成型生物质高温炭化及成型炭理化性能研究

分别将棉杆、木屑两种单一的生物质原料及其混合原料成型(炭化压力60 MPa)造粒,并于固定床热解炉内对成型生物质进行炭化实验,分析炭化温度(400、500和600℃)及棉杆的掺混比例对成型炭理化性能的影响。研究表明:物理特性方面,随着炭化温度的升高,生物质成型炭的表观密度和抗压强度均呈先减小后增大的趋势;相同炭化温度条件下,随着棉杆掺混比例的增加,成型炭的表观密度增大,但抗压强度呈先减小后增大的趋势;化学特性方面,随着炭化温度的升高,成型炭的热值增加,但燃烧特性变差,灰分产率增加;随着棉杆掺混比例的增加,成型炭的燃烧特性改善,但热值降低,灰分产率增加;通过先成型再炭化制得的成型炭灰分和固定碳产率均优于欧盟标准EN1860-2:2005;在炭化温度为400、500和600℃时成型生物质中至少含有20%、40%和60%的棉杆可使其燃烧特性指标优于商用烧烤炭。     

活性污泥混合木屑制备生物质燃料及其燃烧特性的研究

以活性污泥混合木屑为原料制备生物质燃料,考察成型压力、物料含水率和活性污泥占比对生物质燃料的抗破碎强度和松弛密度的影响,并研究生物质燃料的燃烧特性。研究结果表明:生物质燃料的抗破碎强度和松弛密度均随着成型压力和活性污泥占比的增大而增大,物料含水率控制在15%～20%较为合适;成型压力和物料含水率对生物质燃料的抗破碎强度有显著影响,而成型压力和活性污泥占比对生物质燃料的松弛密度有显著影响;活性污泥的燃烧过程可分为水分析出、挥发分燃烧及无机盐分解3个阶段,木屑的燃烧过程可分为水分析出、挥发分析出及剩余挥发分和固定碳燃烧3个阶段;生物质燃料的燃烧过程因活性污泥占比的多少而有所差异。生物质燃料的综合燃烧性能随着木屑占比的增加而逐渐提高,活性污泥的加入可以改善生物质燃料的着火性能,合理的活性污泥混合木屑工艺和配方能够制备出燃烧性能较好的生物质燃料。     

生物质炭化成型技术工艺的研究进展

首先介绍了国内外目前的生物质炭化技术,而后概述了炭化生物质成型技术的制备工艺,介绍了国内外生物质炭成型技术,讨论了生物质炭化成型燃料性能的影响因素,最后指出生物质炭化成型技术的问题和研究方向。     

油泥与玉米秸秆混合成型燃料工艺参数优化

为解决大庆当地典型废弃资源利用的问题,选择大庆地区丰富的玉米秸秆作为试验主要原料和大庆油田废弃油泥作为试验辅助原料,以油泥添加比例、混合原料含水率、成型压力作为影响因子,以成型燃料的发热量、松弛密度、抗跌碎性、抗变形性作为评价指标,优化混合成型燃料的工艺参数。结果表明,混合原料含水率受油泥添加比例的影响很小,当工艺参数分别为油泥添加比例5%~10%,混合原料含水率10%~12%,成型压力25~30 MPa时,成型燃料的物理品质特性良好。该研究可为确定混合成型燃料的工艺参数提供理论依据,同时可为油泥的资源化利用寻求新方向。     

成型炭化过程对磷酸-污泥-木屑成型炭性能的影响

以杉木屑和污泥为原料,磷酸为添加剂,探讨成型温度（70~100 ℃）、成型压力（80~110 MPa）和炭化温度（300~600 ℃）对磷酸-污泥-杉木屑成型炭物理性能和产率的影响,并对物理性能最佳的成型炭进行燃烧特性分析和重金属分析。结果表明,成型温度与成型压力对成型炭物理性能的影响相似,随着成型压力的增大和成型温度的升高成型炭物理性能均先升高后下降,炭化温度对成型炭物理性能影响较复杂。经80 ℃和100 MPa成型后再经500 ℃炭化制得的成型炭表观密度与抗压强度最大,分别为1279.0 kg/m³和18.7 MPa,均远高于商用烧烤炭。成型炭产率随炭化温度的升高而减小,由300 ℃的72.0%减至600 ℃的52.2%。较高的成型炭物理性能和产率可在一定程度上降低储存和运输成本,实现生物质废弃物的高效利用。     

基于正交设计的花生壳颗粒燃料成型配比研究

通过正交设计方法对花生壳颗粒燃料的成型配比进行了研究。根据L9(34)正交表进行试验,以水分含量及两种添加物的比例为主要影响因素,以花生壳颗粒的热值、抗碎率、灰分、密度和外观为考察指标。经过直观分析,得到花生壳颗粒燃料最优配比:花生壳79%、水11%、甘油棕榈酸酯5%、无烟煤5%。通过试验验证,最优配比颗粒的热值≥17.5 MJ/kg,抗碎率≥98%,密度≥650 kg/m3,已达到欧洲生物质颗粒燃料的行业标准。     

烘焙棉秆的成型特性影响研究及工艺优化北大核心CSCD

文章以棉花秸秆为研究对象,对其进行烘焙预处理以提升燃烧特性与热值并降低粉碎能耗。采用单因素实验研究了成型压力、成型温度和原料含水率对烘焙棉秆成型燃料的松弛密度、吸湿性和抗压强度3个特性评价指标的影响。基于单因素实验开展了正交实验,探讨三者间的相互作用并对热压成型过程进行工艺优化。结果表明:烘焙预处理提高了棉秆的燃烧稳定性及粉碎效率,烘焙棉秆的粉碎能耗与棉秆原样相比降低了66.6%;在烘焙棉秆的热压成型过程中,成型燃料的特性评价指标在合适的压力范围内(3~23 kN)均随着成型压力的增大逐渐提升;而随着成型温度和原料含水率的增加,特性评价指标均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并分别在成型温度为115℃和含水率为9%时出现拐点。根据正交实验得出烘焙棉秆热压成型的最佳工艺条件:压力为18 kN,温度为100℃,含水率为9%,此时制得的成型燃料的松弛密度、抗压强度和吸湿性分别达到1.220kg/m3,8.17 MPa和8.45%,完全符合我国生物质颗粒燃料的行业标准。     

基于MOPSO的荞麦秸秆育苗钵成型工艺参数优化

采用响应面法研究荞麦秸秆生物质育苗钵密度、跌落破损率和承压破损率3个物理性能与成型压力、粘结剂用量及保压时间的关系，并应用多目标粒子群优化（MOPSO）算法对工艺参数进行三响应优化分析。试验结果表明：当压力为8～12 MPa、粘结剂用量为60%～90%、保压时间为11～14 min时，育苗钵密度可达1.041 g/cm3以上，跌落破损率和承压破损率分别在2.97%和2.65%以下。最优成型工艺参数为压力11.73 MPa，粘结剂用量60.5%，保压时间12.7 min，此条件下育苗钵密度达到1.168 g/cm3，跌落破损率和承压破损率分别为2.52%和2.58%。     

成型工艺参数对生物质热压成型燃料理化特性的影响研究

以棉秆、木屑为研究对象,分别将2种单一生物质原料和二者质量比为1∶1的混合原料进行热压成型,利用热重分析仪考察成型燃料的燃烧性能,并通过差示扫描量热仪、电子万能试验机研究不同成型温度和成型压力条件下成型燃料物理性质的变化规律,以反映草本生物质与木本生物质的成型规律及燃料物性的差异。结果表明:棉秆成型燃料燃烧性能较好,但灰分产率较大、热值较低,将2种生物质原料混合制得的成型燃料综合燃烧性能较好。随着成型温度的升高(室温～105℃),成型燃料的表观密度和抗压强度均呈先增后减的趋势,其中棉秆成型燃料的表观密度增幅较小,而抗压强度增幅较大,且远大于木屑成型燃料,但在木屑中掺混棉秆并未使混合成型燃料的抗压强度得到有效提高。随着成型压力的增大(40～80MPa),成型燃料的表观密度和抗压强度均呈增强的趋势,其中棉秆及混合成型燃料的表观密度和抗压强度增幅均较大,而木屑成型燃料的增幅较小。     

生物质颗粒燃料的成型能耗试验研究

以陕西地区苹果树修剪枝为原料,采用自制的生物质成型燃料多参数调控试验系统,分析单颗粒成型过程中的压力-位移曲线,考察基质含水率(5%~20%)、成型温度(70~150℃)和压力(80~120 MPa)对颗粒燃料成型能耗的影响。结果表明:随着压具位移的增加,挤压过程的压力变化呈3个阶段:松散段、过渡段和压紧段;推出过程的压力变化总体呈波动下滑的趋势,且初期压力波动范围较大。试验范围内,随着温度的升高,挤压能耗降低、推出能耗升高;随着压力的增大,二者均升高;基质含水率影响趋势相同,15%均达到最低值(29.47、4.79 J/g)。     

Influence of moisture content and hammer mill screen size on the physical quality of barley,oat, canola and wheat straw briquettes

In order to determine the briquetting characteristics of biomass in a commercial setting, a hydraulic briquetter was used to study the compaction behavior of biomass grinds from barley, oat, canola and wheat straw. The selected straw samples were ground with a hammer mill using screen sizes of 19.05, 25.40 and 31.75 mm and conditioned to three moisture content levels of 0.09, 0.12 and 0.15 (w.b.). The residence time was about 6–10 min before being extruded from the briquetter. The specific energy, throughput, as well as the density, and durability of manufactured briquettes were measured during or after briquetting. The applied compression pressure at different parameter combinations ranged from 7 to 14 MPa. Higher pressure resulted at higher biomass moisture content. Hammer mill grinding of biomass with a large screen size (31.75 mm) resulted in high energy consumption and low throughput during briquetting. The increase in moisture content decreased the total energy consumption and increased the throughput of the briquetter. Briquette densities were of consistently higher value when biomass samples were compressed at a lower moisture level. The moisture content and hammer mill screen size indirectly influenced the briquette densities by affecting the pressure and residence time in commercial briquette production. Briquettes were successfully formed without adding a binder.     

Key techniques and parameters for briquetting corn stover sprayed with biogas slurry in a cold region in China

Densification of biomass is often necessary to combat the negative storage and handling characteristics of these low-bulk-density materials. Corn stover is an important feedstock being considered for production of renewable fuels and energy in China. Densification of corn stover would help reduce the problems and costs of bulk transportation, handling, and storage of biomass feedstock. In cold regions, some thermosetting binder will be added when briquette fuel is made with corn stover because of its high water and lignin content. It is important to understand the synthesis mechanism of thermosetting binder under certain temperature and pressure combined with strong alkaline slurry to explore develop ment of a new process of briquetting corn stover based on only alkaline slurry as an environment-friendly binder. In this study, flat-die briquetting machine has been used with a cone-shaped press roller, and a matching die hole on the press plate. At the same time, orthogonal experiments were designed from the results of single-factor experiments to obtain optimal briquetting conditions. The effects of spray quantity of biogas-slurry, size of die hole, and water content of corn stover on the durability and bulk density of corn stover briquettes were investigated. Moreover, the model for whole factors and the model for interaction between factors for indexes have been built, emulated the optimum processing parameters. The results show briquettes of corn stover with durability of 83.33% were produced when the spray liquid flow quantity of biogas-slurry, size of die hole, and water content of corn stover were 0.45 L/kg, 28 mm, and 20%, respectively. Bulk density of 616 kg/m³ was produced when the spray liquid flow quantity of biogas-slurry, size of die hole, and water content of corn stover were 0.3 L/kg, 24 mm, and 25%, respectively. These results have been checked by verification testing. The successful implementation of this project provides theoretical support and test instruction for the development of green biomass energy for sustainable development.     

生物质成型系统一体化和自动化设计

为了实现生物质成型系统一体化和自动化运行、降低能耗、提高产率,对生物质成型设备进行了合理配置和整合。采用控制理论和技术,根据进料量、粉碎量、供热量、出料量、物料含水率等条件变化,对生物质成型设备进行自动化设计。实现了生物质成型燃料系统生产过程连续稳定,提高了设备的集成化水平,减少了人工操作,降低了能耗及生产费用。生物质干燥过程采用生物质热风炉提供热量,实现了能源的自循环利用。一体化和自动化的生物质成型系统燃料生产电耗小于100 kWh/t,人工费不超过100元/t,为生物质的规模化利用提供了较为合理的途径。     

Preparation of CaO-rich briquette from powdered semi-cokes by cold-pressing

In this work, CaO-rich briquette coke was prepared by carbonizing the cold pressing briquette composed of powdered char, CaO, and binders. The influences of binder type, binder content in briquette, the CaO/char ratio, and carbonization condition on compressive strength, resistivity, and porosity of the briquette were investigated. Subsequently, the optimum preparation conditions for producing CaO-rich briquetting coke were determined. The obtained results can promote development and optimization of in-situ production of calcium carbide and acetylene from CaO-rich briquetting coke.     

A new binder in production of water-resistant briquettes from bituminous coals: Co-polymer binder

Briquetting could be a solution to economic and environmental problems regarding fine coals. However, briquettes that are formed using molasses disintegrate in water and create problems. Providing water resistance to briquette, bitumen and asphalt are illegally used, however they generate more air pollution. In order to resolve this negative situation, a new binder with a co-polymer origin, Mowilith-VDM^©, is tested for briquetting of bituminous fine coals. The results of tests have shown that class I type (TSE, 1996) water resistance briquette can be produced using the co-polymer binder percent of 8, a drying temperature of 100°C, a drying time of 15 min, and a pressure load of 29.5 MPa.     

糠醛废渣用作秸秆成型粘结剂的试验研究

选用糠醛废渣作为玉米秸秆成型的粘结剂,在糠醛废渣添加量不同的条件下,对秸秆的成型效果进行了试验研究.试验结果表明:在玉米秸秆成型过程中加入适量的糠醛废渣,可以使秸秆在较低的压力下成型,降低了秸秆成型过程中的能量消耗.     

生物质型煤的研制与应用

生物质型煤是一种新型型煤,是利用粉煤、生物质等通过一定的生产工艺制作而成,不仅有利于节约能源,同时也可以减少环境污染.文章重点介绍了水分、生物质添加量、粘结剂、原料煤粒度、成型压力、熟化过程、干燥程度对生物质型煤冷强度的影响,添加剂、生物质、配煤量以及煤的种类对生物质型煤热强度的影响.文章还分析了生物质型煤与生物质和煤在燃烧速度和着火性能上的区别,固硫效果与所加固硫剂量之间的关系,并提出了生物质型煤作为气化型煤今后应开展的研究方向与课题.     

Briquetting soda weed (Salsola tragus) to be used as a rural fuel source

Amount of traditional fuel sources in the world has been decreasing and there is a definite need to produce and utilize alternative fuels such as biomass materials. In this study, briquetting conditions of Russian tumbleweed, Salsola tragus, (commonly named soda weed in Turkey) which grows in salty soils were investigated.Soda weeds were first chopped coarsely in a local tresher, then chopped finely in a hammer mill. Weed materials at three moisture levels (7%, 10%, and 13%) were prepared in the lab. Chopped weed materials were filled in cylindrical and square dies and compressed using a hydraulic press at three pressure levels of 15.7, 19.6 and 31.4 MPa. Optimum temperature, moisture rate, and pressure values were determined to produce stable briquettes. Further experiments were conducted to produce briquettes using sawdust and walnut shells as additives in conical dies of two different sizes.Results of a statistical analysis of parameters to produce briquettes in different dies indicated that moisture rates of 7–10%, pressure of 31.4 MPa, and temperatures of 85–105 °C were suitable for briquetting soda weed. Furthermore, sawdust and walnut shells additives increased briquette density without any negative effects on production process and product stability.     

Physical properties of rice husk and bran briquettes under low pressure densification for rural applications

Agriculture generates large amount of by-products that could be used to produce energy and reduce the amount of fuelwood required to meet the daily cooking needs, especially in developing countries. Rice is a major crop grown in West Africa and rice husk is a by-product of the milling process. The goal of this study was to develop a low cost system to produce biomass briquettes from rice husks in the context of a rural village. A manual press generating a pressure of 4.2 MPa was developed and used. The influence of the briquette formulation (type of binder, binder content, water addition, and bran content) was studied. The binders investigated were cassava wastewater, rice dust, and okra stem gum. The physical properties (density, moisture content, calorific value, durability, and compressive strength) were tested to identify the briquettes with the highest quality, i.e. greatest physical integrity. The briquettes made with rice dust had the highest durability (91.9%) and compressive strength (2.54 kN), while the briquettes made with cassava starch wastewater had the greatest density (441.18 kg m⁻³). Water added to the rice husk before densification positively influenced the briquette quality while bran seemed to mostly increase the density, but not necessarily the briquette quality. The briquette formulation did not significantly influence the calorific value. With a higher heating value of 16.08 MJ kg⁻¹ dry basis, rice husk briquettes represent an interesting alternative to fuelwood.     

木屑致密成型燃料微观结构观察与分析

林木生物质在全球生物质储量中占有很大比例,本文以木屑致密成型燃料为研究对象。试验分别对木屑致密成型燃料进行了元素分析、工业分析和燃料组成分析。并在200 kV场发射透射电子显微镜(JEM-2100F)下对木屑致密成型燃料进行观察,分别得到放大倍数为100、500、1 000、2 000倍的微观结构图片。通过对木屑成型燃料的微观结构分析研究能够为生物质成型燃料加工成型设备和燃烧设备的优化设计与改进提供理论基础。