PVA/PVP共混膜渗透汽化分离甲醇/醋酸甲酯的研究

采用4,4’-双叠氮芪-2,2’-二磺酸钠(DAS)交联的聚乙烯醇(PVA)/聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)共混膜,对渗透汽化分离甲醇/醋酸甲酯混合物进行了研究.考察了交联剂DAS的含量、共混膜的组成、操作温度和料液组成对膜分离性能的影响规律.当DAS与共混膜中PVP质量比为1∶3时,PVP交联效果理想,共混膜具有较好的渗透汽化分离系数.随着共混膜中PVP浓度的增加,膜的渗透通量逐渐增大,而分离系数先增大后减小.当操作温度为35℃、料液中甲醇浓度为20%时,含30%PVP的共混膜对甲醇/醋酸甲酯的分离系数达到了17.7.随着操作温度的升高、料液中甲醇浓度的增大,膜的通量逐渐增大,分离系数逐渐减小.实验结果表明,该共混膜能有效分离甲醇/醋酸甲酯二元共沸物.     

聚二甲基硅氧烷膜分离甲醇/碳酸二甲酯混合物的渗透汽化研究

制备了一系列聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)均质膜,用于渗透汽化法分离甲醇/碳酸二甲酯混合物,此系列PDMS均质膜优先脱除碳酸二甲酯.考查了PDMS均质膜在甲醇和碳酸二甲酯液体中的溶胀性能,并研究了PDMS预聚体的黏度、交联剂浓度、操作温度及料液浓度对渗透汽化分离性能的影响.结果表明,对于不同黏度的PDMS预聚体均表现出随交联剂浓度增加分离因子先增加后减小,而渗透通量则逐渐减小;随操作温度增加分离因子减小而渗透通量增大;随料液中碳酸二甲酯浓度增加分离因子先增加后减小,而渗透通量则逐渐增大.对于碳酸二甲酯浓度为30%的甲醇/碳酸二甲酯混合物,40℃时渗透侧碳酸二甲酯浓度为59.7%,分离因子为3.46,渗透通量为1.41 kg/(m2·h).     

PVA-PAA共混／CA复合膜制备及其分离碳酸二甲酯的性能

研究了聚乙烯醇(PVA)、聚丙烯酸(PAA)共混膜的交联以及铸膜液配方和膜的热处理条件对PVA-PAA共混/CA复合膜渗透汽化(PV)分离碳酸二甲酯(DMC)/水混合物性能的影响.结果表明:交联的PvA-PAA膜在纯水中的溶解率小,改善了膜在长期运行中的稳定性;随着PAA含量、混合交联剂戊二醛和乙二醇的浓度以及热处理条件的变化,水渗透通量JH2O和渗透液的含水量CP-H2O呈规律性变化.在优化条件下制备的PVA-PAA共混/CA复合膜,PV分离DMC/水二元混合物的JH2O为100 g/(m2·h),CP-H2O接近100%,分离DMC/甲醇/水三元混合物时,可同时脱除甲醇和水,当操作温度升高,JH2O和JCH3OH分别增加,CP-DMC始终小于3.6%.     

陶瓷中空纤维担载有机共混渗透汽化脱水膜的制备及表征

在多孔陶瓷中空纤维支撑体表面用浸渍提拉法制备了致密、无缺陷的有机分离层,其中有机分离层是以马来酸酐交联的对水具有分离选择性的壳聚糖(CS)-聚乙烯醇(PVA)共混复合材料.采用扫描电子显微镜、溶胀度分析与渗透汽化性能测试等手段,系统地考察了支撑体孔径和不同CS和PVA共混比例对膜性能的影响.同时研究了进料液水含量和操作温度对乙酸乙酯脱水渗透汽化性能的影响.实验结果表明,该复合膜在乙酸乙酯渗透汽化脱水过程中表现出优异的分离性能,在操作温度50℃,料液水质量分数为3％时,CS共混比(质量分数)为60％的PVA-CS共混复合膜的渗透通量高达1 195 g/(m2·h),对水的分离因子大于10 000.所制备的陶瓷中空纤维担载有机共混渗透汽化脱水膜将具备良好的商业应用前景.     

离子液体复合膜用于渗透汽化分离乙醇水溶液

将离子液体[bmim]PF6引入制膜过程,制备了PDMS膜以及离子液体支撑液膜和PDMS-IL共混膜.用所制的膜进行渗透汽化实验分离乙醇水溶液,研究料液温度、浓度和真空度等对膜渗透通量和分离因子的影响,并比较了3种膜的分离效果.实验结果表明,在分离乙醇水溶液时,PDMS-IL共混膜的综合分离效果优于普通的PDMS膜,而离子液体支撑液膜分离性能不理想.此外膜渗透通量都随料液温度、浓度的增大而增大,随透过侧压力的增大而减小;分离因子随料液温度、浓度和透过侧压力的增大而减小.     

壳聚糖膜对醇—水混合液的渗透汽化分离

本文研究了壳聚糖膜对醇一水混合液的渗透汽化分离行为。结果表明,壳聚糖膜对醇—水混合液具有良好的分离性能,可以达到一次性分离的要求。温度、浓度以及汽相边压力对渗透汽化性能有重要的影响。随着温度的升高,渗透通量增大而分离系数基本不变。随着原料液中醇含量增加,渗透通量下降而分离系数经过一个极大值。汽相边压力的升高使渗透通量急剧下降。但分离系数达到某一临界压力时才明显下降。     

聚氨酯膜分离丙酮／正丁醇溶液的渗透汽化性能研究

本文研究聚氨酯（PU）膜分离丙酮／正丁醇体系的渗透汽化性能。通过溶胀实验发现,PU膜表现出良好的优先透丙酮性能。随后进一步研究实验条件变化对聚氨酯膜的渗透汽化性能的影响。通过考察料液中丙酮浓度,操作温度对PU膜渗透汽化性能的影响发现：随着温度的升高,渗透通量变大,而分离因子下降。渗透通量随温度的增加是由于温度的增加使膜材料分子链段的运动加剧,自由体积增加,渗透物动能随之增加,液体在膜中溶胀度扣分子在膜中的扩散速度都相应升高,渗透通量就增大了;而分离因子的下降也可以通过Arrhenius公式中丙酮扣正丁醇的活化能大小很好地解释。随着料液中丙酮浓度的增加,渗透通量也随之增加,当丙酮含量达到20wt％时,渗透通量达到最大值750g／m^2h;反之分离因子却随浓度的增加而减小,当浓度从6wt％到20wt％,分离因子从10下降到3.8。     

渗透汽化分离有机混合物

采用渗透汽化进行了两类有机混合物的分离，一是从Ｃ４、Ｃ５醚后混合物中脱甲醇，二是从时、间二甲苯混合物中分离对二甲苯。以一定比例的醋酸纤维素（ＣＡ）与聚丙烯酸醋共混物的表皮分离层材料，制备渗透汽化复合膜脱除Ｃ４、Ｃ５醚后混合物中的甲醇，实验考察了料液浓度、温度等操作条件对膜分离性能的影响。结果表明共混膜兼有两类膜材料的优点，当原料中甲醇质量分数为０．４％时，膜内甲醇通量为２３０ｇ／ｍ＾２·ｈ，分离因     

不同预植晶种法制备NaA分子筛膜及其表征

采用多种预植晶种法在管状ɑ-Al2O3外表面水热晶化制备NaA分子筛膜.使用XRD、SEM对合成的膜层进行形貌表征,并用渗透气化技术考察膜的醇水分离性能.结果表明,采取搽涂-浸渍法在支撑体表面预植晶种,并进行2次4h水热晶化成膜制备的膜性能最好,在343K进料液中乙醇质量分数为90%时分离因子与渗透通量分别为6824和1.40kg/(m2·h).并考察操作温度以及料液水含量对膜渗透汽化分离性能的影响.随料液中水含量的增加,分离因子先升高后下降,渗透通量呈增大趋势;随着操作温度升高,分离因子逐渐降低而渗透通量随之增加.     

溴化聚苯醚渗透汽化非对称膜的制备及其乙醇/水分离性能

对聚苯醚(PPO)进行了溴代反应,采用凝胶相转化法制备溴代聚苯醚(BPPO)非对称膜.通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察膜表面及断面形貌,并以低浓度乙醇/水体系为研究对象,考察了添加剂含量、BPPO浓度、料液组成及料液温度对BPPO膜渗透汽化分离性能的影响.结果表明,该非对称膜较文献报道中的PPO膜,其分离因子有了明显的提高,在60℃添加剂浓度9.9％,BPPO浓度10％,进料液乙醇浓度5％时,膜的渗透通量236.4 g/(m2·h),其对乙醇的分离因子达到16.74.随着料液中乙醇浓度的增大,BPPO膜的分离因子减小,渗透通量增大；而随料液温度的升高,BPPO膜的分离因子及渗透通量均增大.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.