制冷机回热器中的二次流动,降低回热器中部的温度非均匀性。通过实验得出该脉管制冷机中回热器填料的最优组合为300目不锈钢丝网搭配250目不锈钢丝网,组合比例为10∶1,最终在80 K获得了381.3 W的制冷量。回热器中部最大温差为30.3 K,相较于在回热器中填充单一300目不锈钢丝网的情况,降低了25.6 K。     

斯特林制冷机回热器热损研究

讨论了回热器的各种损失对斯特林制冷机的影响,对斯特林制冷机回热器的结构和丝网填料进行了分析,并模拟分析各种损失的影响.研究表明,回热器的结构、丝网填料对制冷机的性能有重大影响.     

基于Regen3.3的45K斯特林制冷机分层结构回热器的优化

回热器是回热式低温制冷机的关键部件,其性能优劣对制冷机的性能有决定性影响,因此研究回热器性能的影响因素、优化回热器结构参数非常重要。基于经典的热力学和流体力学原理,引入了表征回热器内部交变流动换热特性的两个相似准则数即瓦伦西数(Va)和交变流贝克利数(Pe_w),并提出分层丝网回热器结构。通过用REGEN3.3模拟分层丝网回热器,得到结果:分层填充方式对回热器的性能起到了很重要的作用,适当地分层填充可以提高性能系数COP(净冷量与热端PV功之比),验证了本文对回热器的分析。优化结果表明,Case.5的填充方式是最好的,它可以在制冷温度为45 K,输入功61.6 W时提供2.8 W制冷量。     

脉管制冷机回热器填加紫铜丝网的影响

在回热器中加入紫铜丝网增加径向导热有利于抑制大功率脉冲管制冷机回热器中的温度不均现象,但紫铜丝网也可能对制冷机性能产生其它的影响。通过数值模拟考察了在没有温度分布不均时,不同的紫铜丝网目数、分布方式、丝网厚度等对制冷机性能的影响。结果表明,在假设回热器温度均匀的情况下,不论如何填充定量的紫铜丝网,总会引起制冷机的效率降低;如果总的紫铜丝网数量一定并且均匀地分布在回热器中,整机制冷性能不会因填充层数的不同而有明显变化;采用与回热器不锈钢丝网目数接近的紫铜丝网要比目数相差较大的丝网可以获得更好的效果。     

混合填充式回热器单级脉管制冷机性能研究

回热器为回热式低温制冷机的关键部件,其性能对系统的影响甚大。为探索回热器内金属丝网混合填充对回热器性能的影响,文章基于回热器模拟软件REGEN3.3仿真结果的基础上,制作了单级脉管制冷装置,采用#300SS,#400SS和#500SS的金属丝网混填了四组回热器,并在不同输入功率下进行了系统制冷性能实验。实验结果表明,较之低目数丝网填充的回热器制冷机,采用高目数丝网填充的回热器制冷机性能较优;在回热器热端填充低目数,冷端填充高目数的丝网,可提高回热器冷端压比,提高整机制冷性能。     

基于REGEN的100 mm长回热器脉管制冷机优化设计与实验研究

根据已有研究,回热器长度100 mm的脉管制冷机在温度低于60 K时的性能较好。将一台已有的65 mm长回热器单级同轴型脉管制冷机改造为100 mm长回热器单机同轴型脉管制冷机,分析回热器长度对脉管制冷机性能的影响。基于REGEN软件对脉管制冷机回热器进行优化设计,通过改变回热器填料、压比、冷端相位角和充气压力,研究其对回热器性能的影响。在实验中进一步探索研究输入功、频率等对制冷机的最低制冷温度和比卡诺效率的影响。实验结果表明,在充气压力2 MPa,运行频率51 Hz,输入功809 W,制冷量60 W时,冷头温度109 K,制冷机的相对卡诺效率达到12.9%。     

高温超导用10 K单级G-M制冷机性能研究

为了满足高温超导设备、气体液化、液氢贮运等方面对10 K温区大冷量制冷机的需求,对10 K单级G-M制冷机进行了理论设计和试验。理论分析了回热器尺寸及回热器填料对制冷机性能的影响。通过优化回热器填料比例及冷头运行频率,此单级G-M制冷机可以获得9.7 K的最低温度,在20 K时可以获得92.6 W制冷量,可较好的满足高温超导等领域应用。     

20 K低温制冷机回热器结构设计

20 K温区高效制冷是目前空间探测任务制冷的关键需求之一,斯特林/脉管复合制冷机是实现20 K温区高效制冷的重要技术手段。回热器作为复合制冷机的核心部件,其性能对制冷机的整机性能有决定性的影响。合理的设计方法和流程可以保证回热器的性能。20 K温区时回热器工质氦气和填料的物性与较高温区,如80 K温区,相比有很大区别,因此,不能简单套用较高温区回热器的设计方法,须对工作在20 K温区的回热器进行专门的结构设计。本文应用回热器模拟软件Regen3.2,设计了一个冷端温度为20 K的回热器,并对平均压力、相位角、冷端压比、填料种类等参数进行了优化,经过优化设计的回热器的COP超过0.035,20 K下制冷量为0.5 W。本研究为后续20 K温区高效斯特林/脉管复合制冷机的开发打下了基础,也为之后同类型回热器的设计提供了参考。     

斯特林制冷机混合填料回热器性能优化及试验研究

针对旋转整体式斯特林制冷机的回热器性能优化,讨论了回热器丝网填料选型的原则,分析了不同温区采用不同丝网参数的回热器模型,并利用REGEN软件对混合丝网模型进行了优化分析。通过实验数据对模拟优化的结果进行了分析和讨论,验证了混合丝网模型优化结果的正确性,为旋转整体式斯特林制冷机回热器性能优化提供依据。     

新型径轴向混合填充式回热器的流动阻力实验

对新型径轴向混合填充式回热器的流动特性进行了实验研究.实验结果表明:在工质体积流量相同的条件下,新型径轴向混合填充式回热器的稳态流动阻力系数f小于层叠丝网型回热器,而大于丝网卷裹型回热器和平行丝型回热器;在相同体积流量下,以He为工质的稳态流动阻力系数f是以N2为工质时的3.4-3.6倍;回热器稳态流动阻力系数f主要与...     

Regenerator performance improvement of a single-stage pulse tube cooler reached 11.1 K

In order to improve the cooling performance of pulse tube cooler (PTC) at 20-40 K, hybrid regenerators are often employed. In this paper a three-layer regenerator, which consists of woven wire screen, lead sphere and Er₃Ni is optimized to enhance the cooling performance and explore the lowest attainable refrigeration temperature for a single-stage PTC. The efforts focus on the temperature range of 80-300 K, where woven wire screens are used. Theoretical and experimental studies are carried out to study the metal material and the mesh size effect of woven wire screens on the performance of the single-stage G-M type PTC. A lowest no-load refrigeration temperature of 11.1 K was obtained with an input power of 6 kW. The PTC can supply 17.8 W at 20 K and 39.4 W at 30 K, respectively.     

Development of parallel wire regenerator for cryocoolers

This paper describes development of a novel regenerator geometry for cryocoolers. Parallel wire type is a wire bundle stacked in parallel with the flow in the housing, which is similar to a conventional parallel plate or tube. Simple and unique fabrication procedure is developed and fully depicted in this paper. Hydrodynamic and thermal experiments are performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the parallel wire regenerator. First, pressure drop characteristic of the parallel wire regenerator is compared to that of the screen mesh regenerator. Experimental result shows that the steady flow friction factor of the parallel wire type is three to five times smaller than that of the screen mesh type. Second, thermal ineffectiveness is determined by measuring the instantaneous pressure, the flow rate and the gas temperature at the warm and cold ends of the regenerator. The measured ineffectiveness of the parallel wire regenerator is larger than that of the screen regenerator due to the excessive axial conduction loss. To alleviate the intrinsic axial conduction loss of the parallel wire regenerator, segmentation is introduced and the experimental results reveal the favorable effect of the segmentation. Entropy generation calculation is adopted to compare the total losses between the screen regenerator and the parallel wire regenerator for various operating ranges. Simulation results show that the parallel wire regenerator can be an attractive candidate to improve cryocooler performance especially for the case of smaller NTU and lower cold-end temperature.     

回热器参数对热声发动机性能影响的理论及实验研究

针对本实验室的行波热声发动机系统,研究了回热器对系统的重要作用.利用建立在线性热声理论基础上的模块化程序预测了不同回热器下系统的工作性能,并结合实验进一步分析比较了不同回热器对系统性能的影响.实验结果表明,低目数丝网填充的回热器更容易使系统起振,同时,起振温度随着工作压力的增加而降低;相同的输入功率和充气压力下,压比和加热块温度都随着目数的增大而升高;相同输入功率和目数下,压比和加热块温度随充气压力的增大而降低;丝网目数对系统频率的影响很小.     

Selection and experimental evaluation of low-cost porous materials for regenerator applications in thermoacoustic engines

This paper aims at evaluating three selected low-cost porous materials from the point of view of their suitability as regenerator materials in the design of thermoacoustic travelling-wave engines. The materials tested include: a cellular ceramic substrate with regular square channels; steel “scourers”; and stainless steel “wool”. Comparisons are made against a widely used regenerator material: stainless steel woven wire mesh screen. For meaningful comparisons, the materials are selected to have similar hydraulic radii. One set of regenerators was designed around the hydraulic radius of 200 μm. This included the ceramic substrate, steel “scourers”, stainless steel “wool” and stacked wire screens (as a reference). This set was complemented by steel “scourers” and stacked wire screens (as a reference) with hydraulic radii of 120 μm. Therefore six regenerators were produced to carry out the testing. Initial tests were made in a steady air flow to estimate their relative pressure drop due to viscous dissipation. Subsequently, they were installed in a looped-tube travelling-wave thermoacoustic engine to test their relative performance. Testing included the onset temperature difference, the maximum pressure amplitude generated and the acoustic power output as a function of mean pressure between 0 and 10 bar above atmospheric. It appears that the performance of regenerators made out of “scourers” and steel “wool” is much worse than their mesh-screen counterparts of the same hydraulic radius. However cellular ceramics may offer an alternative to traditional regenerator materials to reduce the overall system costs. Detailed discussions are provided.     

Numerical analysis on pressure drop and heat transfer performance of mesh regenerators used in cryocoolers

An anisotropic porous media model for mesh regenerator used in pulse tube refrigerator (PTR) is established. Formulas for permeability and Forchheimer coefficient are derived which include the effects of regenerator configuration and geometric parameters, oscillating flow, operating frequency, cryogenic temperature. Then, the fluid flow and heat transfer performances of mesh regenerator are numerically investigated under different mesh geometric parameters and material properties. The results indicate that the cooling power of the PTR increases with the increases of specific heat capacity and density of the regenerator mesh material, and decreases with the increases of penetration depth and thermal conductivity ratio (a). The cooling power at a = 0.1 is 0.5-2.0 W higher than that at a = 1. Optimizing the filling scale of different mesh configurations (such as 75% #200 twill and 25% #250 twill) and adopting multi segments regenerator with stainless steel meshes at the cold end can enhance the regenerator’s efficiency and achieve better heat transfer performance.     

Use of permanent ferrocement forms for concrete beam construction

The results of an experimental investigation to examine the feasibility and effectiveness of using precast U-shaped ferrocement laminates as permanent forms for construction of reinforced concrete beams are presented in this paper. The precast permanent ferrocement forms are proposed as a viable alternative to the commonly used wooden and/or steel temporary forms. The experimental program comprised casting and testing of three control reinforced concrete beams of dimensions 300?×?150?×?2000?mm and eighteen beams of total dimensions of 300?×?150?×?2000?mm consisting of a reinforced concrete core cast in a precast U-shaped permanent ferrocement form of thickness 25?mm. Each control beam was reinforced with two steel bars of 12?mm diameter at the top and bottom of the beam and stirrups of 10?mm diameter placed at 200?mm intervals. The concrete core of the beams incorporating permanent ferrocement forms was reinforced with two steel bars of 12?mm diameter placed at the tension side of the beam without any stirrups. Three types of steel mesh were used to reinforce the ferrocement laminate. These types are: woven wire mesh, ×8 expanded wire mesh, and EX156 expanded wire mesh. Single layer and double layers of each type of the steel mesh were employed. All specimens were tested under three-point flexural loadings. The performance of the test beams in terms of strength, stiffness, cracking behavior and energy absorption was investigated. The results showed that high serviceability and ultimate loads, crack resistance control, and good energy absorption properties could be achieved by using the proposed ferrocement forms.     

柔性环形防护网顶破受力归一化分析

开展了6组环形钢丝网片单元顶破承载力试验,并基于LS-DYNA开展了非线性数值模拟,揭示了柔性环形网的顶破受力的三阶段工作特性。进一步考虑钢丝缠绕圈数、圆环直径、顶破端与环形网的面积比以及环形网长宽比等影响开展参数分析,据此提出了环形网片拉伸变形的解析计算方法,建立了顶破力-拉伸位移的相关性方程。研究结果表明:随着圆环缠绕圈数的增多,环形网的极限破断力线性增大,极限拉伸位移线性小幅减小;随着圆环直径的增加极限破断力指数型降低,极限拉伸位移线性增大;随着顶破端与网片的面积比的增大极限破断力和极限拉伸位移均幂函数持续减小,变化速率基本一致;随着环形网长宽比的增大,极限破断力和极限拉伸位移都呈幂函数减小,破断力的减小更为明显。研究成果可用于柔性防护系统环形网单元设计。     

Second law based modeling to optimum design of high capacity pulse tube refrigerators

The optimum design of a high capacity double inlet pulse tube refrigerator based on second law of thermodynamics has been presented in this paper. Second law is applied to calculate the work loss in the regenerator and to optimize the cryocooler performance. To investigate the behavior of the pulse tube refrigerator, mass and energy balance equations are applied to several control volumes of the cryocooler cycle. A complete system of conservation equations is employed to solve the regenerator analytically. The proposed model reports the cooling capacity of 110 W at 80 K cold end temperature at frequency of 50 Hz, orifice conductance of 0.4 and double inlet coefficient of 0.6, with 2.4 kW net power delivered to the gas. In this case, the entropy generation in the gas phase is dominant which is contributing more than 85% of the total lost work in the regenerator. The optimum thermal efficiency of 99.1% was achieved at a proper mesh number. However, the second law efficiency is reported to have an inverse behavior at this mesh number.