浅谈土建监理安全施工

开展安全监理工作对于土建工程施工质量的提高具有重要意义,这里分析了土建监理安全施工的现状,探讨了优化土建监理安全施工的策略,具体包括构建安全施工监理机构、完善施工前的安全监理工作及强化施工过程中的安全监理工作。     

建设监理在施工质量控制中的作用探析

建设工程施工中的质量监理控制是监理管理的重要部分,也是关系到整个工程质量和安全的关键。建设工程施工质量监理主要是实现对合同的管理,对施工材料、施工技术和设备、施工人员等方面的监督,对施工质量的控制,从而使建设工程施工顺利推进。结合建设监理在施工质量控制中的重要性,分析了当前建设施工质量监理现状,探讨了如何完善建设施工监理制度,加强监理力度,包括材料、设备和技术的监理。旨在充分发挥施工监理的作用,保证工程的质量。     

落实安全监理工作创建安全生产文明施工优良样板工地

安全监理工作是施工阶段工程监理的重点,做好施工前期和施工过程的安全施工监理工作的要点与落实对保障施工安全有重要作用。结合广州市洪德大厦监理工作的实践经验,就现场施工安全施工监理工作内容、工作方法以及监理过程中的资料等提出了问题和对策。     

建筑工程施工监理安全风险及其防范措施研究

在建筑工程施工建设中,监理工作发挥着至关重要的作用,其能够对工程的施工质量和施工安全产生直接影响。考虑建筑工程施工周期长,影响因素众多,在施工监理中可能会遇到安全风险,使监理工作无法达到预期效果,监理单位应做好施工监理安全风险分析和防范,提升监理的有效性,确保建筑工程施工建设的顺利进行。论文分析了建筑工程施工监理的重要性,总结了建筑工程施工监理中的安全风险,并提出了风险防范措施,以供参考。     

水利工程施工监理质量和进度控制对策研究

对水利工程施工监理现状展开分析,针对水利工程建设活动中施工监理质量、进度控制等方面出现的问题提出有效对策,包括促进水利施工监理规范化、推进水利施工监理队伍建设、完善水利施工监理技术体系、明确水利施工监理进度和质量控制要点、优化水利施工监理制度设计,为水利工程高质量完工夯实基础。     

钻孔灌注桩施工的监理工作探讨

梳理了钻孔桩施工方法和特点,再结合桩基的检测试验项目分述了其监理控制要点和监理对不合格桩的处理,之后探讨了钻孔桩施工监理工作程序,最后结合钻孔桩施工的内容和流程,重点从施工准备阶段的监理工作、施工过程的监理工作、施工后的监理资料三个方面,探讨了钻孔灌注桩质量控制的监理内容、监理程序、监理要点、监理方法及措施。     

公路监理施工质量控制要点初探

达到公路设计的质量是公路工程施工的一项主要目标,近年来,国家对于公路监理施工质量需要越来越严格,因此,应当加强公路监理施工质量控制,确保公路施工质量。本文首先分析了公路监理施工质量控制要点,并从加强个环节质量控制和加强公路施工全过程监理两方面探讨了公路监理施工质量控制,以期为公路监理施工质量控制提供一些参考。     

建筑工程监理与施工技术创新的关系

文章对建筑工程监理制度的发展特征进行了分析,阐述了建筑工程监理与施工技术创新的关联性,指出了建筑工程监理与施工技术创新发展的趋势,包括优化施工技术、学习先进的监理理念、完善建筑监理机制、创新现代化监理施工技术。     

在深基坑施工监理中的质量控制要点与对策

深基坑施工监理工作是维护基坑稳定和结构安全施工的关键所在,因此,做好深基坑施工监理中的质量控制工作具有非常重要的意义。本文首先对监理工程师在进行深基坑施工监理工作时要注意的事项进行说明,然后就深基坑施工监理中的质量控制要点进行系统的说明,最后就深基坑施工监理中的质量控制对策进行剖析。     

浅议施工监理标的评审

通过对施工监理工作的分析,提出在施工监理评标过程中应重点评审监理单位人员的配置和监理大纲,介绍了施工监理评标中对监理人员配置、施工监理大纲的评审的重点以及几个评审技巧,强调评标专家的业务能力和专业技术水平对招投标工作的结果有重要影响。     

Heat and cold stresses in different climate zones across China: A comparison between the 20th and 21st centuries

Summer and winter discomfort in terms of heat and cold stresses in the nine major architectural climate zones and sub-zones across China in the 21st century were investigated using predictions from general circulation models for the low and medium emissions scenarios. For the six severe cold and cold climate zones in the north, reductions in cumulative cold stress outweighed the increase in cumulative heat stress resulting in an overall decreasing trend in the annual cumulative stress, and vice versa for the other three warmer climate zones in the south. Compared with the 20th century, significant reduction in the cumulative cold stress was observed across the six zones in severe cold and cold climates, ranging from 15.8 in cold-III to 42.3 in severe cold-II. There were modest increases in the cumulative heat stress from 0.3 in cold-II to 12.3 in cold-III. For the warmer climates in the south, reduction in cumulative cold stress ranged from 7.6 in hot summer and warm winter (HSWW) to 10.3 in hot summer and cold winter, while cumulative heat stress increased from 9.9 in the mild zone to 30.6 in HSWW. A reduction in cold stress would result in less winter heating and an increase in heat stress more cooling requirement.     

Health assessment of artisanal gold miners in Indonesia

Small scale miners use mercury to extract gold from ore in many countries. An environmental and health assessment was performed in Indonesia in two regions, Galangan in Central Kalimantan and Talawaan in Northern Sulawesi. The environmental assessment showed severe mercury contamination of the sediments, and increased mercury levels in local fish. For the health investigation 281 volunteers were recruited and examined by a standardized questionnaire, a neurological examination and neuro-psychological tests. A medical score was used consisting of significant factors of mercury intoxication. Mercury exposed workers showed typical symptoms of mercury intoxication, such as movement disorders (ataxia, tremor, dysdiadochokinesia, etc.). Blood, urine and hair samples were taken from any participant and analyzed for mercury. The mercury concentration in the biomonitors was high, partly extreme high in the working population, increased in the population living in the same habitat and low in the control group. By a standard protocol which includes a combination of threshold values of mercury in the biomonitors and a medical sum score the diagnosis of chronic mercury intoxication was made for highly burdened workers (amalgam smelters) in 55% in Sulawesi and in 62% in Kalimantan. Less exposed mineral processors and the general population in the mining areas were also intoxicated to a high percentage.     

Urban environmental mercury in Changchun, a metropolitan city in Northeastern China: source, cycle, and fate

Mercury concentrations in each environmental compartment in Changchun City had obvious spatial and temporal trends. Particulate Hg (HgP) and total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations in air, total Hg (HgT) concentrations in precipitation and ratios of HgP to HgT (total Hg in air) in the atmosphere in heating season were higher than those in non-heating season, which resulted from civil heating. In contrast, reactive Hg (HgR) concentrations in precipitation were higher in non-heating season than those in heating season. TGM and SO2 in air had good agreement. HgP concentrations in the atmosphere were correlated with HgT concentrations in precipitation. Based on Hg concentrations in each environmental compartment, Hg exchange fluxes between environmental interfaces were estimated. Only 11.6% of Hg, emitted from coal combustion, deposited into land surface in urban district and the rest part participated in regional or global cycle, so urban district was the source of Hg global and regional cycle. Net fluxes of Hg into land surface and water were 34.26 kg year(-1) and 0.051 kg year(-1), respectively, which were clearly accumulated in the water and soil. Therefore considering urban local Hg cycle, each environmental compartment of urban ecosystem (water, air and soil) was the sink of Hg.     

Impacts of climate change on phosphorus loading from a grassland catchment: Implications for future management

Dynamic modelling was used to quantify the impact of projected climate change, and potential changes in population and land use, on phosphorus (P) export from a sub-catchment in SW Ireland using the Generalised Watershed Loading Functions (GWLF) model. Overall the results indicated that the increase in annual total phosphorus loads attributable to climate change was greater than that from either population or land use change, and therefore that future climate variability will pose an increasingly significant threat to the successful long-term implementation of catchment management initiatives. The seasonal pattern in projected P export mirrored changes in streamflow, with higher rates between January and April and lower rates in summer. The potential reduction in export in summer was, however, negated when increases in population were included in simulations. A change in the slurry spreading period from that stipulated in national regulations to the months between April and September could potentially mitigate against future increases in dissolved P export in spring. The results indicate that projected changes in climate should be included when undertaking modelling exercises in support of decision making for catchment management plans.     

Cyanobacteria and earthy/musty compounds found in commercial catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) ponds in the Mississippi Delta and Mississippi--Alabama Blackland Prairie

The compounds responsible for earthy and musty "off-flavors" in farm-raised channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in the southeastern United States of America are geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), respectively. These compounds are produced by certain species of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that grow in the aquaculture ponds. Previous research has focused on the species of cyanobacteria found in catfish ponds in west Mississippi (the leading region of catfish production in the USA), while the species responsible for earthy/musty off-flavors in catfish produced in the Mississippi-Alabama Blackland Prairie (MABP) region (second greatest region of catfish production) have not been described. We examined water samples from commercial catfish ponds in both regions to contrast the different types of cyanobacteria and assess the prevalence of geosmin and MIB. Results established that filamentous cyanobacteria are more common in west Mississippi compared to the MABP region. Also, the MIB-producing cyanobacterium Oscillatoria perornata is present in catfish ponds in both geographic locations, and geosmin is more prevalent in catfish ponds in the MABP region than in west Mississippi.     

在革新与现代主义之间:夏昌世与德国(英文)

夏昌世,中国第一代建筑师,1920年代在德国卡尔斯鲁厄留学。1932年,他在图宾根完成了博士论文之后重返祖国。1940年代后期,他在广州成为教授,1973年与妻子一同重返德国,并在那里生活直至1996年逝世。他的设计方法不仅受到那个时代欧洲现代主义运动氛围的熏陶,还来自他对中国传统景观与建筑艺术历史的研究。他是引领岭南区域形成岭南学派建筑的主导力量之一。同时,作为一建筑学教授,他在广州培养了新一代青年建筑师。     

Heavy metal contaminants in Red Pandora (Pagellus erythrinus) tissues from the Eastern Aegean Sea, Turkey

Heavy metal contents were investigated in different organ tissues of Red Pandora (Pagellus erythrinus) from the eastern Aegean Sea between May 1996 and July 1998. The concentrations of mercury in the muscle tissue ranged between 16 and 716, in liver 125-5451, in gonad 2.0-1858; cadmium in muscle nd-9.6, in liver 1.4-2245, in gonad nd-192; lead in muscle nd-1397, in liver 112-8311, in gonad nd-2927; zinc in muscle 1352-6693, in liver 2710-78705, in gonad 7273-168655; copper in muscle nd-383, in liver nd-21986, in gonad nd-20499 (microg/kg wet weight). The highest concentrations were generally found in the Southern Aegean Sea. All metal levels in muscle tissues are lower than the limits of European Dietary Standards and Guidelines. The metals ratios between liver and muscle indicated that the liver accumulated higher levels of metals than the muscle tissues. The bioaccumulation factor (BAFs) of metals was measured in muscle, liver and gonads. BAFs among the analysed elements showed the descending orders as Zn>Cu>Cd>Pb for muscle and gonads and Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb for liver.     

Use of iodide to enhance the phytoextraction of mercury-contaminated soil

Low bioavailability of mercury (Hg) in soil is a restricting factor in phytoextraction of Hg-contaminated soil. Iodide is known to mobilize Hg in soil and, therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the possibility to use iodide to increase phytoextraction of Hg. The sensitivity of willow to iodide was investigated in both hydroponics with 0-10 mM KI and in soil with 0.2 and 1 mM KI addition. The capacity to accumulate HgI(2) was compared with that of Hg(NO(3))(2) in hydroponics. Soil extractions with 0-2 mM KI were used to study mobilization of Hg in aged Hg-spiked soil. Additions of KI (0.2-1 mM) were used in pot tests with aged Hg-spiked soil as well as in field trials in an industrial Hg-contaminated soil to study whether iodide addition increased the accumulation of Hg from contaminated soil and the translocation of Hg to the shoots. The total Hg contents in plants, soils and extracts were analyzed by CVAAS. The results showed that too high KI concentration was toxic to plants. Moreover, KI was toxic to plants at lower concentrations in hydroponics than in soil additions. KI (85 microM) in hydroponics gave 50% growth decrease in terms of dry weight of shoot biomass, whereas 0.2 mM KI in soil addition could be tolerated by the plant without growth disturbance. Willow accumulated Hg from HgI(2) solution slower than that from Hg(NO(3))(2) solution. KI mobilized Hg in contaminated soil and thereby increased the bioavailability of Hg in soil. Up to 1 mM KI addition increased the Hg concentrations to about 5, 3 and 8 times, respectively, in the leaves, branches and roots. However, the Hg translocation to the shoots did not show an increase with KI addition. Only less than 1% of the total Hg accumulated in the plant was distributed in the shoots. We may conclude that iodide addition enhances the phytoextraction of Hg, however, the translocation of Hg to the shoots is still too low and therefore it will not be realistic to use this method for phytoextraction of Hg-contaminated soil in practice.     

Chernobyl fallout in the uppermost (0-3 cm) humus layer of forest soil in Finland, North East Russia and the Baltic countries in 2000--2003

The situation resulting from the Chernobyl fallout in 1987 was compared to that in 2000--2001 in Finland and NW Russia and that in 2003 in the Baltic countries. 786 humus (0-3 cm layer) samples were collected during 2000--2001 in the Barents Ecogeochemistry Project, and 177 samples in the Baltic countries in 2003. Nuclides emitting gamma-radiation in the 0-3 cm humus layer were measured by the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority-STUK in Finland. In 1987 the project area was classified by the European Commission into four different fallout classes. 137Cs inventory Bg/m2 levels measured in 2000--2003 were compared to the EU's class ranges. Fitting over the whole project area was implemented by generalizing the results for samples from the Baltic countries, for which Bq/m2 inventories could be calculated. A rough estimation was made by comparing the mass of organic matter and humus with 137Cs concentrations in these two areas. Changes in 137Cs concentration levels are illustrated in both thematic maps and tables. Radionuclide 137Cs concentrations (Bq/kg d.w.) were detected in the humus layer at all the 988 sampling sites. 134Cs was still present in 198 sites 15 years after the nuclear accident in Chernobyl. No other anthropogenic nuclides emitting gamma-radiation were detected, but low levels of 60Co, 125Sb and 154Eu isotopes were found in 14 sites. Fifteen years after the Chernobyl accident, the radioactive nuclide 137Cs was and still is the most significant fallout radionuclide in the environment and in food chains. The results show that the fallout can still be detected in the uppermost humus layer in North East Europe.     

Contribution of trona (magadi) into excessive fluorosis--a case study in Maji ya Chai ward, northern Tanzania

Excessive fluoride ingestion predominantly comes from drinking water sources. However, prevalence and severity of dental and skeletal fluorosis in northern Tanzania have been reported to be higher than would be expected from ingestion of fluoride through drinking water alone. This study aimed at investigating the contribution of "trona" (also locally known as magadi) a food additive, to the prevalence and severity of fluorosis in northern Tanzania. The study was carried out in four villages (Embaseni, Kitefu and Ngurdoto) in Maji ya Chai ward; and Nkoanekoli in Poli ward, in Arusha region, Tanzania. Analysis of fluoride concentrations was carried out in drinking water sources as well as in magadi samples. Assessment of the prevalence of dental fluorosis using Dean's Index Method was carried out for a population of 2217 pupils in four primary schools located in the case study area. Fluoride concentration in drinking water sources was found to range from 1.7 to 11.3 mg/l, while the concentration in magadi samples in case study villages were in the range of 0.21 to 0.9 mg/g. Total fluoride ingestion through magadi and water were established to be 11.74 mg/person/day in Embaseni, 36.1 mg/person/day in Ngurdoto, 10.88 mg/person/day in Kitefu and 5.7 mg/person/day in Nkoanekoli villages. Levels of total fluoride ingestion were directly correlated with Community Fluorosis Index (CFI) values, which were found to be 3.32 (in Embaseni), 3.67 (in Ngurdoto), 2.2 (in Kitefu) and 1.47 (in Nkoanekoli). The village with the highest fluoride consumption rate showed the highest CFI as well. High levels of fluoride concentrations in magadi suggest that excessive fluorosis in northern Tanzania may be due to the use of magadi in food preparations.