40例儿童毒蛇咬伤临床治疗分析

1995～ 1 999年 ,我院共收治毒蛇咬伤病人 42 9例 ,其中 1 4岁以下儿童 40例。治疗的总有效率达97.5%。现将 40例儿童的临床治疗情况分析报告如下。1　临床资料1 .1　一般资料　 40例患者均为野外无意被毒蛇咬伤。年龄最大 1 4岁 ,最小 3岁 ,平均 9.7岁 ;6岁以上 (包括 6岁 )学龄儿童 34例 ,6岁以下学龄前儿童 6例 ,比例为 5.67:1。就诊时间 :4h以内2 9例 ,4h以上 (包括 4h) 1 1例 ,比例为 2 .64:1。致伤蛇种 :竹叶青蛇咬伤 2 3例 (57.5% ) ,银环蛇咬伤 6例 (1 5% ) ,烙铁头蛇咬伤 5例 (1 2 .5% ) ,眼镜蛇咬伤 3例 (7.5% ) ,蝮蛇咬伤 3例 (7…     

698例蝮蛇咬伤临床分析

我院 1 984～ 2 0 0 0年共收治蝮蛇咬伤患者 6 98例 ,现将临床治疗结果分析报告如下。1　临床资料1 .1　一般资料　 6 98例患者中 ,男 45 2例 ,女 2 4 6例 ;6 0岁以上 41例 ,40～ 5 9岁 1 5 4例 ,2 0～ 3 9岁3 78例 ,2 0岁以下 1 2 5例 ,年龄最小 4岁 ,最大 87岁。咬伤部位 :下肢 43 8例 ,上肢 2 5 2例 ,头部 3例 ,胸部 4例 ,会阴部 1例 ,咬伤 2处者 2 6例。1 .2　临床分型　全部病例均符合 1 997年广东湛江第一届国际蛇伤学术研讨会制订的毒蛇咬伤的临床病情分型标准 ,其中轻型 6 0 5例 ,占 86 .6 8% ,重型 80例 ,占 1 1 .46 % ,危型 1 3例…     

"蛇伤胶囊"治疗毒蛇咬伤疗效观察

作者应用自制“蛇伤胶囊”治疗毒蛇咬伤病人3 95例 ,疗效满意 ,现将临床疗效观察结果报告如下。1　临床资料1 .1　一般资料　 3 95例中 ,男 2 3 9例 ,女 1 5 6例 ,年龄最小 3岁 ,最大 71岁。其中眼镜蛇咬伤 1 41例 ,银环蛇咬伤 1 3 8例 ,五步蛇咬伤 2 6例 ,竹叶青蛇咬伤 9例 ,烙铁头蛇咬伤 76例 ,红眉蝮蛇咬伤 2例 ,湖南永州地区的“杂交银环蛇”咬伤 3例。1 .2　分型标准　根据 1 973年全国蛇伤经验交流会所订的关于毒蛇咬伤的病情标准分型和 1 988年5月 2 3日于中国桂林召开的“国际毒素”会议交流曹武君、劳伯勋所著的《毒蛇咬伤的临床分…     

采用七味中草药外敷治疗毒蛇咬伤267例疗效观察

福建省泰宁县地处山区 ,是蛇伤多发地区。近1 0年来 ,笔者在总结中草药及民间验方基础上 ,采用七味中草药合成粉剂外敷治疗各类毒蛇咬伤2 6 7例 ,效果显著 ,现报道如下。1　临床资料1 .1　一般资料　本组 2 6 7例中 ,男 2 0 8例 ,女 5 9例 ;年龄最小 9岁 ,最大 81岁 ;蝮蛇咬伤 1 9例 ,银环蛇咬伤 7例 ,蝰蛇咬伤 4例 ,眼镜蛇咬伤 80例 ,烙铁头蛇咬伤 1 1例 ,五步蛇咬伤 49例 ,青竹蛇咬伤 97例 ;咬伤后 2 h内就诊 95例 ,3 h～ 2 4 h就诊 98例 ,2 5 h以后就诊 74例 (其中含入院前已溃烂及严重溃烂的 5 3例 )。1 .2　治疗方法　取红冬青、山鸡椒…     

中西医结合治疗毒蛇咬伤3861例

宜春市地处江西中西部 ,辖区 1 0个县市 ,人口 5 2 0万 ,属田少多丘地区 ,气候温和 ,雨量充沛 ,适宜各种蛇类生长繁殖 ,已发现 1 0种主要毒蛇中的 8种 (蝮蛇、五步蛇、眼镜蛇、蝰蛇、竹叶青、烙铁头、银环蛇、眼镜王蛇 ) ,全年均有蛇伤病例发生 ,属蛇伤高发区。毒蛇咬伤是我市广大农村常见病 ,其病情危重 ,病死率较高。 1 3年来 ,我院应用中西医结合治疗毒蛇咬伤 3861例 ,现将救治体会总结如下。1　临床资料1 .1　一般资料　本组 3861例 ,男 2 1 0 3例 ,女1 75 8例 ;农民 2 676例 ,占 69.3% ,学生及学龄前儿童 693例 ,占 1 7.9% ,蛇贩和捕蛇…     

毒蛇咬伤82例临床救治体会

我院自 1 997年加入广州蛇毒研究所建立的蛇伤防治研究网络以来 ,至 2 0 0 1年 3月份 ,共收治82例毒蛇咬伤患者 ,均获治愈 ,现报道如下。1　临床资料1 .1　一般资料　 82例中 ,男 5 8例 ,女 2 4例 ;年龄最大 75岁 ,最小 8岁 ,其中青壮年 (2 0～ 49岁 ) 5 6例 ,平均年龄 3 9.6岁 ;学生 8例 ,农民 5 9例 ,捕蛇或卖蛇从业人员 1 5例。被眼镜蛇咬伤 1 8例 ,银环蛇咬伤 1 8例 ,蝰蛇咬伤 3 3例 ,竹叶青蛇咬伤 7例 ,烙铁头蛇咬伤 5例 ,眼镜王蛇咬伤 1例。咬伤上肢 3 6例 ,下肢 40例 ,躯干 6例。 71例在 5～ 1 0月份被咬伤 ,1 1例在 1～ 4月份、1 1…     

中西医结合治疗蝮蛇咬伤346例体会

蝮蛇咬伤是澧县春夏秋季节的一种常见病和多发病 ,被蝮蛇咬伤后 ,若能得到及时治疗 ,则可避免和减轻中毒症状 ,但若延误治疗 ,则可引起不同程度的中毒 ,重者可导致肢体功能障碍、多器官功能衰竭 ,甚至危及生命 ,我院近年来采用中西医结合治疗蝮蛇咬伤 3 4 6例 ,疗效满意 ,现报告如下。1　临床资料1 .1　一般资料　本组 3 4 6例中 ,男 1 79例 ,女 1 6 7例 ;年龄最小 9岁 ,最大 72岁 ,9～ 40岁 3 0 7例 ,40岁以上 3 9例 ;大多咬伤暴露部位 ,其中上肢 1 2 4例 ,下肢 2 0 9例 ,躯干 1 3例 ;咬伤月份以 5月～1 0月多见 ,1 2月～ 4月较少 ;咬伤至…     

与蛇伤恶化有关的发病情况的前瞻性研究

背景 :与蛇伤恶化相关的发病率文献报道不多。方法 :利用标准化的询问调查 ,对2 0 0 1年地区中毒中心报告的所有蛇咬伤病人出院后通过电话随访直到症状消失。结果 :报告了 1 2 8例蛇咬伤病例 ,其中 1 6例 (占 1 2 .5% )失访 ,31例 (占 2 4 .2 % )除刺伤外 ,无症状发展 ,而认为是“干咬”。对 81例 (占 63.3% )病人随访了其症状持续时间。年龄在 1～ 86岁 ,平均 32岁 ,男性病例 64例 (占 79% )。确诊为铜头蛇 (蝮蛇 )咬伤 57例 ,未确定有毒的为 1 7例 ,森林响尾蛇 6例和 1例毒水蛇咬伤。所有病人最初都在医院急诊科评估 ,其中 51例住院 ,9例…     

救治91例重,危型蝮蛇咬伤的体会

我院自 1 984～ 1 999年用中西医结合方法治愈重、危型蝮蛇咬伤患者 91例。现将我们的治疗体会介绍如下。1　临床资料1 .1　一般资料　 91例中男 50例 ,女 41例 ;年龄60岁以上 9例 ,59～ 40岁 2 5例 ,39～ 2 0岁 47例 ,2 0岁以下 1 0例 ,最大 72岁 ,最小 7岁。咬伤部位 :上肢 38例 ,下肢 52例 ,头部 1例 ,咬伤 2处者 1 2例。就诊时间 :1～ 6h内 2例 ,6～ 1 2 h内 2例 ,1 2～ 2 4 h内 5例 ,1～ 2天内 4例 ,2～ 3天内 1 8例 ,3～ 4天内 1 9例 ,4～ 5天内 2 5例 ,5～ 37天 1 6例。1 .2　临床分型　全部病例均符合 1 990年宁波第四届全国蛇伤会…     

蝮蛇咬伤中毒心电图异常30例分析

蝮蛇咬伤为江南地区夏秋季常见的急诊病。蝮蛇毒是以血循毒为主的混合毒 ,对循环系统损害严重。可引起溶血、凝血异常 ,心肌变性、水肿、坏死等 ,同时可损伤其他脏器。治疗毒蛇咬伤中毒的药物等均可导致心电图异常。现从我院收治的蝮蛇咬伤中毒病例中 ,随机抽取有心电图异常表现的 3 0例分析如下。1　临床资料1 .1　一般资料　本组 3 0例中男性 2 1例 ,女性 9例。年龄为 8～ 69岁 ,其中 8～ 1 9岁 7例 ,2 0～ 4 0岁 1 4例 ,4 0岁以上 9例。所有患者均按 1 973年全国会议分型 :危重型 8例 ,重型 1 5例 ,轻型 7例。1 .2　心电图表现　 ( 1 )心…     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor