Gillnet selectivity of small coastal sharks off the southeastern United States

Gillnet selectivity parameters for the Atlantic sharpnose, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae, blacknose, Carcharhinus acronotus, finetooth, Carcharhinus isodon, and bonnethead, Sphyrna tiburo, sharks were estimated from fishery-independent catches in multi-panel gillnets with stretched mesh sizes ranging from 8.9 to 14.0 cm in steps of 1.3 cm, with an additional size of 20.3 cm. Mesh selectivities were estimated using a maximum-likelihood model, which fits a gamma distribution to length data for each mesh size using the log-likelihood function. The Atlantic sharpnose and finetooth shark exhibited the broadest selection curves. Peak selectivities for the Atlantic sharpnose were reached from 750 mm FL for the 8.9 cm mesh to 1150 mm FL for the 14.0 cm mesh in 50 mm FL increments per mesh. Peak selectivity for the finetooth shark was reached at 550 mm FL for the 8.9 and 10.2 cm meshes, increased to 650 mm FL for the 11.4 mesh, and 750 mm FL for the 12.7 and 14.0 cm meshes. Selectivity was highest at 1150 mm FL for the 20.3 cm mesh. The bonnethead and blacknose shark exhibited narrower selection curves, with peak selectivity occurring at 450 mm FL for the 8.9 cm mesh, 750 mm for the 12.7 cm mesh in 100 mm FL increments per mesh. Maximum selectivity for the 20.3 cm mesh was 950 and 1050 mm FL for bonnethead and blacknose shark, respectively. The θ₁ values for blacknose and finetooth shark were most similar (140.58 and 141.25), whereas the value calculated for Atlantic sharpnose was the highest (211.95) and that for the bonnethead (131.77) was the lowest. Values calculated for θ₂, a parameter that describes the variance of sizes by mesh, ranged from 27,259 for the bonnethead to 189,873 for the finetooth shark. Although gillnets used in this study were not directly constructed for use in estimation of gillnet selectivities, information on mesh selectivities estimated herein has direct applicability to commercial gillnets with meshes of similar sizes.     

农业部副部长万宝瑞指出:伏季休渔规定有新调整

[本刊讯]中华人民共和国农业部于3月31日在京召开了2000’伏季休渔新闻发布会，农业部副部长万宝瑞做了重要讲话，农业部渔业局局长杨坚、副局长王衍亮、李健华回答了记者们的提问。万宝瑞副部长首先感谢新闻界几年来为保护渔业资源，搞好伏季体渔所做的大量宣传工作。然后指出，为进一步减少捕捞作业对海洋渔业资源的损害，保护幼鱼幼虾的正常繁育，实现海洋渔业资源的可持续利用及便于渔民生产和休渔管理，从2000年起，扩大南海海城体渔的作业类型，将南海、黄海、东梅休渔起止时间统一后推12小时。他还说，伏季休渔是现阶段适合我国渔业…     

Ecosystems say good management pays off

Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of alternative assessment methods, harvest strategies and management approaches are an important part of operationalizing single‐species and ecosystem‐based fisheries management. Simulations run using two variants of a whole‐of‐ecosystem model for the Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery (SESSF) area shows that (a) data‐rich assessments outperform data‐poor assessments for target species and that this performance is reflected in the values of many system‐level ecosystem indicators; (b) ecosystem and multispecies management outperforms single‐species management applied over the same domain; (c) investment in robust science‐based fisheries management pays dividends even when there are multiple jurisdictions, some of which are not implementing effective management; and (d) that multispecies yield‐oriented strategies can deliver higher total catches without a notable decline in overall system performance, although the resulting system structure is different to that obtained with other forms of ecosystem‐based management.     

Ecomorphological patterns of the sagitta in fish on the continental shelf off Argentine

Morphology and morphometry of the sagittae otolith were studied in fish associated with different substrates. The shape, margins and rostrum of three groups of otoliths from several species were analyzed: group 1 (fish associated with soft substrates, N=10 species), group 2 (fish associated with hard substrates, N=10 species) and group 3 (pelagic fish, not associated with the bottom, N=6 species). E and R indexes were calculated for each species. The value of E=maximum width of the sagitta (WO)/maximum length of the sagitta (LO)%, expresses the relative tendency in the shape otolith (from circular to elongate). The value of R=length of the rostrum (LR)/LO%, expresses the percentage in the total length of the otolith that corresponds to the rostrum. The sagittae of group 1 were circular or polygonal with rounded borders. The rostrum can be absent or poorly developed. The sagittae shape of group 2 was elongated, with ornamented borders and a rostrum. The sagittae of group 3 possessed a prominent rostrum, a deep V-shaped cisure and ornamented borders. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in the E index of groups 1 and 2, while R values of the three groups were significantly different. These results were compared with 80 other species, belonging to 12 families, from the publisher literature. E and R values could be used to characterize the sagittae of the marine fish and could be considered a useful tool for fish ecology studies.     

中国休渔制度示意图

中国休渔制度示意图     

Evaluating upwelling estimates off the west coasts of North and South America

Both low‐ and high‐resolution studies of wind and upwelling were conducted off the west coasts of North and South America between August 1999 and December 2001. For the low‐resolution study, done at 25 regional sites spanning both coasts, weekly mean winds were calculated from satellite measurements, from geostrophic estimates, and from an operational 100‐km‐resolution global atmospheric model. The satellite‐measured winds, used as the reference, showed that the coastal regions of both North and South America were divided into fairly uniform climatic domains located at higher, mid, and lower latitudes. All three weekly‐mean wind data sets were compared at each of the 25 sites, and then used to estimate upwelling based on the method employed by NOAA's Pacific Fisheries Environmental Laboratory. Within each of the wind domains, model‐derived wind and upwelling estimates agreed with satellite‐derived values better than those from geostrophic‐derived estimates. To investigate variability between the regional sites, a 9‐km‐resolution atmospheric model was run for an area off California which spanned four of the regional sites. This high‐resolution model, verified with satellite measurements, revealed jets of wind curving and intensifying around coastal promontories. These near‐shore wind jets, undetected in the global model, resulted in strong upwelling bands on the order of 50 km alongshore by 20 km offshore. These bands are critical for calculating local upwelling. Our results indicate that regional upwelling estimates for fisheries research can be improved by replacing geostrophic estimates of winds with those from a global atmospheric model. For localized coastal upwelling estimates, however, models with resolution an order of magnitude higher are required.     

长江口外海域夏末温跃层与底层水低氧现象研究

基于长江口外海域2009年夏末调查的温盐和溶解氧(DO)资料,采用垂向梯度法对夏末长江口外海域温度垂向结构类型进行划分,计算了温跃层深度、强度和温跃层处DO垂向梯度等参数。长江口外海域夏末水温垂向结构类型及其温跃层强度的分布表现为长江冲淡水、黄海沿岸流、台湾暖流表层暖水和台湾暖流深层冷水交汇、混合的态势。相关性分析表明,温跃层深度与温跃层处DO垂向梯度之间为负相关,温跃层深度与垂向最小DO浓度之间为正相关,温跃层强度与温跃层处DO垂向梯度之间为正相关。最接近DO供给源的上温跃层强度与温跃层处DO垂向梯度具有较强的相关性(r=0.69)。温跃层越浅、强度越大,对底层水低氧现象的影响越大。温跃层、特别是上温跃层引起的水体层化阻碍DO向底层输运,起到了物理隔氧的作用,与低氧现象具有紧密的联系,是低氧现象在长江口外海域从春末到秋季发生、发展、维持和消亡过程的重要环境控制因素。     

福建单拖网具的改革试验

福建省单拖渔船在90年代以来,经过一段快速发展后,面临着渔船相对效益下降,网目尺寸小型化等一系列问题。项目组于1995—1998年对单拖网具进行了改革试验。本文就试验的结果进行分析,提出建议供大家参考。     

哥斯达黎加外海茎柔鱼耳石的微量元素

实验通过激光剥蚀电感等离子质谱法分析哥斯达黎加外海茎柔鱼耳石的微量元素,了解其微量元素组成及其与表温关系,推测其不同生活史阶段的栖息环境.结果表明,茎柔鱼耳石含有54种元素,其中Ca、Na和Sr为主要元素.总体耳石Sr/Ca大于太平洋褶柔鱼、巴塔哥尼亚枪乌贼和黵乌贼.胚胎期耳石Sr/Ca最高,随着年龄增加而下降.Sr/Ca与表温呈反比例关系.不同孵化月份的茎柔鱼在不同生长阶段的耳石Sr/Ca差异不明显.Ba/Ca可看做茎柔鱼垂直移动的指标元素,茎柔鱼仔鱼至成鱼期耳石Ba/Ca呈“U”型变化,与其幼体生活在海水表层,成体生活在较深层海水相对应.茎柔鱼耳石Mg/Ca核心高外围低,可能与耳石生长率逐渐减小有关,Mg/Ca与表温呈正相关.此外,研究认为茎柔鱼胚胎期是以自身携带的卵黄囊为营养物质,此时耳石的微量元素与亲体的遗传因素相关,与外界水环境无关.     

阿根廷外海拉式南美南极鱼矢耳石形态特征分析

拉式南美南极鱼(Patagonotothen ramsayi)矢耳石形态存在多样性,这为该鱼种地理种群鉴定提供了重要参考。为深入研究拉式南美南极鱼矢耳石外部形态特征,利用2014年12月~2015年4月间采集的166ind拉式南美南极鱼(体长范围95~288 mm)样本,对其矢耳石形态进行观察与测量,并对其形态特征进行了分析。结果表明,拉式南美南极鱼耳石具有明显的基叶和翼叶,其主间沟、主凹槽、缺刻和辐射状条纹明显清晰,呈狭长状,内侧凸面、外侧凹面。左、右耳石的背宽和翼叶长存在显著性差异,但耳石长度、宽度、基叶长、背长、周长和面积不存在显著差异。耳石各形态参数值随着体长的增加,其绝对尺寸不断增加,而相对尺寸逐渐减少,其形态结构的比例基本不变。耳石的长度、宽度与耳石质量均表现为乘幂函数关系,随着耳石质量的不断增加,其长度、宽度也不断增加。耳石的长度、背长、基叶长、翼叶长、周长和面积与鱼体体长呈乘幂函数关系,宽度和背宽与体长呈线性函数关系;耳石的各形态参数值与湿重均呈显著的乘幂函数关系。     

智利外海渔场竹筴鱼资源分布特征

根据在智利 2 0 0海里专属经济区外海的渔场周年探捕调查 ,对智利竹鱼 (Trachurusmur phyi)单位努力量渔获量 (CPUE)的构成和季节变化及其资源分布特征进行了初步探讨。结果显示 ,竹鱼在智利外海分布广 ,30°～ 43°S ,78°～ 87°W海区均可形成拖网作业渔场。南半球冬季竹鱼密集分布区较偏南 (38°～43°S) ,8月密集分布区向北偏移至 35°～ 40°S,春季鱼群继续向北洄游至 30°～35°S ,并开始分散索饵 ,集群性较差 ,到翌年秋季再集群向南洄游 ,在 38°～ 43°S ,78°～ 85°W形成越冬场。CPUE以冬季最高 ,春、秋季次之 ,夏季最低。冬季以 6月份平均CPUE最高 ,达 1 5 .1 8t/h ,夏季以 3月份平均CPUE最低 ,仅 1 .1 2t/h。     

Biomass and production of the euphausiid Euphausia pacifica along the coastal waters off north-eastern Japan

ABSTRACT:   Biomass and production of Euphausia pacifica off south-eastern Hokkaido (41–43°N), Sanriku (38–41°N), and Joban (36–38°N) were investigated every two months from March 1997 to February 1998. High biomass was found in summer–autumn off south-eastern Hokkaido, and in the late winter–early summer off Sanriku and Joban. Annual mean biomass was 381, 314 and 258 mg C/m² off south-eastern Hokkaido, Sanriku, and Joban, respectively. The total production (sum of flesh, moults and eggs) during the survey period off south-eastern Hokkaido (3829 mg C/m²) was comparable with that off Sanriku (3872 mg C/m²); both were much higher than that off Joban (2243 mg C/m²). Somatic production during the survey period contributed the highest proportion (51.5–70.9%) to the total production in each coastal area. The somatic production–biomass ratio in each coastal area (5.2–6.9) was an intermediate value among 25 populations of 16 euphausiid species previously reported. This effect resulted from the negative factor of stagnated growth of adults during summer–winter, coupled with positive factors including continuous occurrence of larvae which show high growth rate throughout the year off Sanriku and Joban, and the numerous larvae occurring in October off south-eastern Hokkaido.     

日本三陆沿岸白胸拟鼠海豚体内铁的蓄积

根据22头日本三陆沿岸白胸拟鼠海豚的检测结果,研究了必需元素铁在13种组织和器官中的蓄积特征.肺、肝脏和脾脏中铁的浓度显著高于其它脏器,铁在皮肤和鲸脂中的浓度却非常低.研究发现,鲸类肝脏中铁的平均浓度与其最大潜水持续时间有着极其显著的正相关(y=285.17x 0.5267;r2=0.92;ya肝脏中铁的平均浓度,单位为μg@g-1干重;x最大潜水持续时间,单位为min).利用该关系式,首次推测白胸拟鼠海豚的最大潜水持续时间为11.85min.     

Sperm whales associated with Gulf Stream features off the north-eastern USA shelf

Marine mammal surveys were conducted during sum Mer 1990 and 1991 in shelf-edge and off-shelf waters between Cape Hatteras and Georges Bank. Sperm whales were the most frequently sighted large whale in both years, constituting 27.9% and 12.7% of total sightings in 1990 and 1991, respectively. Sighting rates of sperm whales that were within a 9.3 km buffer (5 n.m.) of the Gulf Stream north wall were not significantly different (x²= 2.86, P > 0.05) from those within the Gulf Stream during 1990. In 1991, however, significantly more (x²= 51.0, P < 0.05) sightings were associated with shelf-edge areas where warm core rings were located.     

智利外海茎柔鱼耳石微量元素研究

茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)是东太平洋海域重要的经济头足类,分布很广,群体结构和生活史过程复杂。头足类耳石生态信息丰富,多被用于生活史重建、群体划分等领域的研究。本研究根据我国鱿钓船2007和2008年在智利外海采集的茎柔鱼样本,利用激光剥蚀电感等离子质谱法(Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,LA-ICP-MS)分析了18枚茎柔鱼耳石的微量元素组成及其分布特性。分析表明,茎柔鱼耳石主要由48种元素组成,含量最多的前10位元素分别为钙(Ca)、锶(Sr)、钠(Na)、硅(Si)、钾(K)、镁(Mg)、钡(Ba)、锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)和锂(Li)。方差分析表明,不同性别间茎柔鱼耳石的Ca、Sr、K、Mg、Ba、Zn、Mn和Li含量不存在显著性差异,而Na和Si差异性明显;不同孵化群体间,除Zn和Mn不存在显著性差异外,其余元素的含量均存在显著性差异;茎柔鱼耳石的不同部位间,Sr、Na、K、Mg、Ba、Zn、Mn和Li的含量都存在显著性差异,而Ca和Si不存在显著性差异。研究表明,Sr、Ba、Mg、K和Li比较适合用于研究茎柔鱼群体的划分、洄游分布等方面的研究。     

Estimate of reproductive value of the big eye Priacanthus macracanthus in the north-eastern waters off Taiwan

ABSTRACT: The reproductive value and population status of the big eye in the north-eastern Taiwan waters was estimated by demographic analysis using available life-history parameters. Life-history tables were constructed using estimates of natural mortality ( M ) of 10.4920/year for age 0 and 0.3256/year for ages 1–9, with a maximum age of 9. Age-specific batch fecundity ( F_e ) was from F_e  = 1391.34e^{0.1782 FL} . The age-specific proportion of maturity was estimated from the relationship between the proportion of female maturity ( Pr ) and fork length ( FL ): Pr  = 1/(1 + e^{15.081−0.796 FL} ). Females mature at age 3 and mature females reproduce every year. The population increase rate (λ) was estimated to be 20.5% per year and the generation time ( G ) was 6.25 years without exploitation. The net reproductive value ( R₀ ), generation time and intrinsic rate of natural increase ( r ) decreased with increased fishing mortality. For fixed fishing mortality, when F  = 1.2/year and fishing started at age 3, R₀ was estimated to be 1.0 and the population was considered to be in equilibrium. For age-specific fishing mortality, when fishing started at age 3, R₀ was estimated to be 0.96/year, G being 6.18 years, and the population decreased 0.7% per year. The big eye population had a strong resilience as long as F  < = 1.3/year started at an age that was older than the age at maturity (i.e. 3 years old) but would decline when intensive fishing ( F  > = 1.2/year) started at age 2 or younger. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the mortality of age 0 is the most sensitive parameter in demographic analysis.     

一年一度休渔又将开始今年伏季休渔:闽粤交界海域有所调整

为统一协调东海、南海伏季休渔制度，加强台湾浅滩渔场及附近海域的伏季休渔管理，农业部决定，从２００１年起，北纬２２°３０‘至北纬２３°３０‘、东经 １１７°至东经 １２０°海域，每年 ６月１日 １２时至８月１日１２时，所有灯光围网作业实行休渔。其他作业的休渔管理仍按农业部有关规定执行，具体休渔时间如下： １、南海休渔时间为：６月１日１２时至８月１日１２时。 ２、东、黄海休渔时间： 北纬３５°以北海域为：７月１日１２时至９月１６日１２时。 北纬３５°～２６°３０‘海域为：６月１６日１２时至９月１６日１２时。…     

秘鲁外海茎柔鱼肌肉组织的能量积累

能量积累是表征生物体身体能量储备水平的重要指标之一,对寿命短、生长快且终生一次繁殖的头足类属种的表征作用尤显重要。本实验根据我国远洋渔业鱿钓渔船于2014年6-8月在秘鲁外海(10?26?S~17?17?S,79?17?W~82?39?W)作业期间随机采集的茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)样本173尾(雌性107尾,雄性66尾),利用数学统计方法和组织能量密度测定技术,分析了该柔鱼个体的体重-胴长生长和胴体、足腕、尾鳍等肌肉组织的能量密度及其能量积累过程。结果显示,茎柔鱼雌雄个体的胴长、体重分别为(262.12±38.33)mm、(541.69±251.69)g,以及(251.37±31.90)mm、(449.78±179.99)g;雌雄个体的体重-胴长生长存在显著性差异(P0.05)。雌雄个体肌肉组织能量密度均以胴体的为最高,分别为(20.56±1.12)k J/g和(20.67±0.76)k J/g;足腕次之,分别为(20.09±1.25)k J/g和(19.95±0.87)k J/g;尾鳍最低,分别为(19.92±1.05)k J/g和(19.63±0.96)k J/g;同一组织雌雄个体间的组织能量密度无显著性差异(P0.05)。胴体、足腕、尾鳍等组织间的能量积累差异性显著(P0.05),胴体是最大的能量积累单元。其中,雌性个体胴体、足腕、尾鳍三组织的能量积累占比分别为63.14%、25.23%和11.63%;雄性个体的分别为65.89%、22.91%和11.20%。此外,胴体、足腕、尾鳍肌肉组织的能量随着个体生长积累显著(P0.05),并且这些肌肉组织的能量积累自低纬度向高纬度海域显著增加(P0.05),表明秘鲁外海茎柔鱼肌肉组织的能量积累过程是一个索饵育肥及其生长的过程。