等离子熔覆技术的研究现状及展望

等离子熔覆技术是一种高效且应用广泛的表面处理技术,具有与基体结合良好、设备成本低、工作环境无污染及操作简单等优点。从等离子熔覆工艺参数研究、等离子熔覆合金涂层、等离子熔覆颗粒增强金属基复合涂层、等离子熔覆层质量调控方法、等离子熔覆技术应用等五个方面,介绍了等离子熔覆技术当前的发展概况。其中,关于等离子熔覆工艺参数研究方面,阐述了熔覆电流、离子气体流量、送粉气体流量、粉末送粉量、焊枪摆动幅度、焊接速度、喷嘴与工件之间的高度及多道搭接时搭接率等参数对涂层组织性能的影响;在等离子熔覆合金涂层方面,介绍了等离子熔覆用合金粉末及其引入方式的研究进展;在等离子熔覆颗粒增强金属基复合涂层方面,叙述了增强颗粒及其添加方式的最新研究成果;在等离子熔覆层质量调控方法部分,阐述了预热缓冷、热处理、外加磁场、机械振动、超声波辅助、加入变质剂及添加稀土元素等手段对熔覆层的质量调控作用;在等离子熔覆技术应用方面,介绍了等离子熔覆技术在矿山机械、汽车零部件再制造以及阀门修复等领域的应用。最后对等离子熔覆技术的应用前景及发展趋势做出了展望。     

等离子体熔覆技术在矿山机械上的应用

采用等离子熔覆技术在刮板输送机中部槽16Mn钢基体上熔覆NiCrSiB (20～30)％WC粉末，形成金属基复合材料熔覆层，该熔覆层硬度达1100HV左右，且无裂纹、气孔等缺陷，与基体形成冶金结合：借助金相显微镜、显微硬度计对熔覆层的组织及性能进行了分析。经熔覆处理，中部槽使用寿命提高3～5倍。     

等离子堆焊Ni基合金粉末熔覆层性能研究

采用等离子堆焊技术在Q235钢表面分别堆焊Ni-W-C合金粉末和M—Cr—Mn系复合粉末熔覆层。利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、C射线衍射仪（XRD）及磨损试验机对两种镍基合金熔覆层的微观组织及耐磨性进行了研究。结果表明，Ni-w．c合金粉末熔覆层显微组织主要为γ-Ni，Cr7C3，WC，（Ni，Fe）3（B，C）等，Ni-Cr-W-Mn系复合粉末熔覆层显微组织主要为γ-Ni，γ-（Ni，Fe），WC，W2C，Mn31Si12，Cr23C6，Cr3C3，NiB，Ni2B等。Ni-Cr-W-Mn系复合粉末较Ni-W-C合金粉末熔覆层耐磨性提高近10倍。Ni-Cr-W-Mn系复合粉末熔覆层通过多元素固溶强化及生成大量金属间化合物提高了熔覆层的硬度及耐磨性。     

激光熔覆纳米WC颗粒增强型合金粉末的研究

以Ni60作为粘接金属,掺入纳米WC为增强相,在16Mn钢表面用激光熔覆技术制备具有高耐磨性、高硬度和无裂纹的金属基复合材料熔覆层,分析了纯Ni60和不同含量纳米WC熔覆层的微观组织.在相同工艺条件下,讨论了纳米WC含量对熔覆层金相组织和表面硬度的影响,为制备高性能且与基体呈冶金结合的熔覆层提供了依据.结果表明,含纳米WC的合金粉末熔覆层硬度均高于纯Ni60粉末熔覆硬度,且随着纳米WC含量的增加,熔覆层表面硬度也增大,当纳米WC含量达到5％时,熔覆层表面出现了裂纹.     

高能球磨对等离子控制原位合成TiC/Ni熔覆层的影响

以Ti粉和活性炭粉作为原始粉末在行星式球磨机上进行高能球磨,采用等离子熔覆技术分别将经高能球磨活化的和未球磨活化(Ti C)的预涂粉末,在45钢表面分别原位合成了TiC/Ni复合熔覆层;对熔覆粉末的组织、界面特征及相组成进行了分析,并对熔覆层的性能进行了测试.结果表明,经高能球磨活化后,Ti C粉末得到了细化和均匀化,增加了钛粉和石墨之间的接触面积;经活化后的熔覆层中的TiC增多,熔覆层的硬度提高到630 HV0.2.     

等离子熔覆镍基复合涂层的组织及性能

采用等离子熔覆工艺在不锈钢基材上熔覆镍基合金,获得了一定厚度的复合熔覆层.分析了熔覆层的显微组织、硬度和耐磨性及物相形貌和相结构等.结果表明涂层中镶嵌着大量与基体合金结合良好的WC颗粒;熔覆过程中WC颗粒发生部分溶解;涂层与基板为冶金结合;所得涂层具有较高硬度,涂层基体硬度6000 MPa,WC颗粒硬度达18 780 MPa;熔覆层的主要强化机制是WC颗粒的弥散强化和C,Cr及B等合金元素溶入γNi(Me)中产生的固溶强化.     

等离子熔覆镍基复合涂层的组织及性能

采用等离子熔覆工艺在不锈钢基材上熔覆镍基合金,获得了一定厚度的复合熔覆层.分析了熔覆层的显微组织、硬度和耐磨性及物相形貌和相结构等.结果表明:涂层中镶嵌着大量与基体合金结合良好的WC颗粒;熔覆过程中WC颗粒发生部分溶解;涂层与基板为冶金结合;所得涂层具有较高硬度,涂层基体硬度6000 MPa,WC颗粒硬度达18 780 MPa;熔覆层的主要强化机制是WC颗粒的弥散强化和C,Cr及B等合金元素溶入γNi(Me)中产生的固溶强化.     

镍基碳化钨合金粉末激光熔覆工艺的研究

采用同步送粉方式在16Mn钢表面熔覆镍基碳化钨合金粉末.通过对不同激光熔覆工艺参数下的宏观形貌以及微观组织进行研究分析,较详细地探讨激光熔覆功率以及扫描速度对熔覆层熔覆质量的影响.通过对不同工艺参数下的熔覆层进行显微组织分析以及EDS能谱分析,对熔覆层微观组织种类、分布以及碳化钨硬质相组织分布不均匀性进行研究,总结出激光工艺参数对熔覆层的影响规律.最后得出镍基粉末+30％碳化钨(钴包WC)粉末在功率3.0kW、熔覆速度1000 mm/min的工艺参数下为最佳熔覆效果.     

Fe-Al金属间化合物对钢表面增强工艺参数的影响

进行了Q235钢表面的预制粉末覆层的等离子熔覆,研究了等离子熔覆工艺对熔覆层表面成形的影响,在此基础上得到了合适的熔覆工艺参数.进行了熔覆层组织的金相分析及熔覆层显微硬度测量与分析.结果表明,熔覆电流、焊枪摆动频率、熔覆速度的改变均能引起热输入的明显变化,影响熔覆层组织形态,基体熔化程度,以及界面的结合状态,进而影响熔覆层的耐磨性及耐腐蚀性.试验条件下的最佳熔覆工艺参数为熔覆电流130 A,熔覆速度5 cm/m in,焊枪摆动幅度4 mm,摆动频率0.4 Hz.     

送粉方式对WC颗粒增强铁基熔覆层的影响

目的改进后送粉方式在45~#钢表面利用等离子喷焊技术制备WC颗粒增强铁基耐磨熔覆层。方法利用等离子喷焊机和加装改进的后送粉装置制备熔覆层,通过金相光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)等测试分析手段研究熔覆层的显微组织、相组成和成分特征。结果后送粉电压和送粉方式对WC颗粒分布的影响较大,通过调整送粉电压、改进后送粉方式可以改善WC的分布以及WC粉末的利用率。球形铸造WC与多边形结晶WC相比,前者粉末利用率显著提高,WC颗粒分布更均匀,熔覆层的平均维氏硬度达到1500HV10以上,高于后者。熔覆层出现鱼骨状莱氏体组织和大量的碳化物。结论改进的后送粉方式包含了同步送粉和后送粉的优点,使WC颗粒分布均匀,且WC未出现很大程度溶解,保留原始形态。送粉电压为10 V时,后送粉的熔覆效果较好。球形铸造WC增强熔覆层的性能较多边形结晶WC有很大提高。     

Preparation of nickel-coated tungsten carbide powders by room temperature ultrasonic-assisted electroless plating

In this paper nickel (Ni)-coated tungsten carbide (WC) composite powders have been synthesized by ultrasonic-assisted electroless plating with a simplified pretreatment at room temperature as the conventional sensitization and activation steps have not been employed. The growth mechanism of Ni layers and surface morphologies and composition of initial WC powders, pretreated WC powders and Ni-coated WC powders were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersion spectrometry. The results shows that uniform Ni-coated WC composite powders were successfully synthesized without conventional sensitization and activation steps by ultrasonic-assisted electroless plating at room temperature. The growth mechanism of Ni layers appears as follows: the surfaces of pretreated WC powders appear step-like defects which act as activated sites. Nucleation and the growth of nickel grains take place on the activated sites of pretreated WC powder, and the process repeats continuously on the lath particles with reticulate structure on the as-coated surfaces of previously deposited Ni-cells, finally Ni cells grow up and merge into a layer.     

Catalysts characteristics of Ni/YSZ core-shell according to plating conditions using electroless plating

This study aims to develop an anode catalyst for a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) using electroless nickel plating. We have proposed a new method for electroless plating of Ni metal on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) particles. We examine the uniformity of the Ni layer on the plated core-shell powder, in addition to the content of Ni and the reproducibility of the plating. We have also evaluated the carbon deposition rate and characteristics of the SOFC anode catalyst. To synthesize Ni-plated YSZ particles, the plated powder is heat-treated at 1200 °C. The resultant particles, which have an average size of 50 μm, were subsequently used in the experiment. The size of the Ni particles and the Ni content both increase with increasing plating temperature and plating time. The X-ray diffraction pattern reveals the growth of Ni particles. After heat-treatment, Ni is oxidized to NiO, leading to the co-existence of Ni and NiO; Ni₃P is also observed due to the presence of phosphorous in the plating solution. Following heat treatment for 1 h at 1200 °C, Ni is mostly oxidized to NiO. The carbon deposition rate of the reference YSZ powder is ~135%, while that of the Ni-plated YSZ is 1%-6%.     

Synthesis and characterization of Ni–P coated hexagonal boron nitride by electroless nickel deposition

Electroless plating has been receiving a steady progress over the last decade on the modification of the surface properties of ceramic materials in order to produce composite coatings with unique characteristics for critical tribological systems. In this work, an electroless nickel deposition process was used to deposit nickel-phosphorous (Ni–P) coating on hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) particles via hypophosphitereduced acid bath solution. The substrate particles were initially subjected to series of pre-treatment operation in order to ensure that the particles are cleaned and catalytically active prior to electroless plating. The characterization of the as-received and Ni-coated powder was studied through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The result reveals that the pretreatment of h-BN powder provides substrate particle surfaces with coarse and roughened structures which are normally considered suitable for Ni–P deposition. Moreover, the result of the EDX analysis confirms the existence of nucleating agents and Ni–P coating on the surface of the treated h-BN powder. The cross-sectional microstructure of the coated powder shows that the h-BN particles were embedded in a continuous matrix layer of Ni–P deposit. The EDX mapping profiles further indicate that the deposited Ni–P alloy mass was uniformly distributed on the surface of the Ni–P codeposited h-BN particles (Ni–P–h-BN). The successful development of Ni coated h-BN powder will raise the potential of h-BN as a high-performance coating material.     

Copper-Ti3SiC2 composite powder prepared by electroless plating under ultrasonic environment

In this article, a new type of Cu-Ti3SiC2 composite powder prepared using the electroless plating technique was introduced. The initial Ti3SiC2 particles are 11 μm in diameter on an average. The Cu plating was carried out at middle temperature （62-65℃） with the application of ultrasonic agitation. The copper deposition rate was determined by measuring the weight gain of the powder after plating. It has been found that the pretreatment of Ti3SiC2 powder is very important to obtain copper nanoparticles on the surface of Ti3SiC2 The optimum procedure before plating aimed to add activated sites and the adjustment of the traditional composition of the electroless copper plating bath could decelerate the copper deposition rate to 0.8 gm/h. X-ray diffraction （XRD） indicates that the chemical composition of the plating layer is copper. SEM images show that the surface of the Ti3SiC2 particles is successfully coated with continuous copper layer. The wetting property between the copper matrix and Ti3SiC2 can be improved so as to increase the interfacial strength.     

42CrMo钢表面Fe-WC激光熔覆层的组织与性能

用同轴送粉的方式在42CrMo表面激光熔覆Fe-WC合金粉末,通过扫描电镜、光学显微镜、能谱仪观察分析熔覆层的显微组织特征、WC陶瓷颗粒对熔覆层组织性能的影响、WC陶瓷颗粒分布特征及WC周围块状共晶物的组成成分;用显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验仪、高精度电子天平测量基体与熔覆层的性能及质量损失,分析了引起性能曲线变化的原因。结果表明,熔覆层底部到顶部的组织变化为平面晶、晶界明显的胞状晶、交错生长的柱状树枝晶、排列紧密的胞状晶、方向均一的柱状树枝晶;WC陶瓷颗粒具有细化枝晶、阻断枝晶生长,增强熔覆层性能的能力;WC陶瓷颗粒在熔覆层中聚集分布,形成较宽的陶瓷带;WC陶瓷颗粒周围的块状共晶物是由WC部分分解得到的,其组成元素包括C、W、Fe、P、Cr。熔覆层平均硬度达到850 HV0.3,是基体平均硬度的3.4倍。摩擦因数为0.275左右,比基体小0.525。基体的质量损失是熔覆层的11倍多。说明Fe-WC合金熔覆层能够有效提升基体的硬度及其抗磨损能力。     

超声化学镀对烧结钕铁硼磁体抗腐蚀性能的影响

采用超声波化学镀方法,研究了在频率为40 kHz超声波条件下化学镀Ni-P合金对烧结NdFeB磁体抗腐蚀性能的影响,测定了超声功率对沉积速度和镀层磷含量的影响,观察了超声场对镀层表面形貌和Ni-P镀层耐腐蚀性的影响.结果表明,随着超声功率的增大,沉积速度增加,而镀层磷含量略有降低.与无超声场下的Ni-P化学镀层相比,超声条件下化学镀Ni-P合金组织更加细小,排列更加紧密,有更加优良的耐腐蚀性,能有效的保护NdFeB磁体.     

镀镍石墨粉的电化学性质

利用化学镀方法在石墨粉表面镀覆了一层均匀、完整的金属镍,研究了镀镍石墨粉电极及镀镍石墨粉作为ＭＨ／Ｎｉ电池镍电极导电剂时的电化学性质。实验表明,石墨粉表面镀覆金属镍可增另其电化学活性;用镀镍石墨粉作为电极导电剂时,可以改善镍电极的导电性能,降低电池内阻,提高正极活性物质的利用率,且电池的循环稳定性好,以１Ｃ倍率充放电循环１２０就衰减。     

不同形状钨粉化学镀铜的研究

通过化学镀法制备铜包钨复合粉末,研究不规则形状的钨粉以及经等离子球化处理的球形钨粉的化学镀铜。结果表明,对于颗粒形貌不规则棱角分明的破碎钨粉,经化学镀包覆后粉末没有明显的棱角,表面粗糙。而经等离子球化处理后球形度较高的球形粉,颗粒表面存在缺陷,化学镀后粉末的球形度没有明显的变化,化学镀层在其表面沉积均匀,且钨粉表面质量得到改善,不存在表面缺陷。化学镀后复合粉末在600℃下进行氢气退火处理后,镀层上的粗糙的表面变得平滑,镀层中的空隙明显减少,形成了一层均匀致密的铜层包覆在钨颗粒表面。     

电刷镀WCp/Ni复合镀层组织与磨损特性

采用电刷镀技术制备了含有微米WC/Ni复合镀层,分析了该复合镀层的微观组织,测试了该镀层的显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能,研究了微米颗粒沉积量对镀层摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果表明,随着镀液中WC颗粒含量的增加,复合镀层的组织趋于细化,WC/Ni复合镀层较快镍镀层具有更高的显微硬度和良好的耐磨性,含量在30 g/L时达到最大.     

PET纤维表面化学镀镍工艺及其性能研究

在超声波作用下对涤纶(PET)纤维表面进行预处理,并对化学镀镍工艺进行了实验研究,确定了最佳的工艺参数,讨论了镀液成分和工艺条件对镀层沉积速度的影响.实验表明,该实验条件下在PET纤维表面化学镀镍可以得到理想的镍镀层,镀镍纤维具有良好的耐热性和导电性.