Paternity determination when the alleged father's genotypes are unavailable.

In paternity testing using the DNA evidence, analysis of the deficiency case when the DNA profiles of the alleged father are not available is different from that of the case with complete evidence. In this paper, we describe how to evaluate and determine the paternity in the deficiency case, by comparing the paternity indexes of the true father and the falsely non-excluded man.     

Exact solutions to Bayesian and maximum likelihood problems in facial identification when population and error distributions are known

The reliability of traditional photogrammetric identification techniques using a small number of facial landmarks has recently come in for criticism. However, the transformation of parameters into a new face space in which the error distributions are orthogonal, yields a maximum likelihood solution to the problem of identifying a photographed face from a small, known, population which, in a simulated example, raises the success rate from 20% to 93%. A full transformation yielding simultaneously independent population and error distributions can be derived from raw population and error data using a straightforward computer procedure. Such a transformation facilitates computations for the situation where a single suspect is held in custody and the likelihood ratio of his being identical with a photograph is desired. It seems premature to condemn photogrammetry until the more efficient data-analysis approach outlined in this paper has been applied and tested.     

Invisible but infringing: when metatags are trade mark use

The German Federal Court of Justice has laid down the principlethat metatag use must be considered ‘use as a trade mark’.     

Jaccard's heel: Radex models of criminal behaviour are rarely falsifiable when derived using Jaccard coefficient

Purpose. This article considers whether the modular facet of popular ‘radex’ models of offender behaviour is falsifiable or a statistical inevitability when using Jaccard coefficient, as evidence from other domains suggests. Method. Data equivalent to that examined in previous papers, and artificial data varying on four parameters, were examined using the conventional procedure of deriving Jaccard coefficients and submitting these to a smallest space analyses (SSA‐I). The parameters were number of variables, number of cases, highest frequency of variable occurrence, and distribution of occurrences. Evidence of a modular pattern in each SSA‐I solution was assessed using one qualitative and two quantitative measures. Results. When variables were free to occur in more than 50% of cases, none of the Jaccard‐based SSA‐I solutions supported the null hypothesis of no modular facet. This contrasts equivalent analyses using Yules Q, where 95.7% of the solutions supported the null hypothesis. When variables were restricted to occur in less than 50% of cases, the number of solutions supporting the null hypothesis changes to .003 and 78%, respectively. Analyses of the artificial data found that reducing the number of variables in a Jaccard‐based solution increased the likelihood of supporting the null hypothesis, which suggests that these solutions are structured by variable occurrence (i.e., frequency) rather than variable co‐occurrence. Implications. Research using Jaccard coefficient to measure co‐occurrences among behaviours should not claim that the modular facet of their radex model is an empirical finding. Unfortunately, this is many of the existing publications.     

性别歧视的界定

歧视现象,近年来越来越泛地受到关注.性别歧视、劳动歧视、地域歧视、乙肝歧视、身高歧视……人们在日常生活中的诸多领域发现了不平等、不公平的现象,宪法中的"人人平等"原则从一个抽象而空泛的规定突然变和触手可及.性别歧视作为常见的歧视形式,尤其引起了人们的关注.界定歧视的概念,制定有关歧视的法律,确立禁止歧视的原则,建立有效的事后救济途径,动员立法、司法机关以及社会各界力量,提供积极措施,通过赋予被歧视者以合法权利的方式,消除两性歧视,是法学研究面临的重大课题之一.目前,深化对性别歧视问题的讨论,是尽快启动性别歧视立法程序,推动社会和谐进步的有效步骤.     

Organizing knowledge spillovers when basic and applied research are interdependent: German biotechnology policy in historical perspective

The German biotechnology lag illuminates the difficulties of finding appropriate organizational forms of R&D for “embryo” innovations requiring the continued involvement of basic research scientists even after innovation has advanced to the stage of commercial product development. The analysis charts the German policy shift from largely unsuccessful “corporatist” networks (1970s and 1980s) to more promising “emergent” networks (1990s) as organizational vehicles for conducting biotechnology innovation. A constant of German R&D policy for most of the 20th century, and one underlying the initial reliance on corporatist networks in biotechnology, was the tendency to exclude universities from major R&D initiatives and rely instead on specialized research institutes. The structural inflexibilities of universities, combined with the early successes of many specialized research institutes from the 1880s on, led to path-dependent reliance on the latter for 20th-century reforms of the German national innovation system.      

制度性歧视的内涵与辨异

制度性歧视是由于国家正式规则的认可或者公权力主体的推行,使一定社会群体持续遭受普遍的、规范化的不合理对待。制度性歧视包含三个构成要素:公权力主体实施的歧视、以制度形态存在的歧视以及不合理的区别对待。与普通的歧视行为相比,制度性歧视具有合法性与正当性、强制性、群体性和稳定性等特点。制度性歧视在性质上属于公法歧视,并且依据存在形态与行为性歧视相区别。它不仅包括多数群体对少数群体的歧视,还包括少数群体对多数群体的歧视。     

两个已知全同胞参与的同胞鉴定分析

目的采用家系重建法进行两个已知全同胞参与的同胞鉴定分析。方法根据似然比的概念建立两个已知全同胞参与的全同胞鉴定和半同胞鉴定的假设检验,按照孟德尔遗传规律进行家系重建,推导两个已知全同胞参与鉴定的全同胞指数(FSI)和半同胞指数(HSI))的计算公式,并通过实际案件进行验证。结果推算得到59种两个已知全同胞参与鉴定的三个体基因分型组合的FSI计算公式及91种HSI计算公式,实际案例的应用显示与两个体同胞鉴定相比,亲缘关系指数显著提高。结论本研究推导的两个已知全同胞参与的同胞鉴定分析方法能充分利用可参考样本的遗传信息,提高亲缘鉴定的检测效能,具有很好的实用价值。     

傅立叶变换拉曼光谱法鉴别黑色墨水的研究

采用傅立叶交换拉曼光谱法对6种黑色墨水字迹进行检验分析实验结果表明,能对黑色墨水样品进行有效的鉴别。该方法具有快速、简便、不破坏样品的特点。     

虚假诉讼定义辨析

虚假诉讼在我国当前呈高发态势。因虚假诉讼行为人事先的恶意串通,若人民法院仅依诉讼常规程序审理之,必然不能探明事实之真相,必须采取常规程序外之特别手段方可应对。虚假诉讼变民事诉讼当事人"无奈提起诉讼"为行为人"刻意制造诉讼",对民事诉讼制度产生解构性侵害,是对整个民事诉讼法律制度的直接挑战。但作为解决虚假诉讼问题的首要问题——虚假诉讼的定义——仍然众说纷呈,没有统一的说法。此种现状导致虚假诉讼问题在实践中的诸多关注和探讨存在先天障碍。从实然使用、应然分析、与诉讼诈骗等相近概念的辨析以及案件的特点分析四个方面对虚假诉讼定义进行多角度解析,以期为虚假诉讼问题在实践中引发的关注和探讨进一步明确对象目标指向和精确界定探讨范围,并给相关法律制度的进一步完善提供多元化的参考。     

预重整的制度建设与实务辨析

一、预重整的概念和基本特征预重整是在庭外重组和破产重整两种制度的基础上融合创新产生的一种企业挽救辅助性模式,其设置目的是通过两种制度进行先后的有机衔接、补强组合,发挥各自优势,规避劣势,市场化、法治化地解决债务与经营困境企业的挽救再生。随着破产法制的日益发展与健全,预重整在企业挽救制度中逐渐兴起,开始占据重要的地位。