Finite element modelling of concrete cover separation failure in FRP plated RC beams

The technique of bonding fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites to the tension face or sides of reinforced concrete (RC) beams has become very popular for strengthening or retrofitting purposes. A distinct characteristic of such strengthened RC beams is that they very often fail due to various premature debonding failures. This paper presents a fracture mechanics based finite element analysis of debonding failures. Numerical results for an experimental beam are presented. Initial findings show that the method can successfully simulate the concrete cover separation failure mode in FRP strengthened RC beams.     

RC beams shear-strengthened with FRP: Stress distributions in the FRP reinforcement

Reinforced concrete (RC) beams may be strengthened for shear with externally bonded fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites through complete wrapping, U-jacketing or bonding on their sides only. The two main shear failure modes of such strengthened beams are FRP rupture and debonding. In both modes of failure, the contribution of the bonded FRP reinforcement to the shear capacity of the beam depends strongly on the stress (or strain) distribution in the FRP at the ultimate limit state. This paper presents a numerical study of the FRP stress distribution at debonding failure in U-jacketed or side-bonded beams using a rigorous FRP-to-concrete bond–slip model and assuming several different crack width distributions. Numerical results indicate that Chen and Teng’s early simple assumption [Chen JF, Teng JG. Shear capacity of FRP-strengthened RC beams: FRP debonding. Constr Build Mater 2003;17:27–41] for the stress distribution in the FRP results in satisfactory predictions for the effective FRP stress in most cases for both U-jacketed and side-bonded beams. However, it may become unconservative for side-bonded beams that have only light flexural steel reinforcement.     

复材网格-UHTCC复合增强钢筋混凝土梁抗弯性能试验研究

文中进行7根复材（FRP）网格增强超高韧性纤维水泥基（UHTCC）复合加固钢筋混凝土梁的抗弯性能试验,将FRP网格类型、FRP网格增强率、FRP-UHTCC复合层黏结长度作为试验变量,分析各变量对FRP-UHTCC复合增强混凝土梁弯曲性能的影响。在试验研究的基础上,给出FRP-UHTCC复合增强混凝土梁的抗弯承载力计算方法。试验结果表明,FRP-UHTCC复合层与混凝土间没有发生相对滑移现象,可以有效抑制加固层端部剥离破坏,加固梁的破坏模式为FRP网格中纵向纤维筋被拉断破坏。BFRP格栅与UHTCC黏结基体没有发生脱黏现象,优于BFRP编织网与UHTCC的黏结效果。随着FRP网格增强率的增大,加固梁的抗弯承载力得到显著提高。与未加固的普通混凝土梁相比,加固梁的开裂、屈服和极限荷载最大提高幅度分别为97%、35%和33%。计算结果表明,预测值与试验值吻合较好,可以有效地预测FRP-UHTCC复合增强混凝土梁的抗弯承载力。     

爆炸荷载作用下外贴FRP加固钢筋混凝土双向板试验研究

通过集团装药隔土爆炸荷载作用下4块外贴FRP条带加固钢筋混凝土双向板和1块普通板的对比试验,考察了裂缝的产生、开展过程及分布形状,分析了FRP加固板的荷载、位移、加速度、钢筋和混凝土以及FRP应变动力响应时程,研究了FRP加固板的抗爆破坏特征。研究结果表明：外贴FRP条带加固能有效延缓混凝土的开裂,限制裂缝的开展,改善钢筋混凝土板的抗爆性能;外贴FRP条带加固后,RC双向板的跨中位移响应、混凝土和钢筋应变响应明显降低,结构的抗爆炸冲击波能力得到明显提高;外贴FRP条带加固双向板在爆炸冲击荷载作用下的破坏形态有受弯破坏和弯曲屈服后的剪切破坏,外贴FRP条带在极限状态时发生了剥离及断裂破坏。图12表6参10     

Behavior and capacity of RC beams strengthened in shear with NSM FRP reinforcement

A recent and promising method for shear strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) members is the use of near-surface mounted (NSM) fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement. In the NSM method, the reinforcement is embedded in grooves cut onto the surface of the member to be strengthened and filled with an appropriate binding agent such as epoxy paste or cement grout. Only a few studies have been conducted to date on the use of NSM FRP reinforcement for shear strengthening of RC beams. These studies identified some critical failure modes related to debonding between the NSM reinforcement and the concrete substrate. However, more tests need to be conducted to identify all possible failure modes of strengthened beams. Moreover, virtually no test results are available on the behavior of shear-strengthened beams containing steel shear reinforcement, and on the effect of variables such as the type of epoxy used as groove filler. This paper illustrates a research program on shear strengthening of RC beams with NSM reinforcement, aimed at gaining more test results to fill the gaps in knowledge mentioned above. A number of beams were tested to analyze the influence on the structural behavior and failure mode of selected test parameters, i.e. type of NSM reinforcement (round bars and strips), spacing and inclination of the NSM reinforcement, and mechanical properties of the groove-filling epoxy. One beam strengthened in shear with externally bonded FRP laminates was also tested for comparison purposes. All beams had a limited amount of internal steel shear reinforcement to simulate a real strengthening situation. Test results are presented and discussed in the paper.     

FRP-混凝土界面粘结性能有限元方法研究

分析FRP-混凝土界面的粘结性能, 是研究FRP外贴加固钢筋混凝土结构的基础问题。本文根据已有的面内剪切试验研究结果, 采用大型通用有限元程序MSC.Marc建立有限元模型并导入裂面剪力模型子程序, 进行了非线性计算分析。引入了“裂缝带模型”、“界面粘结承载力”、“有效锚固长度”等概念, 对混凝土单元开裂软化模量以及裂面剪力模型进行了优选。得到了FRP应变分布规律和界面粘结应力分布规律, 提出了全新的“粘结屈服平台”概念, 建议相关的界面性能非线性有限元分析采用本文的方法。     

Strengthening of RC beams in shear using GFRP inclined strips – An experimental study

Though there have been a number of studies on shear strengthening of RC beams using externally bonded fiber reinforced polymer sheets, the behaviour of FRP strengthened beams in shear is not fully understood. This is partly due to various reinforcement configurations of sheets that can be used for shear strengthening and partly due to different failure modes a strengthened beam undergoes at ultimate state. Furthermore, the experimental data bank for shear strengthening of concrete beams using FRP remains relatively sparse due to which the design algorithms for computing the shear contribution of FRP are not yet clear. The objective of this study is to clarify the role of glass fiber reinforced polymer inclined strips epoxy bonded to the beam web for shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams. Included in the study are effectiveness in terms of width and spacing of inclined GFRP strips, spacing of internal steel stirrups, and longitudinal steel rebar section on shear capacity of the RC beam. The study also aims to understand the shear contribution of concrete, shear strength due to steel bars and steel stirrups and the additional shear capacity due to glass fiber reinforced polymer strips in a RC beam. And also to study the failure modes, shear strengthening effect on ultimate force and load deflection behaviour of RC beams bonded externally with GFRP inclined strips on the shear region of the beam.     

无腹筋锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁承载能力的计算

锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁的承载力不仅与纵向钢筋的截面损失有关 ,而且和钢筋与混凝土之间的粘结强度的降低、混凝土保护层中出现的纵向锈胀裂缝有关。本文先考虑了由于钢筋的截面损失引起的钢筋混凝土梁的抗弯承载力的降低 ;再在梁 拱共同作用抵抗剪力的机制上 ,计算了无腹筋锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁的抗剪承载力 ,进而得到了无腹筋锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁的承载力及其相应的破坏模式。对一实例的计算结果表明 ,当混凝土保护层出现纵向锈胀裂缝后 ,钢筋与混凝土之间的极限粘结强度相应降低 ,梁的破坏模式由受弯破坏转向受剪破坏 ,承载能力有较大的降低。同时 ,锚固区的粘结强度的降低 ,导致梁也可能发生粘结锚固破坏。     

Application of improved hybrid bonded FRP technique to FRP debonding prevention

External bonding of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) is one of the most efficient techniques for retrofitting and strengthening concrete structures. However, the bond interface is the weakest link in such retrofitted or strengthened concrete members, resulting in premature FRP debonding. Therefore, a newly improved hybrid bonded FRP (IHB-FRP) technique is developed in this paper for strengthening concrete members. Unlike the conventional mechanical fastening method, the mechanical fasteners in the technique do not penetrate the FRP strips and the capping plates serve to apply vertical pressure to the FRP strips. An experimental study on the flexural strength of IHB-FRP technique strengthened beams is conducted. It is found that all the beams strengthened with the IHB-FRP technique fail due to tensile rupture of FRP strips even for seven plies of FRP strips. Based on the experimental results, the effects of the steel reinforcement ratio, the number of FRP plies, and the fastener spacing on the ultimate load are evaluated. Finally, a simplified method is proposed for estimating the ultimate bending moment of the IHB-FRP strengthened beam. The validity of the method is verified with the experimental results.     

预载水平及剪/弯承载力比对剥离破坏的影响

通过碳纤维片材加固钢筋混凝土简支梁的受弯试验及文献中相关试验,研究了预载水平及剪/弯承载力比对纤维片材初始剥离荷载的影响。对本文试验及文献中发生剥离破坏的碳纤维片材加固钢筋混凝土梁的试验研究,分析结果表明:(1)随剪/弯承载力比的增大,加固梁纤维片材的初始剥离荷载也随之增大;但当剪/弯承载力比值较小,即受剪承载力富裕度较小的情况下,纤维片材可能会在低于设计极限承载力时发生剥离破坏;(2)加固时预载水平的大小对碳纤维片材加固钢筋混凝土梁的极限荷载和CFRP片材初始剥离时的荷载影响不大。因此加固设计时必须充分考虑加固构件的受剪承载力对剥离破坏的影响,以避免纤维剥离这一脆性破坏模式的发生。     

铝合金筋加固混凝土梁界面黏结性能与剥离承载力研究

通过试验研究与有限元模拟计算,分析了铝合金筋嵌入式加固混凝土梁的破坏模式和承载能力,对比了不同的剥离承载力计算模型,获得了铝合金筋应力和应变以及界面黏结应力沿梁跨度方向的分布曲线,推导出界面黏结-滑移关系和剥离承载力计算公式。结果表明:铝合金筋加固混凝土梁界面剥离破坏模式分为界面剥离破坏和混凝土保护层剥离破坏,混凝土梁加固后,抗弯性能和变形性能均得到改善; 界面剥离破坏是由跨中弯曲裂缝引起的局部界面黏结失效,最终延伸至加固筋一端从而造成加固筋剥离; 混凝土保护层剥离破坏是由于加固筋端部应力集中,造成周围混凝土保护层发生剥离脱落; 沿着梁的跨中至梁端方向,铝合金筋的应力和应变逐渐降低,界面黏结应力先增大后减小且应力最大值随荷载的增加而增加; 铝合金-结构胶界面和结构胶-混凝土界面的黏结-滑移关系曲线可分为4个阶段,即弹性阶段、弹性软化阶段、弹性软化剥离阶段和软化剥离阶段; 建议的计算模型可以较准确地预测铝合金筋加固混凝土梁的剥离承载力。     

Damaged RC beams repaired by bonding of CFRP laminates

This paper summarizes the results of experimental studies on damaged reinforced concrete beams repaired by external bonding of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite laminates to the tensile face of the beam. Two sets of beams were tested in this study: control beams (without CFRP laminates) and damaged and then repaired beams with different amounts of CFRP laminates by varying different parameters (damage degree, CFRP laminate width, concrete strength class). All beams were tested in four-point bending over a span of 1800 mm. The tests were carried out under displacement control. The most investigated parameter in this experimental study is damage degree (ratio between pre-cracked load and load capacity of control beam). Repairing damaged RC beams with externally bonded CFRP laminates were successful for different degrees of damage. The observed failure modes were peeling off and interfacial debonding. These failure modes depend only on the laminate width.The results indicate that the load capacity and the rigidity of repaired beams were significantly higher then those of control beam for all tested damage degrees. The authors remarked that for a load capacity improvement, reinforcement with a CFRP having about a half width of the beam is satisfactory. Finally, the contribution of CFRP laminates on the load capacity and rigidity of repaired RC beams is significant for any concrete strength class.     

A simple and rational beam segment model for analyzing intermediate crack-induced debonding in FRP-strengthened beams

Intermediate crack (IC) induced debonding failure of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) plate strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) beams is one of the common debonding modes, in which debonding initiates at a major flexural crack and then propagates toward a plate end. Finite element (FE) method has been used to analyze the IC debonding failure and a whole strengthened beam has been taken as a mechanical model in existed researches. In view of that it is difficult to appropriately simulate all the cracks in an entire strengthened beam and consequently to carry out a parameter study, a beam segment between two major adjacent flexural cracks in a flexural-shear zone of a strengthened beam was taken as a new simple mechanical model. The new simple “beam segment model” was validated to be rational by using Saint–Venant Principle and a numerical study. In the light of this, a parameter study was performed through a three dimensional nonlinear FE analysis of the proposed beam segment model. The influences of the load level, the bond-slip (δ–τ) relationship of FRP-to-concrete interface, and the geometry of the beam segment on the IC induced debonding were investigated. The numerical analysis shows that the influence of δ–τ relationship of FRP-to-concrete interface on debonding is fairly more significant than that of crack spacing of strengthened beams. Comparisons between analytical and experimental results show that the proposed beam segment model is appropriate for estimating the IC induced debonding.     

在弯矩、剪力和反复扭矩复合作用下的碳纤维布加固RC箱梁抗扭性能试验研究

为研究碳纤维布加固弯矩、剪力和反复扭矩复合作用下的钢筋混凝土箱梁的抗扭性能,共设计制作了4根钢筋混凝土箱梁试件,其中3根采取碳纤维布加固、1根不加固作为对比试件。试验在自行研制的扭转试验装置上进行,对箱梁试件同步施加弯矩、剪力和反复扭矩作用。以加固方式和加固数量为主要研究参数,分析了箱梁试件的破坏机理、承载能力、变形能力和滞回性能等。通过各箱梁试件的碳纤维布和钢筋的应变变化规律,探讨了碳纤维布加固箱梁的抗扭工作机理;通过测得的各试件的扭矩-扭转角滞回曲线和骨架曲线,提出了碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土箱梁的抗扭恢复力模型。从而为碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土箱梁抗扭性能的理论研究和工程应用提供了重要的依据。     

FRP抗剪加固钢筋混凝土梁研究综述

对纤维增强复合材料(FRP)片材抗剪加固钢筋混凝土梁的研究现状进行了回顾和总结,归纳了FRP的抗剪加固方式,包括粘贴形式和锚固方法;将影响加固效果的主要因素概括为原梁条件和加固参数两大项,并讨论了若干分项因素的影响;探讨了加固梁的抗剪机理和破坏模式,列举了各国技术标准提供的和相关文献建议的多种抗剪承载力计算方法;指出了加强FRP片材端部锚固的重要性以及有待拓广和深入的应用基础研究方向,可为后续研究提供有益的参考。     

Shear capacity of FRP-strengthened RC beams: FRP debonding

Many studies have been undertaken on shear strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams by externally bonding fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. These studies have established clearly that such strengthened beams fail in shear mainly in one of two modes: FRP rupture; and FRP debonding, and have led to preliminary design proposals. This paper is concerned with the development of a simple, accurate and rational design proposal for the shear capacity of FRP-strengthened beams which fail by FRP debonding. Existing strength proposals are reviewed and their deficiencies highlighted. A new strength model is then developed. The model is validated against experimental data collected from the existing literature. Finally, a new design proposal is presented.     

钢筋混凝土T梁HB-FRP抗剪加固试验和数值模拟

基于室内模型试验,开展了混合黏结纤维增强复合材料(HB-FRP)抗剪加固钢筋混凝土T梁的受力性能研究.对未加固、外贴纤维增强复合材料(EB-FRP)加固及HB-FRP加固T梁进行了破坏性对比试验,并采用Abaqus软件建立了精细化有限元模型,对比分析了试验和数值计算结果,验证了有限元模型的准确性;在此基础上进行参数分析,研究了混凝土强度、箍筋间距、FRP条带数量及FRP厚度对加固梁抗剪承载能力的影响.结果 显示:HB-FRP抗剪加固梁的剪切裂缝间距要小于EB-FRP加固梁的裂缝间距;EB-FRP加固梁发生黏贴区域大面积剥离,而HB-FRP加固梁仅在相邻钢扣件间有裂缝的区域出现了剥离,钢扣件有效抑制了裂缝剥离扩展;HB-FRP抗剪加固梁的FRP应变水平为EB-FRP抗剪加固梁的2倍,表现出了较好的延性.综合考虑未加固梁、EB-FRP加固梁及HB-FRP加固梁的参数分析结果,对钢筋混凝土T梁抗剪承载能力的影响因素按照重要性降序为:混凝土强度、箍筋间距、FRP间距、FRP厚度.     

基于粘结强度变化的锈蚀无腹筋梁承载能力的研究

基于锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁内钢筋与混凝土间粘结强度随锈蚀量的变化,对锈蚀梁承载能力和破坏模式进行了研究。首先,基于梁内粘结强度的变化,计算锈蚀梁的抗弯承载力。其次,基于“拉、剪临界破坏”的概念和“梁-拱”共同作用的混凝土抗剪抵抗机制,计算锈蚀无腹筋梁的抗剪承载力。较小钢筋锈蚀量时,与粘结强度有关的“梁作用”因粘结强度的增加而增加;随锈蚀量的增加和粘结强度的退化,与粘结强度有关的“梁作用”不断降低,“拱作用”则有所增加。再次,对锈蚀梁随钢筋锈蚀量变化破坏模式的变化进行了分析。最后,对文中提出的模型进行了试验验证。     

碳纤维布加固低强度混凝土梁的抗弯承载力

针对既有历史建筑和中小型桥梁维修改造工程的实际需要,采用梁底粘贴单向碳纤维布的方法对12根低强度等级(混凝土立方体抗压强度低于15MPa)混凝土梁进行加固,并对加固梁进行单调加载试验。结果显示,由于混凝土强度较低,加固梁易发生剥离破坏,纵筋屈服后梁底纤维应变大于梁底混凝土应变,平截面假定无法保持;设置U形压条既能提高加固梁的承载力,又能改善加固梁的变形性能;当加固前梁上持荷值超过未加固梁承载力40%时,加固效果会明显降低。根据试验梁的破坏特征,提出基于拉杆-拱模型的加固梁抗弯承载力的计算方法。理论计算和试验结果比较表明所提方法能够全面考虑纤维剥离、U形压条以及持荷对加固梁抗弯承载力的影响。     

FRP加固SRHC梁界限破坏时抗弯承载力计算

提出FRP(纤维增强复合材料)加固SRHC(钢骨高强混凝土)受弯构件的概念,解决FRP加固后SRHC柱的破坏机理、受力性能问题,提出其界限破坏时的简化抗弯承载力计算公式。在以往FRP加固RC(钢筋混凝土)梁力学性能分析结果的基础上,采用新的叠加方法对FRP加固SRHC梁的受力过程、破坏特征、受力特点进行研究。根据中和轴与钢骨的截面位置不同,建立了相应的抗弯承载力计算方法,并提出了界限破坏时的受压区高度。将受压区高度与钢骨上翼缘至混凝土受压边缘的距离进行比较,以此来确定FRP加固后梁在界限破坏时的不同抗弯承载力的适用公式,给实际应用带来方便。