The corrosion resistance of ultra-low carbon bainitic steel

The corrosion resistance of ultra-low carbon bainitic (ULCB) steel was compared with a weathering steel 09CuPCrNi through accelerated corrosion tests. The results indicated that the corrosion resistance was almost the same for ULCB and 09CuPCrNi based on the weight loss. It can be seen that the grain refinement did not deteriorate corrosion resistance property. The homogeneous microstructure, lower carbon content and random distributing ∑3 boundary could effectively increase the corrosion resistance of the ULCB steel. The characteristics of the rust layers indicated that the inner rust layer contained nanocrystalline Fe_3−xO₄ particles, while copper and chromium alloying additions were enriched at the rust layer and substrate interface in ULCB steel. These factors played important roles in forming a compact protective rust layer.     

Abnormal relationship between rust particles size and rust layer compactness of weathering steels

In order to reveal evolution of the rust layer during atmospheric corrosion, commercial weathering steel (WS) 09CuPCrNi and a recently developed bainite WS were subjected to a salt fog test. The protection and compactness of the rust layer were evaluated by electrochemical analysis, absorption-desorption test, etc. The experimental results indicate that more compact rust layer could be derived from the rust particles with larger size. The well-established notion that the rust particle growth can induce the decrement of corrosion resistance of WS. However, the present investigation shows that the notion might not be universally accurate. The unusual result means that the rust particles might grow anisotropically during corrosion.     

Q500qENH耐候桥梁钢在模拟工业大气环境中的腐蚀行为

通过周期浸润腐蚀试验对比研究了鞍钢生产的耐候桥梁钢Q500qENH和传统耐候钢09CuPCrNi在模拟工业大气环境中的腐蚀行为,并采用腐蚀形貌观察和电化学测试等手段对其腐蚀行为进行了分析。结果表明:显微组织和化学成分对钢基体的耐蚀性均具有一定影响,当保护性锈层形成后,耐蚀性主要取决于锈层的保护作用;周期浸润腐蚀试验结果和带锈试样的电化学阻抗谱、线性极化曲线分析表明Q500qENH钢耐工业大气腐蚀的能力优于09CuPCrNi钢的。     

耐候钢锈层稳定化处理技术及其评价方法

概述了国内外有关加速耐候钢稳定化锈层形成过程的表面处理技术及其评价方法,着重阐述了耐候钢锈层稳定化处理技术的有机-无机复合膜技术,并展望了这一方面国内外的发展趋势。     

CORROSION BEHAVIOR AND VARIATION OF APPARENT MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF ONE NEWLY-DEVELOPED LOW CARBON BAINITIC STEEL IN ENVIRONMENT CONTAINING CHLORIDE ION

利用周浸加速腐蚀实验与力学性能实验对比研究了新型低碳贝氏体钢、超低碳铁素 体钢以及09CuPCrNi钢这3种钢在含氯离子环境中的耐腐蚀性能与拉伸性能的变化. 与超低 碳铁素体钢和09CuPCrNi钢相比, 新型低碳贝氏体钢不仅力学性能提高了, 而且耐腐蚀性 能亦得到改善, 其腐蚀速率明显低于其余2种对比钢, 并且随着腐蚀时间的延长其优势更加 明显. 3种钢的锈层具有相近的相组成, 但新型低碳贝氏体钢的腐蚀产物颗粒最细小且锈层 最致密, 同时在接近钢基体的锈层处Cr和Cu的富集程度最明显且Cl的含量最低. 新 型低碳贝氏体钢锈层阻碍氯离子透过能力高于其余2种对比钢锈层.     

Weatherability of 09CuPCrNi steel in a tropical marine environment

The stability of weathering steel (09CuPCrNi) exposed at tropical marine environments for varied periods was investigated. The synergistic effect of exposure environment and alloy elements on weatherability was also studied. The classical weight loss method was used to evaluate weatherability, while the iron rust layers formed on weathering steel under different conditions were analyzed by using Infrared spectroscopy (IR), electron probe of mass analysis (EPMA) and electrochemical techniques. The results show that under low chloride deposition, the enrichment of Cr plays an important role on improving weatherability; conversely chloride ion is primary factor to whittle weatherability in high chloride deposition.     

部分钢铁材料在北京地区腐蚀规律研究

对17种黑色金属在北京地区自然环境暴露16年的大气腐蚀数据进行了回归分析,研究发现,碳钢、低合金钢和耐候钢的腐蚀规律符合双对数曲线方程的数学模型,腐蚀过程是阻滞过程。在北京地区,低碳钢、低合金钢和耐候钢的耐腐蚀性能差异不大,严格控制硫含量的低碳钢具有相当好的耐候性。     

热带雨林碳钢、低合金钢的大气腐蚀

在西双版纳热带雨林地区进行了4年的大气暴露试验，结果表明：材料的腐蚀符合指数函数规律，即W=Atn，随着试验时间的增加，腐蚀率有逐渐降低的趋势.碳钢的锈层疏松，易脱落，腐蚀较重；低合金钢的锈层比较致密，表现出较好的耐腐蚀性能.     

On the corrosion behaviour of novel high carbon rail steels in simulated cyclic wet-dry salt fog conditions

Eutectoid rail steels are prone to excessive corrosion in the coastal locations in India. In order to minimise this problem, four new rail steels with microalloying elements, Cu, Cr, Ni and Si were designed. The corrosion behaviour of these four rail steels were compared with the behaviour of three rail steels already in commercial application. Quantitative evaluation done by weight loss measurements after simulated wet-dry salt fog exposure test showed similar weight loss values for all rail steels. The FTIR spectra of rust samples revealed the presence of Fe_3−xO₄ as the major phase in both inner and outer layers of rusts on all the rail steels. Relative amounts of the different rust phases have been compared. SEM micrographs of the rusted samples revealed that the rust on Cr-Cu-Ni and Cr-Cu-Ni-Si rail steel was more compact than other rail steels. Impedance spectroscopy showed that the rust formed on Cr-Cu-Ni and Cr-Cu-Ni-Si rail steels resulted in the higher impedance in the high frequency region, compared to other rail steels.     

Ni对耐候钢在模拟海洋大气环境下耐蚀性的影响

通过周期浸润加速腐蚀实验,研究了不同Ni含量的耐候钢在模拟海洋大气环境下的腐蚀规律.采用失重法评价耐候钢的耐蚀性,并利用扫描电镜 (SEM),X射线衍射(XRD) 和电化学方法对耐候钢表面生成的锈层进行了分析.结果表明,随着Ni含量的增加实验钢的耐蚀性逐渐增加,当Ni含量超过3%(质量分数) 其耐蚀性较对比钢提高了两倍;Ni的存在能够提高实验钢的自腐蚀电位,并促进保护性腐蚀产物α-FeOOH的形成;电化学阻抗测试结果表明,实验钢中Ni含量越多,实验钢的电阻越大,锈层的保护性越好.     

耐大气腐蚀钢的研究概况

综述了国内外耐大气腐蚀钢(即耐候钢)的发展概况及 合金元素对其耐大气腐蚀性能的影响和作用机理，介绍了目前较先进的Ca-Ni、Ca-Si改性的合金化作用原理和各种耐候钢表面稳定化处理技术和解决措施；并展望了我国耐候钢的发展趋势.     

Effect of nickel on ion-selective property of rust formed on low-alloying weathering steel

The effect of nickel on the ion-selective property of the rust layers formed on the low alloy weathering steels under marine atmosphere was investigated by an alternate wet-dry accelerated corrosion test.Four types of low-alloying steels with different Ni contents were prepared for the corrosion test.The rust formed at various stages of corrosion was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectra(EIS),electron microprobe analysis(EMPA) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Afterwards,the corrosion resistance property of the rust was studied in the light of the experimental results.It is shown that increasing Ni content has significantly improved the corrosion resistance of the low-alloying steels under marine atmosphere.Furthermore,it is noted that an evident cation-selective property emerges in the rust layers with the Ni content of the rust layers up to 1.82%.However,when the Ni content of steel the matrix is below 1.5%,it has little effect on the cation-selective property.The ratio of Ni content in between the rust layer and the steel substrate decreases with the increase of Ni content in the steel substrate and varies little as the corrosion proceeds.     

Clarification of chemical state for alloying elements in iron rust using a binary-phase potential-pH diagram and physical analyses

A binary-phase potential-pH diagram has been investigated to evaluate the chemical stability of various kinds of double oxide rusts (Fe-X) to get a principle for alloy design enhancing the corrosion resistance of steels. It was found that there are the following types of alloying elements enhancing the corrosion resistance of steels in the rust: (1) iron substitution type (Ni), (2) oxide formation type (Al), (3) metallic type (Ru), and (4) oxygen-acid salt type (WO₄). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses have been conducted on the rust formed on the low alloy steel in a saline environment. The analytical results were discussed using potential-pH diagrams. The iron substitution type and the oxide formation type elements make spinel double oxides with iron. In the corrosion tests, steels added with Ni or Al had high corrosion resistance. Thus it is possible to obtain high corrosion resistance by the creation of spinel double oxide such as Fe₂NiO₄ and FeAl₂O₄ in an inner layer.On the other hand it was found that the metallic type and the oxygen-acid salt type elements were not contained into the iron rust. In particular the oxygen-acid salt elements were excluded from the iron rust and concentrated into the defects of the rust. It is suggested that insoluble salts like FeWO₄ are formed on the base metal in the defects to act as an anodic inhibitor. Thus, the addition of a small quantity of W gives high corrosion resistance.The penetration of Cl ions can be prevented by the spinel double oxide in an inner layer and the oxygen-acid salt in the defects. In this way, the high corrosion resistance by the addition of these elements can be understood from the potential-pH diagram and the physical analyses.     

Investigation on dual corrosion performance of magnesium-rich primer for aluminum alloys under salt spray test (ASTM B117) and natural exposure

Magnesium-rich primers perform very well on outdoor exposure and actual test conditions, yet fail rapidly in accelerated corrosion testing (salt spray test - ASTM B117). To investigate the behavioral dichotomy, Mg-rich primers exposed to salt spray testing and natural weathering were characterized at periodic intervals. The results revealed the presence of a thin and porous magnesium hydroxide layer in primers exposed to salt spray, and in natural exposure, a thicker, protective magnesium carbonate layer was detected and characterized. Samples exposed to atmospheric carbon dioxide exhibit excellent corrosion resistance but salt spray conditions are not conducive to facilitate magnesium carbonate formation.     

Role of climatic conditions on corrosion characteristics of structural steels

Corrosion behaviour of low alloy (LASS) and plain carbon (PCSS) structural steels exposed in different types of climatic conditions and nature of rust formed on their surfaces have been studied after 2 years of exposures. The test sites were chosen to represent four types of environments who strongly influence the corrosion of metals and alloys. They include (a) humid-saline, (b) humid-saline-urban (c) humid-industrial and (d) plain dry-urban environments. Mass loss, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic studies have been performed to study the corrosion behaviour and characterise the nature of rusts formed on these steels. Mass loss measurement technique has been used to determine the loss of thickness of steels during their atmospheric and salt spray exposures. Results indicate that the corrosion rate of steels is strongly influenced by the climatic conditions prevailing at the exposure sites. The presence of SO₂ and salinity in the environments change the structure and protective properties of rust formed on the steels’ surface. Electrochemical impedance and cyclic polarisation studies of the steels in simulated environments have been performed to understand the mechanism of corrosion in different climatic conditions.     

耐候钢及其腐蚀产物的研究概况

介绍了耐候钢的发展、国内外使用及研究状况，概述了合金元素对耐候钢耐大气腐蚀性能的影响及其作用机制的研究进展，并对腐蚀产物的组成、锈层形成及其演变的电化学过程方面的研究进行了介绍，对今后耐候钢的研究与发展前景提出了展望。     

Atmospheric corrosion of ASTM A-242 and ASTM A-588 weathering steels in different types of atmosphere

The work analyses the atmospheric corrosion resistance of two widely used weathering steels: ASTM A-242 and ASTM A-588. The steels were exposed for up to 5 years in different types of atmosphere: rural, urban, industrial and marine. The atmospheric corrosion resistance of the steels was evaluated and the rust layers formed on them were characterised by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The most relevant conclusions reached include the following: (a) the visual appearance (colouring) of the rust, rust texture, nature of the corrosion products and compactness of the rust layers formed are similar in both types of weathering steel. (b) No great differences are observed in the corrosion resistance. Slight differences occur in the industrial atmosphere, where ASTM A-242 presents 10–13% less corrosion than ASTM A-588. (c) In the C2-C3 ISO corrosivity atmosphere both types of weathering steels are adequate for unpainted use. However are not suitable in higher ISO corrosivity atmosphere.     

A new interpretation of the corrosion loss processes for weathering steels in marine atmospheres

Most available data sets for the long-term corrosion loss of various grades of weathering steel exposed to marine atmospheric environments are demonstrated to be consistent with the multi-phase corrosion model previously proposed for steels exposed to marine environments. This means that the early corrosion of weathering steels by oxidation is gradually inhibited by the build-up of corrosion products. These produce anoxic and sub-oxic conditions that may permit microbiological activity to govern the longer-term corrosion loss process. This new interpretation for the long-term corrosion of weathering steels may have implications for the design of such steels.     

Effects of rare earth elements on corrosion behaviors of low-carbon steels and weathering steels

The effects of rare earth elements on the corrosion properties of low-carbon steel and weathering steel were investigated. To elucidate the roles of rare earth elements (Ce and La) and the corrosion behavior of steels, salt spray tests, electrochemical techniques, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy, Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA), and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) were conducted. The results showed that the addition of rare earth elements enhances the corrosion resistance of both low-carbon steels and weathering steels, indicated by lower corrosion current density and salt spray corrosion rate after rare earth alloying. On the one hand, rare earth elements modify the morphology of inclusions and thus slow down the micro-area electrochemical corrosion, which improves the electrochemical corrosion resistance of these two steels. On the other hand, rare earth atoms tend to segregate toward the interface between the rust layer and the matrix. Hence, salt spray corrosion resistance is improved due to the enhancement of adhesion and compactness of the rust by the addition of rare earth elements.     

Rust formation and corrosion performance of Si- and Al-bearing ultrafine grained weathering steel

A high Si, Al type ultrafine-grained (UFG) weathering steel was produced by the multi-pass warm rolling method, and its corrosion resistance was estimated by a cyclic wet/dry corrosion test using chloride ions. The Si- and Al-bearing UFG steel exhibited excellent corrosion resistance in comparison with Si–Mn carbon steel (SM).

EPMA and TEM analyses showed that Si and Al mainly exist in nano-scale iron complex oxides in the inner rust layer formed on the developed steel. The Al K X-ray spectrum of Al₂O₃ and metallic Al had different peak positions due to chemical shifts, and that of the test sample was the same as that of Al₂O₃ in the EPMA analysis. This result suggested that Al was present in the complex oxides as Al³⁺. In the same way, Si was identified as an intermediate state such as Si²⁺ in the complex oxides of the inner rust.

EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) measurement of the corrosion test samples revealed that the rust resistance (R_rust) and corrosion reaction resistance (R_t) of the developed steel were much larger than those of SM. It was found that nano-scale complex iron oxides formed in the lower layer of iron rust in the developed steel, resulting in increased R_rust and R_t, and finally suppressing corrosion.