硫酸浸出普钙中重金属含量测定的探究

通过研究用硫酸在用量、温度、搅拌速度、浸出时间、液固比等因素对浸出普钙中重金属元素Cd2+、Hg2+、Pb2+、Cr3+和Ni2+的情况,为研究降低普钙中重金属元素打下一个基础。     

富含重金属的焚烧飞灰对磷酸钾镁水泥体系性能的影响

为了研究富含Pb、Cd的模拟垃圾焚烧飞灰对磷酸钾镁水泥(MKPC)性能的影响,测试了含垃圾焚烧飞灰的MKPC体系的流动度、凝结时间、抗压强度和其中重金属Pb、Cd的浸出浓度,分析了MKPC体系的水化放热特性、物相组成和微观形貌,结果表明:复合缓凝剂和适量垃圾焚烧飞灰可有效延缓MKPC浆体的凝结时间.垃圾焚烧飞灰的加入和含量增加使MKPC浆体的早期抗压强度明显降低,随着水化龄期的延长,其抗压强度逐步提高,水化28 d时,掺50％飞灰的MKPC的抗压强度仍大于20 MPa.含垃圾焚烧飞灰的MKPC浆体中Pb、Cd的浸出浓度随垃圾焚烧飞灰含量的增加而增加、随水化龄期的延长而明降低.但含50％飞灰的MKPC硬化体(28 d)中Pb、Cd的浸出浓度均满足《危险废物鉴别标准》(GB5085.3-2007)要求.     

利用响应面法优化皂角苷浸提飞灰中重金属的处理条件

通过响应面法对皂角苷浸提飞灰中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd 4种重金属的实验条件进行优化,选取pH、皂角苷浓度、离子强度、温度、时间和固液比6个因素进行中心组合设计,使用design-expert8.0软件进行数据拟合,建立了Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd去除总量的工艺数学模型,通过方差分析得到6个因素对浸提液中4种重金属去除总量的主效应关系为： pH>固液比>离子强度>皂角苷浓度>温度>时间。对重金属去除总量数据进行design-expert8.0软件优化,得到皂角苷浓度为41.2g·L^-1、时间为13.54 h、离子强度为0.64 mol·L^-1、pH为2、固液比为1%和温度为23.4℃时,重金属总去除量达最大值,Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的去除率分别达到55.12%、6.20%、17.80%和78.11%。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰水洗脱氯及重金属浸出特性研究

系统研究了机械炉排炉垃圾焚烧飞灰水洗过程中氯化物和重金属的浸出特性,并采用Visual MINTEQ模拟分析水洗液中重金属的存在形态。结果表明：飞灰中的氯主要以可溶性氯化钠（NaCl）、氯化钾（KCl）、氯化钙（CaCl₂）、碱式氯化钙（CaClOH）的形式存在,飞灰水洗浸出成分97%以上为氯离子（Cl^-）、钠（Na）、钾（K）、钙（Ca）,其中氯离子占比高达60%;重金属及其他成分的浸出量很少,不足1%。水洗对氯离子的去除效果非常明显,可达92%以上,但是重金属的浸出量极低。飞灰单次水洗最佳条件：液固体积质量比为6 mL/g,洗涤时间为10 min。Visual MINTEQ模型分析表明,pH是控制飞灰水洗液中铅（Pb）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、镉（Cd）形态的重要因素,氯离子（Cl^-）对镉的形态分布也有着重要的影响。飞灰水洗液电导率与氯离子质量浓度具有极好的线性相关性,其可作为监测滤液中氯离子质量浓度变化的有效间接指标。     

石煤发电飞灰碱浸提钒工艺

对我国某地石煤发电飞灰进行碱浸提钒实验研究,飞灰中的钒主要以V(V)形态弥散于硅、铝氧化物中. 结合钒的赋存形式,考察了反应时间、液固比、碱浓度及温度对钒浸出率的影响. 结果表明,钒浸出率与四因素均呈正比关系. 在搅拌转速500 r/min、180℃、浸出时间3 h、液固比5 mL/g及NaOH浓度200 g/L的最佳工艺条件下,钒浸出率可达85%以上. 浸出液中Al2O3, K, Fe含量分别小于500, 420与9 mg/L. 浸出液返回浸出体系,可充分利用浸出液中富余的碱进一步富集溶液中的钒.     

城市污泥焚烧渣中重金属的浸出特性

城市污泥焚烧渣中重金属种类较多、浓度较高,随意处置存在环境生态风险。本文在对污泥及其焚烧渣中重金属形态进行分析的基础上,模拟实际酸雨条件,开展污泥焚烧渣中重金属的浸出特性研究。实验结果表明,与污泥相比焚烧渣中各重金属的残渣态比例显著增大,有效态、有机结合态比例大幅减小,但各重金属的铁锰氧化态比例仍然较高(18%~65%),可迁移性和潜在生态风险较大。静态浸出实验发现灰渣中大部分重金属的浸出率随着浸出时间的延长、液固比的增加、pH和粒径的减小而增大,其中pH的影响最为显著。动态淋溶实验表明降低淋溶液pH、延长淋溶时间各重金属的浸出总量增加,动态淋溶过程中各重金属浸出率要明显高于静态浸出率;各重金属的浸出主要集中在前三年,浸出量占其总浸出量的50%~100%,其中As、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb的浸出比例较高,其整体浸出能力与重金属形态分析结果较为一致,需重点关注。在上述实验基础上,结合资料分析,提出适合我国国情的污泥焚烧渣处置建议。     

污泥掺烧生物质的重金属排放特性研究

针对城市污泥焚烧面临的重金属污染严重等问题,提出了在城市污泥中掺烧生物质解决重金属污染的新方法,并利用5 k W鼓泡流化床进行试验研究,考查城市污泥掺烧生物质过程中重金属的含量和形态分布特性及燃烧飞灰中重金属的浸出毒性。结果表明:城市污泥掺烧生物质使Cd和As的挥发性降低,Pb、Cu和Cr的挥发性增加,对Hg的挥发性影响很小;城市污泥掺烧麦秆对Zn的挥发性影响不大,掺烧棉秆使Zn的挥发性降低;城市污泥掺烧生物质都使飞灰中Pb、As的形态稳定性降低,使Zn的形态稳定性增加,对Cu、Cr的形态稳定性影响较小;污泥掺烧不同生物质对飞灰中重金属浸出量和浸出率的影响不同,棉秆与麦秆相比更有利于降低飞灰中重金属的浸出量和浸出毒性。     

飞灰固化体浸出毒性标准方法研究

文章分析了浸提剂、粒径、静置时间对飞灰固化体中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni的浸出量的影响。结果表明:在醋酸条件下飞灰固化体的毒性比在HNO_3/H_2SO_4条件下要小;粒径对重金属浸出浓度的影响难以控制,同时与样品均匀性有关;浸出浓度会随着静置时间的增加而减少,并渐渐趋于稳定。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属在磁性作用中浸出行为

对城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰进行了物理化学特性分析,研究了飞灰在不同浸取液pH值、不同磁场强度条件下的重金属浸出行为。实验结果表明:根据我国危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准,飞灰属于危险废物;飞灰是晶体矿和非晶体矿的混合物;飞灰是由许多形态不规则,结构疏松的玻璃质颗粒组成的,平均粒径为22.15μm;磁场强度为0.1T,pH=4时,飞灰中被浸出的Pb含量最多;磁场强度为0.1T,pH=2时,飞灰中被浸出的Cr含量最多。因此可以通过调控磁场强度和浸取液pH值,高效回收飞灰中的重金属,实现资源化利用,减少环境污染和危害人类健康的风险。     

硅铝调控与晶种诱导对水热稳定飞灰中重金属的协同影响

研究了选取的粉煤灰、膨润土、高岭土、硅藻土作为外源硅铝调理剂添加与雪硅钙石人工晶种诱导对150℃水热法稳定垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr的协同影响。飞灰由于富钙而低硅铝的元素特征,导致其在水热条件下无法直接合成沸石类,Pb的浸出浓度仍然超标;当单一或混合添加硅铝调理剂添加量为10%时,其水热产物中有水钙铝榴石或加藤石生成;提高添加量至30%时,均有目标雪硅钙石的生成,这与30%添加量下飞灰中Ca/（Al+Si）元素比接近雪硅钙石的理想元素比值0.67~1.20直接相关。混合添加30%的粉煤灰与硅藻土为最佳选择,水热产物Pb的浸出浓度降低至0.30 mg·L^-1,且在此基础上再添加3%的诱导晶种可加速从第6 h开始即合成雪硅钙石,并使Pb的浸出浓度下降到最低值0.28 mg·L^-1。硅铝调控（30%的复合硅铝调理剂,其中粉煤灰：硅藻土为1：1）与晶种诱导的协同影响下高效生成雪硅钙石,并显著抑制Pb、Zn等在水热过程中向液相的转移、降低其在水热液相中的浓度,使飞灰中的重金属在水热后确实稳定于水热固相产物中而非迁移至水热液相造成污染转移,真正实现了飞灰中重金属的固定化。     

电弧炉熔融医疗垃圾焚烧灰的实验研究

利用处理量为2 kg的直流电弧炉对医疗垃圾焚烧的底灰、底灰与布袋飞灰的混合灰分别进行熔融实验研究,并比较了熔融前后灰和熔渣的化学成分、物相、微观形貌、浸出毒性及重金属残留率. 结果表明,底灰主要由复杂的硅酸盐晶体组成,布袋飞灰含有大量的硬石膏(CaSO4)、氯化钠(NaCl)晶体,熔融后两种熔渣均为无定形非晶态的玻璃熔岩. 底灰、混合灰熔融后减容率分别达到78%和80.5%;熔融前布袋飞灰浸出液中Pb, Cd, Zn浓度远超过危险废物填埋限值,熔融后的熔渣中重金属固化在Si-O网格中,渗沥液中浓度极低,完全符合环保要求. 熔融后2种熔渣中Pb, Cd, Zn的残留率较低,而且混合灰熔渣中重金属残留率均低于底灰熔渣.     

不同粒径城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的浸出规律研究

集中焚烧法已经逐渐成为我国城市生活垃圾处理的主要方式,但其中的重金属在焚烧过程中不会被破坏,最终主要集中在垃圾焚烧飞灰中排出。在垃圾焚烧飞灰的安全填埋过程中由于受到环境因素的影响,例如酸雨,其中的重金属会逐渐的发生迁移,从而影响环境。文章对不同粒径的垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属浸出特性进行了研究,实验结果表明：小粒径垃圾焚烧飞灰所占比例较大。不同粒径对重金属的浸出特性比较复杂,浸出浓度均不相同,其中除尘器飞灰中的重金属浸出浓度远高于其他三种飞灰,属于有浸出毒性的危险废物。     

免烧结微生物垃圾焚烧飞灰砖的抗压强度研究

针对当前城市垃圾焚烧飞灰(MSWI)处置费用高昂、环境污染严重等问题,提出一种利用微生物矿化原理制备免烧结垃圾焚烧飞灰砖的方法。通过在飞灰砖固结体中加入微生物菌液,利用微生物诱导碳酸盐沉积原理,实现飞灰中重金属的固化和稳定化。本文以垃圾焚烧飞灰、Ca(OH)₂、砂子、微生物菌液为原材料,通过单因素试验,探究了制备微生物飞灰砖最优的飞灰掺量、菌液浓度、营养液中钙离子浓度。试验结果表明,当飞灰掺量为40%(质量分数),菌液OD₆₀₀值为0.60,营养液中钙离子浓度为0.30 mol/L时,飞灰砖力学性能最优。此时规格为100 mm×100 mm×50 mm免烧结微生物飞灰砖的干密度为1 937.40 kg/m³,抗压强度达到33.90 MPa,并且重金属浸出浓度满足限值要求,实现垃圾焚烧飞灰的资源化利用。     

Electrodialytic extraction of Cu,Pb and Cl from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash suspended in water

The possibility of using fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) in, for example, concrete is considered. MSWI fly ash, however, has too high a concentration of heavy metals, which may cause leaching problems during use or problems with waste handling at the end of the lifetime of the concrete. The Cl content in MSWI fly ash is also too high and will cause corrosion problems in reinforced concrete. The possibility of removing some of the unwanted heavy metals (Cu and Pb) together with Cl from an MSWI fly ash suspended in water using an electrodialytic separation method was investigated. The removal of Pb and Cu was found to be highly pH dependent and the highest contents removed were 41 and 90%, respectively. The Cu concentration of the ash decreased from 2200 to 860 mg kg^?1 but the Pb concentration increased from 8560 to 16 800 mg kg^?1, showing that Pb is mainly found in the ash fraction that is least soluble. Hence electrodialytic treatment of the ash suspended in water is not a solution to improve the ash quality in terms of Pb. The water‐soluble Cl content per unit weight of the original ash was 12.4%. The removal of water‐soluble Cl was efficient and >98% of Cl was removed (calculated on the basis of mean initial and final concentrations). This result indicates that electrodialytic extraction may be a method that can be used for the removal of Cl from ash prior to its utilization in concrete. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

固体废物焚烧灰渣毒性评估及其控制方法研究进展

固体废物焚烧产生的灰渣时环境是一种二次污染物,其中,焚烧飞灰因其含有重金属及有毒有机污染物而被列为危险固体废物,因此在其最终处置前,必须进行稳定化处理.作者介绍了灰渣的污染特性,尤其是飞灰中所含重金属、有毒有机污染物的毒性及其各种评估方法,包括水平震荡法、浸出柱实验法、毒性浸出程序(TCLP),并综述了当前灰渣的控制技术方法和资源化利用手段,如水泥固化法、熔融固化法、化学药剂固化法.     

Simultaneous Removal of Heavy Metals and PCDD/Fs from Hospital Waste Incinerator Fly Ash by Flotation Assisted with Hydrochloric Acid

Hospital solid waste (HSW) incinerator fly ash was designated as a special controlled waste because of its high concentrations of toxic heavy metals, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Most of the PCDD/Fs along with carbon constituents including powder activated carbon and unburned carbon in fly ash could be removed by column flotation on the basis of their hydrophobicity. The feasibility of extracting heavy metals from fly ash by adding a little of hydrochloric acid to the slurry during the flotation process was examined in this paper. The results showed that the acidic pulp could contribute to the high extraction ratio of the heavy metals, but the performance of decarburization and removal of PCDD/Fs was inhibited at very low pH value. Given consideration to the removal of two toxic matter including PCDD/Fs and heavy metals in HSW incinerator fly ash, the appropriate pulp pH value should be controlled at about 5. After flotation, both PCDD/Fs and heavy metals in the tailings could simultaneously meet the permitted limits of a landfill site of municipal solid waste in China. It was suggested that flotation with the assistance of an appropriate amount of acid might be a potential technology for the treatment of HSW incinerator fly ash.     

Removal of heavy metals from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash by traditional and microwave acid extraction

BACKGROUND: Municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash is regarded as hazardous waste because it contains various toxic metals. A previous study has shown that fly ash can be detoxified by removal of heavy metals. In this work, the extractability of heavy metals from MSWI fly ash by traditional and microwave acid extraction were compared. RESULTS: A 2^{4 ? 1} fractional factorial experimental design was adopted using acid concentration, extraction time, temperature, and liquid/solid (L/S) ratio as the experimental factors for traditional extraction, and acid concentration, extraction time, liquid/solid (L/S) ratio and microwave power as the experimental factors for microwave extraction. The traditional extraction results show that L/S played an important role in Zn, Cd extraction while L/S ratio and extractant concentration were important for Pb extraction. However, no controlling parameter was determined for Cu and Cr extraction. For the microwave extraction, it was shown that L/S was important for Pb and Zn and extractant concentration was important for Pb, Zn and Cd. The time and the power were not significant for the extractability of heavy metals. CONCLUSION: Hydrochloric acid was an effective extractant. Microwave heating promoted extraction and shortened extraction time. Microwave acid extraction treatment is a potentially feasible method for the removal of heavy metals from MSWI fly ash. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Aluminium extraction and leaching characteristics of Talcher Thermal Power Station fly ash with sulphuric acid

Although fly ash disposal is of environmental concern the quality of residues can be improved with respect to high value applications. Fly ash is considered as a potential source of aluminium and other strategic metals. Leaching and metal extraction behaviour of fly ash collected from Talcher Thermal Power Station have been thoroughly studied using sulphuric acid as extractant. The chemical and mineralogical composition of post-leached samples have been determined. Aluminium extraction by direct leaching at low acid concentration and ambient temperature is not suitable for high recovery. The extraction efficiency of aluminium increases significantly at a higher solid:liquid ratio. It is evident that the leachability of metals from fly ash depends on the nature of leaching medium, solid:liquid ratio, temperature and leaching time.     

电渗析法处理飞灰及其浸出液的研究进展

综述了电渗析技术处理飞灰,并探讨了电渗析技术处理飞灰的研究动态。